Electrochemically cleavable linkers remove protecting groups at selected electrodes, controlling DNA extension while reducing chemical waste.
Reducing nitrocellulose thickness to 30–150 nm while retaining surface roughness improves signal-to-noise ratio and low-level biomolecule detection.
A tuned three-segment tone burst and 6–11 dB power increase improve droplet breakoff for viscoelastic fluids while preserving native gDNA integrity.