A projecting electrode in an insulating tube bypasses skin resistance for direct nerve stimulation while allowing fluid delivery.
Deployable barbs, hooks, coils, and rigid electrode structures improve fixation during minimally invasive baroreflex implantation and prevent migration.
Targeted hepatic nerve ablation uses cooled RF electrodes in tortuous vasculature to regulate glucose and insulin levels with less daily patient burden.
Implanted oximetry sensing and predictive diaphragm stimulation help prevent nocturnal hypoxia without the heart-failure limits of CPAP.
A monitoring signal evokes motor or sensory responses to guide electrode-nerve spacing and keep pain therapy stimulation consistent.