Known isotope ratios guide MCP bias tuning in mass spectrometers, improving ratio accuracy while avoiding detector overvoltage and wear.
Known-radical adduct ions let saturated precursor peaks be corrected, improving precursor mass accuracy and compound identification.
Secondary-electron attenuation lets TOF-MS detect strong and weak ion peaks without saturation, preserving spectral integrity and detector life.
Heated gas enables molecular ion fragmentation above 50 mbar, improving ion mobility selectivity and identification in complex samples.
Detector response, m/z, ion mobility, and time are combined to separate overlapping ions and improve charge assignment in complex spectra.