Wastewater-softening CaCO3 is grafted onto grain to avoid sand contamination, enabling carpet backing with lower tool wear.
A separate low-flow electrode container demineralizes water before steaming, cutting scale risk and avoiding user wait time.
An iodophilic electrode oxidizes iodide to iodine inside the electrode, then releases it into a second solution for selective water treatment.
UV treatment recycles PFAS-rich membrane reject back to the reactor, improving destruction efficiency while lowering energy and clogging burdens.