Flat Graded Multilayer X-ray Apparatus for SAXS and Bragg-Brentano
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Solution Overview
Problem
Existing X-ray diffraction apparatus require multiple setups and reconfiguration for different measurement techniques, such as SAXS and Bragg-Brentano, which is inconvenient and inefficient, and the use of elliptical or parabolic mirrors in SAXS apparatus is not suitable for Bragg-Brentano measurements.
Innovation Solution
Replacing the elliptical or parabolic mirror in SAXS apparatus with a flat graded multilayer allows the same apparatus to be used for both SAXS and Bragg-Brentano measurements, utilizing a flat graded multilayer as a monochromator to maintain beam divergence and intensity, and adjusting the collimator to accommodate different measurement geometries.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Adaptability or versatility
If an elliptical or parabolic mirror is used in SAXS apparatus, then the beam can be monochromatized and intensity increased, but the apparatus cannot be used for Bragg-Brentano measurements
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies universality by designing an optical system where the same components (flat multilayer mirror and collimator) can serve multiple measurement geometries (SAXS and Bragg-Brentano) without requiring physical reconfiguration or additional optics. The system achieves this by adjusting operational parameters (collimator opening, detector position) rather than changing the optical hardware, making the apparatus universally applicable to different diffraction techniques.
2Measurement precision
If multiple pieces of equipment are used for different measurements, then measurement precision can be optimized for each technique, but device complexity and reconfiguration work increase
Solution Approach 1:
The patent merges the optical paths and components required for SAXS and Bragg-Brentano measurements into a single integrated system. By combining the flat multilayer mirror and collimator into a universal optical train that can be operated in different geometries, the invention reduces the need for multiple separate apparatus while maintaining measurement precision through parameter optimization rather than hardware specialization.
3Measurement precision
If a collimator is used to create a thin beam for SAXS, then small angle scattering can be measured, but additional scatter radiation may be generated
Solution Approach 1:
The patent employs a flat multilayer mirror that creates a virtual copy of the X-ray source at a different location (the virtual source). This virtual source acts as a secondary emission point that produces a collimated beam without requiring the physical presence of scattering material at the beam path. The mirror reflects X-rays to create the appearance of a distant source, achieving beam collimation while avoiding the scatter radiation problems associated with physical collimators.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
Enables high-quality measurements in both SAXS and Bragg-Brentano geometries without the need for additional optics or reconfiguration, providing flexible and efficient use of the same apparatus for multiple measurement types, including reflectometry, with improved beam quality and reduced background noise.
Implementation Method 1
A flat graded multilayer has a plurality of layers and a flat surface. The function of such a flat graded multilayer is as a monochromator for divergent optics. An incoming divergent X-ray beam, for example from an X-ray source, is incident on a planar graded multilayer, and reflects monochromatic light in such a way that the reflected monochromatic light has the same divergence as the incoming beam.
Implementation Method 2
A flat graded multilayer has a plurality of layers and a flat surface. The function of such a flat graded multilayer is as a monochromator for divergent optics.
Data Source
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AI summary
X-ray diffraction apparatus includes a flat graded multilayer 8 which may be used in a SAXS configuration for a sample 6. The apparatus may be adapted for Bragg-Brentano measurements by a collimator 16 without the need for alternate beam paths or complex arrangements.