A multi-part sealing structure around the die cavity prevents powder loss during punch entry and improves powder volume setting accuracy.
A controlled 10-100 μm punch-die gap enables uniform heating in spark plasma sintering, producing large ceramic bodies with high density and lower breakage risk.
A compressible intermediary in the die spreads uniaxial pressure more evenly, enabling near-net-shape ceramic parts with uniform density.
Controlled punch gaps and graphite foils improve temperature uniformity in spark plasma sintering of large ceramic bodies.
Pressurized fluid pockets at punch recesses balance compaction, enabling taller tile feet, uniform density, and lower drying and firing energy.