Configuration Model Equivalence Checking With FOL and SMT

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Solution Overview

Problem

The complexity of configuration models in PDM systems makes manual comparison ineffective and automatic comparison difficult, especially in cases of model divergence due to simultaneous editing or software updates, leading to costly trial-and-error migration and late-stage inconsistencies.

Innovation Solution

The use of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) processes to automatically verify the equivalence of configuration models by translating them into First-Order Logic (FOL) representations and employing SMT solvers to prove equality or inequality, identify discrepancies, and provide counter-examples.

Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles

VSEngineering Contradiction Analysis

1Ease of operation

If manual comparison of configuration models is performed, then human judgment and flexibility are utilized, but the process becomes ineffective and impossible for complex models

Engineering Contradiction:
Improvemanual comparison capabilityVSAvoidcomparison effectiveness
Core Design Contradiction:
Ease of operationVSProductivity

Solution Approach 1:

The patent replaces manual mechanical comparison processes with automated computer-based systems. Configuration models are translated into formal logical representations (Datalog, FOL, or SMT formats) and compared using automated reasoning engines, eliminating the need for manual inspection while maintaining analytical capability.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #28Mechanics substitution (Replace mechanical system)

Solution Approach 2:

The patent introduces an intermediary translation layer that converts configuration models into standardized logical formats (Datalog, FOL, or SMT) before comparison. This intermediary representation enables automated systems to process and compare complex configurations that would be intractable for manual analysis.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #24Intermediary (Mediator)

2Productivity

If automated comparison of configuration models is implemented, then productivity and consistency are improved, but the process becomes difficult to perform due to model complexity

Engineering Contradiction:
Improveautomated comparison efficiencyVSAvoidcomparison system complexity
Core Design Contradiction:
ProductivityVSDevice complexity

Solution Approach 1:

The patent segments the comparison process into distinct phases: translation of configuration models into logical formats, execution of comparison queries using automated reasoning, and interpretation of results. This segmentation breaks down the complex task into manageable components that can be handled systematically.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #1Segmentation

Solution Approach 2:

The patent changes the representation parameters of configuration models by translating them into formal logical languages (Datalog, FOL, or SMT). This parameter transformation converts unstructured or semi-structured configuration data into a standardized format suitable for automated logical reasoning and comparison.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #35Parameter changes

3Ease of manufacture

If configuration models are compared without formal logical representation, then simpler comparison methods can be used, but equivalence verification becomes unreliable

Engineering Contradiction:
Improvecomparison implementation simplicityVSAvoidequivalence verification accuracy
Core Design Contradiction:
Ease of manufactureVSReliability

Solution Approach 1:

The patent replaces informal or heuristic comparison methods with formal logical reasoning systems. By translating configuration models into Datalog, FOL, or SMT formats, the system enables mathematically sound equivalence verification using automated theorem proving and satisfiability checking, ensuring reliable results.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #28Mechanics substitution (Replace mechanical system)

Solution Approach 2:

The patent creates a universal comparison framework that works across different configuration model types and complexities by translating them all into standardized logical formats. This universal approach maintains reliability regardless of the specific configuration domain or model complexity.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #6Universality (Multi-functionality)

Data Source

PatentEP3545440B1Systems and methods to semantically compare product configuration models
Publication Date: 2026.03.18 SIEMENS INDUSTRY SOFTWARE INC
  • EP3545440B1 patent drawingFigure 1
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  • EP3545440B1 patent drawingFigure 3

AI summary

Systems and methods to semantically compare product configuration models. A method includes receiving (305) a first configuration model (202) and a second configuration model (204). The method includes generating (310) a first order logic (FOL) representation (212) of the first configuration model (202) and an FOL representation (214) of the second configuration model (204). The method includes performing (315) a satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solve for nonequivalence satisfiability on the FOL representation (212) of the first configuration model (202) and the FOL representation (214) of the second configuration model (204). The method includes storing (330) an indication that the first configuration model (202) is equivalent to the second configuration model (204) when the SMT solve for nonequivalence satisfiability is not satisfied.