Diffgram Trace Indexing for Fast Reverse Debugging Replay

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Solution Overview

Problem

Conventional reverse debugging techniques are inefficient and time-consuming due to the large size and limited granularity of key frames, making it difficult to quickly identify and correct undesired software behaviors.

Innovation Solution

The use of diffgrams, which store transformation data between execution time points, allowing for efficient and bi-directional restoration of program state, enabling rapid navigation to target instructions without replaying all intermediate instructions.

Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles

VSEngineering Contradiction Analysis

1Measurement precision

If key frames are used to enable reverse debugging, then historical execution can be replayed, but the large size and limited granularity of key frames make navigation inefficient and time-consuming

Engineering Contradiction:
Improvegranularity of execution stateVSAvoidtime to navigate to target instruction
Core Design Contradiction:
Measurement precisionVSLoss of time

Solution Approach 1:

The patent segments the execution trace into multiple diffgrams at different granularity levels. Each diffgram represents a subset of instructions with associated state transformations. This segmentation allows the system to navigate to target instructions by combining fewer, more granular diffgrams rather than replaying entire large key frames, thus reducing navigation time while maintaining precision.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #1Segmentation

Solution Approach 2:

The patent introduces a new dimension of granularity control by creating diffgrams at multiple levels of detail. Instead of a single granularity level as in traditional key frames, the system can select and combine diffgrams with appropriate granularity for the specific debugging task, enabling efficient navigation without sacrificing the ability to examine fine-grained execution details.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #17Another dimension (Dimensionality change)

2Reliability

If all intermediate instructions are replayed to restore program state, then accurate historical execution is achieved, but performance and efficiency deteriorate

Engineering Contradiction:
Improveaccuracy of program state restorationVSAvoidspeed of state restoration
Core Design Contradiction:
ReliabilityVSProductivity

Solution Approach 1:

The patent extracts only the essential state transformation information needed to restore program state at target instructions. Instead of replaying all intermediate instructions, the system identifies and applies only the critical state changes captured in diffgrams. This extraction maintains accuracy of state restoration while dramatically improving the speed of navigation and debugging operations.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #2Taking out (Extraction)

Solution Approach 2:

The patent performs preliminary analysis during the tracing phase to identify and record critical state transformations in diffgrams before debugging operations begin. This preliminary action captures the essential information needed for accurate state restoration, allowing rapid navigation during debugging without requiring full replay of all intermediate instructions, thus improving both accuracy and speed.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #10Preliminary action

3Measurement precision

If fine-grained diffgrams are created for every instruction, then navigation precision is improved, but memory overhead and processing complexity increase

Engineering Contradiction:
Improvenavigation precision to target instructionVSAvoidprocessing complexity of trace indexing
Core Design Contradiction:
Measurement precisionVSDevice complexity

Solution Approach 1:

The patent implements dynamic granularity selection where the system can adaptively choose the appropriate diffgram granularity based on the specific debugging needs and target instructions. This dynamic approach allows fine-grained navigation when necessary while avoiding the overhead of creating and processing ultra-fine diffgrams for all instructions, thus balancing precision with manageable processing complexity.

Inventive Principle:
Principle #15Dynamics

Data Source

PatentEP4031972B1Indexing and replaying time-travel traces using diffgrams
Publication Date: 2026.02.25 MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING LLC
  • EP4031972B1 patent drawingFigure 1A
  • EP4031972B1 patent drawingFigure 1B
  • EP4031972B1 patent drawingFigure 2

AI summary

Utilizing diffgrams for trace indexing and replay. A subset of instructions of a trace, beginning with a first instruction and ending with a second instruction, are replayed to obtain state of one or more named resources. Based on replaying the subset of instructions, a diffgram is generated, which is structured such that addition of the diffgram at the first instruction brings the one or more named resources to the second state, and subtraction of the diffgram at the second instruction brings the one or more named resource to the first state. A pat of reaching a target instruction, the diffgram is later added at the first instruction to restore the second state at the second instruction, or subtracted at the second instruction to restore the first state of the first instruction.