Electromagnetic waves destabilize ionized plasma channels on aerial surfaces, preventing leader attachment and full lightning discharge paths.
A vehicle antenna apparatus uses a reflection apparatus to lower the main beam direction, resolving limited horizontal communication capability.
Coaxial omnidirectional antennas extract phase differences to estimate azimuth and elevation, eliminating separate subsystems.
An oversized antenna reflector with an optimized surface shape generates high-performance multiple spot beams.
Segmented coplanar waveguide sections and substrate alignment pins ensure precise launcher positioning, reducing assembly errors in millimeter-wave RF packages.
A multi-band RF antenna uses a splashplate near-field feed to couple electromagnetic energy from coaxial waveguides to a primary reflector.