A formulated welding flux stabilizes the arc and modifies slag viscosity to produce smooth, consistent weld beads.
A PHMS/PDMS copolymer coating deposits on inorganic pigment surfaces to withstand high processing temperatures.
Carbothermal reduction processes titanium slag at low temperatures to eliminate high-energy chlorination steps.
Firing oxide waste with ammonium sulfate converts insoluble materials into water-soluble residues, enabling high-efficiency rare earth recovery.