Carbon-based split-ring resonators embedded in tire plies shift resonance frequency to measure strain, replacing mechanical sensors that lack precision.
An elastomer particle coating on the sealant layer minimizes foreign matter adherence while maintaining sealing capability.
Segmented tire innerliner layers reduce air permeability while preventing moisture absorption failures.
Self-supporting polyolefin film seals tyre punctures through controlled fluidity, resolving vulcanization stability trade-offs.
Thermoplastic resin film eliminates bladder sticking during vulcanization while maintaining air permeability resistance.