Layered Solid Sorbents for CO2 Capture

The patent uses porous solid sorbent materials (such as porous polymers, activated carbons, or silica-based materials) with high surface area and controlled pore structures to adsorb CO2 directly from gas streams. The porous structure provides numerous active sites for CO2 adsorption without requiring large volumes of liquid amine, thereby achieving high CO2 capture capacity while avoiding the energy-intensive heating and vaporization steps required by aqueous amine systems.

The patent changes the physical and chemical parameters of the sorbent materials, including pore size distribution, surface chemistry, and functional group composition, to optimize CO2 adsorption capacity and selectivity. By adjusting parameters such as pore diameter (0.5-2 nm for microporous materials), surface area (500-2000 m²/g), and functional group density, the sorbents achieve high CO2 uptake at low partial pressures while maintaining fast kinetics and low regeneration energy requirements.

The patent employs porous solid sorbents that operate in the gas phase without requiring large volumes of water-based amine solutions. The porous structure (with volumes of 0.3-1.5 mL/g and surface areas of 500-2000 m²/g) provides sufficient active sites for CO2 adsorption while eliminating the need for extensive water usage, thereby preventing equipment corrosion and foaming issues associated with concentrated aqueous amine systems.

The patent uses composite sorbent materials combining different functional components within a porous matrix, such as amine-functionalized polymers supported on silica or activated carbon. These composite structures provide high CO2 selectivity and capacity through synergistic interactions between components while maintaining structural integrity and resistance to degradation, eliminating the corrosion problems inherent in aqueous amine systems.

The patent applies local quality optimization by creating regions of high CO2 affinity within the porous structure, such as ultramicropores (0.5-1 nm) with concentrated basic functional groups. This local concentration of active sites enhances CO2 adsorption kinetics by reducing diffusion path lengths and increasing the probability of CO2-sorbent interactions, thereby achieving fast adsorption rates without compromising the low energy consumption benefits of solid sorbents.

The patent utilizes the three-dimensional porous network structure to overcome diffusion limitations by providing multiple interconnected pathways for CO2 transport. The hierarchical pore structure (combining micropores for adsorption, mesopores for transport, and macropores for bulk flow) creates efficient mass transfer channels that reduce diffusion resistance while maintaining high CO2 capacity, enabling fast kinetics comparable to or exceeding aqueous amine systems.