Non-Stoichiometric Perovskite Ink for Stable Large-Area Modules
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Solution Overview
Problem
The stability of perovskite photovoltaics remains a bottleneck for commercialization, particularly in large area solar modules, despite advancements in efficiency, and there is a need for scalable fabrication methods that enhance stability without increasing costs.
Innovation Solution
A non-stoichiometric perovskite ink solution comprising specific compositions and solvents, including FA1-xCsxBX3 with additional CsX, FAX, or REX3, and rare earth ions, is used to form polycrystalline films through scalable blading, improving stability and efficiency.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Reliability
If conventional perovskite compositions and fabrication methods are used, then high efficiency can be achieved in small area devices, but stability deteriorates in large area modules
Solution Approach 1:
The patent modifies the perovskite composition parameters by incorporating formamidinium (FA), cesium (Cs), and lead (Pb) in specific ratios, along with halide ions (I, Br, Cl) and rare earth additives (Yb, Sm, Eu). This compositional parameter optimization enables the perovskite films to maintain high efficiency and stability when scaled to large area modules, resolving the contradiction between small area device performance and large area module stability
Solution Approach 2:
The patent creates a composite perovskite material system combining multiple cations (FA, Cs, MA), anions (I, Br, Cl), and rare earth elements (Yb, Sm, Eu). This composite approach allows synergistic effects where each component contributes specific properties: FA provides high efficiency, Cs enhances stability, and rare earth additives improve crystallinity and defect passivation, enabling both high efficiency and stability in large area modules
2Reliability
If perovskite composition is optimized for enhanced efficiency, then stability may improve, but manufacturing cost increases
Solution Approach 1:
The patent incorporates small amounts (0.1-5 mol%) of rare earth additives (Yb, Sm, Eu) into the perovskite composition. This partial action approach provides sufficient stability enhancement and defect passivation without requiring large quantities of expensive rare earth materials, thus improving stability while controlling manufacturing costs
3Duration of action of stationary object
If perovskite films are fabricated for long-term stability, then efficiency may be compromised, but manufacturing time increases
Solution Approach 1:
The patent incorporates rare earth additives (Yb, Sm, Eu) and optimized cation composition (FA, Cs, MA) into the perovskite precursor solution before fabrication. This preliminary action ensures that defect passivation and crystallinity enhancement occur during the film formation process itself, rather than requiring subsequent treatment steps, thereby achieving long-term stability without extending fabrication time
Data Source
AI summary
Described herein are non-stoichiometric perovskite ink solutions, comprising: a first composition of formula FA1-xCsxBX3; a second composition of CsX, FAX, REX3, or REX2; and one or more solvents; wherein x, X, RE, and B are as defined herein. Methods for preparing polycrystalline perovskite films using the non-stoichiometric ink solutions and the use of the films in large-size solar modules are additionally described.