Metal-Doped Oxide Back Electrode for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The patent employs a composite electrode structure consisting of a conductive oxide substrate (such as ITO, FTO, or ZnO) combined with doped metal elements. This composite material approach allows the electrode to simultaneously achieve high electrical conductivity from the metal doping and oxidation resistance from the protective conductive oxide matrix, thereby resolving the contradiction between conductivity and operational stability.

The conductive oxide substrate serves as an intermediary protective layer that prevents direct contact between the metal and the oxidizing environment. The metal is doped into the conductive oxide substrate, creating a barrier that mediates between the metal's need for conductivity and its vulnerability to oxidation, thus maintaining both electrical performance and long-term stability.

The composite electrode combines conductive oxide materials with inherent light-transmitting properties and metal doping for conductivity. This composite structure enables the electrode to maintain high electrical conductivity while allowing light to pass through, unlike pure metal electrodes that block light completely.

The metal doping is applied locally within the conductive oxide substrate rather than using a solid metal layer. This localized doping approach provides the necessary electrical conductivity while maintaining the overall transparency of the electrode, as the metal is dispersed at the atomic or molecular level within the transparent oxide matrix.