DC Power Source Monitoring via Lithium Balance Model

The patent segments the battery monitoring into multiple independent measurement components: full-cell OCV measurement, positive half-cell OCV measurement, and negative half-cell OCV measurement. Each component is measured separately using dedicated voltage dividers and ADC channels, allowing precise determination of individual electrode states and their alignment without requiring a single complex measurement system.

The patent introduces intermediary computational models (lithium balance model, stoichiometric coefficient calculations, N/P ratio computation) that act as mediators between the raw voltage measurements and the final battery state assessment. These intermediary calculations transform simple voltage readings into precise indicators of electrode alignment and battery health, maintaining measurement precision while keeping the physical hardware relatively simple.

The patent performs preliminary measurements of full-cell, positive half-cell, and negative half-cell OCVs before conducting any battery life evaluation. These preliminary measurements establish the baseline electrode alignment state and lithium balance, which are then used to compute stoichiometric coefficients and N/P ratios. This preliminary action ensures reliable battery life evaluation by capturing the actual electrode alignment state before degradation occurs.

The patent implements a feedback mechanism where the measured OCVs are continuously used to update the lithium balance model and recalculate the N/P ratio. This feedback loop allows the system to track changes in electrode alignment over time and adjust battery life predictions accordingly, significantly improving evaluation reliability. The feedback also enables detection of alignment drift that would indicate developing faults.

The patent implements a self-service evaluation system where the battery's own voltage characteristics (full-cell and half-cell OCVs) are used to automatically determine its own state of charge, electrode alignment, and remaining capacity. The lithium balance model uses these self-provided measurements to compute stoichiometric coefficients and N/P ratios without requiring external reference measurements or complex calibration procedures, thereby improving predictive maintenance productivity.

The patent transforms the physical state of the battery into measurable electrical parameters (OCV values at different SOC points) and then changes these parameters through computational processing (lithium balance calculations, stoichiometric coefficient derivation, N/P ratio computation). This parameter transformation chain converts simple voltage measurements into actionable predictive maintenance indicators, significantly improving evaluation efficiency while keeping the measurement process relatively simple.

The patent employs periodic action by measuring the full-cell, positive half-cell, and negative half-cell OCVs at predetermined state of charge points (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) rather than continuously. This periodic sampling approach captures the essential electrode alignment information at key intervals, achieving high determination precision while minimizing data collection time compared to continuous monitoring.

The patent applies partial action by selectively measuring only the specific OCV parameters needed for electrode alignment assessment (full-cell and half-cell OCVs at six SOC points) rather than monitoring all possible battery parameters continuously. This selective partial measurement approach provides sufficient precision for battery state determination while avoiding the time loss associated with comprehensive continuous monitoring of all battery characteristics.