Integrated probe cooling removes heat without peristaltic pumps, improving stability.
A processor-controlled sequence alternates catheter electrode pairs to extend IRE coverage while limiting electrode and tissue heating.
A multi-electrode end effector switches energy paths between bipolar and monopolar modes to improve cutting while limiting thermal spread.
Insulating grip faces recess and align electrodes, avoiding spacers that can perforate tissue or create coagulation shadows.
High-power ultrasonic heating followed by low or zero power limits heat conduction into nearby collateral tissue.
An RF generator uses impedance feedback to detect vaporization and adjust energy delivery for controlled depth with less tissue damage.
Controlled pulse timing reduces cavitation and thermal effects while tumor antigen release supports CD8+/CD4+ immune activation.
Insulated gaps separate conductive jaw members, helping limit electrical shorts and material fatigue during prolonged sealing and cutting.