Biosensor Interferometer Monolithic Substrate Spectral Interference

The interferometer is divided into distinct functional segments: a first optical element (e.g., prism) for light incident, a second optical element (e.g., waveguide) for light propagation, and a third optical element (e.g., detector) for light detection. This segmentation allows independent optimization of each component for maximizing AC components and minimizing DC offsets, thereby improving measurement precision without requiring complete redesign of the entire system.

An intermediary optical coupling mechanism is introduced between the first and second optical elements, and between the second and third optical elements. This intermediary coupling optimizes light transmission efficiency and enables better control over interference patterns, allowing maximization of AC components (signal variations) and minimization of DC offsets (baseline signals), thus improving detection sensitivity and accuracy.

The optical elements are designed with matched optical impedance and coupling interfaces that create equipotential optical conditions. The first, second, and third optical elements are configured with compatible numerical apertures, refractive indices, and surface configurations that facilitate automatic mode matching and reduce sensitivity to misalignment, thereby maintaining high detection accuracy while easing operational alignment requirements.

The optical parameters of the interferometer components are optimized to operate at specific wavelengths and angles where the AC component maximization and DC offset minimization are naturally enhanced. By selecting optimal operating parameters (wavelength, incident angle, polarization state), the system achieves high detection accuracy with more relaxed alignment tolerances, making the system easier to operate.