Apple Juice Metabolite Markers for NFC Authentication
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Solution Overview
Problem
Current methods lack effective markers or technical means to distinguish not-from-concentrate (NFC) apple juice from concentrated (FC) apple juice, leading to adulteration and food fraud.
Innovation Solution
A marker system utilizing specific molecules such as gallocatechin, catechin, taxifolin, and others is developed for distinguishing NFC apple juice, involving detection and analysis using chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques to construct a PLS-DA model for accurate differentiation.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Ease of manufacture
If conventional fruit juice from concentrate (FC) is used, then production cost is reduced and storage convenience is improved, but product quality and authenticity are compromised due to adulteration
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies parameter changes by analyzing multiple metabolite parameters simultaneously to distinguish NFC from FC juice. Through non-targeted metabolomics, the study identified 21 differential metabolites and used their combined parameter patterns to achieve accurate authentication, resolving the contradiction between production convenience and product authenticity
Solution Approach 2:
The patent uses metabolite profiles as intermediary markers to detect and distinguish NFC from FC juice. These metabolite intermediaries serve as biochemical fingerprints that reveal the true nature of the juice product, enabling authentication without interfering with production processes
2Measurement precision
If metabolomics analysis is performed to identify differential metabolites, then authentication accuracy is improved, but detection complexity and time are increased
Solution Approach 1:
The patent extracts and focuses on specific differential metabolites that serve as key authentication markers. By identifying 21 significant differential metabolites through non-targeted metabolomics and selecting representative markers, the method simplifies the complex metabolomics data into actionable authentication parameters, resolving the contradiction between accuracy and complexity
Solution Approach 2:
The patent applies local quality by focusing analysis on specific differential metabolites rather than analyzing all metabolites uniformly. The identified markers (such as those with VIP > 1.0 and p < 0.05) are localized key indicators that provide high authentication value, allowing precise differentiation without requiring complete metabolome analysis
3Reliability
If multiple differential metabolites are analyzed, then distinction accuracy between NFC and FC juice is improved, but the number of markers and analysis parameters increase
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies partial action by selecting a representative subset of differential metabolites as authentication markers rather than using all detected metabolites. Through statistical analysis (VIP scores, p-values), the study identified key markers that provide sufficient discrimination power, achieving high accuracy without requiring analysis of all 21 differential metabolites in every application
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The marker system achieves high accuracy in distinguishing NFC from FC apple juice, with correction and prediction set accuracies reaching 95% and 94% in positive ion mode, and 88% in negative ion mode, effectively preventing adulteration.
Implementation Method 1
accumulating data by using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in combination with a quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer
Implementation Method 2
quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer
Implementation Method 3
ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in combination with a quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometer
Data Source
AI summary
The present disclosure discloses a marker for screening and distinguishing NFC apple juice based on non-targeted metabolomics and use thereof, relating to the technical field of distinguishing of juice. The marker for distinguishing NFC apple juice disclosed in the present disclosure is selected from the following molecules: gallocatechin, catechin, taxifolin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, azelaic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, eriodictyol, ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, naringenin, n-fructosyl isoleucine, p-coumaraldehyde, p-coumaric acid, phloretin, phlorizin, procyanidin B1, quercetin-3-O-galactoside and rutin. The above markers may be used for distinguishing the NFC apple juice and the FC apple juice, and have relatively high accuracy.