Perovskite Layer Additives for Halide Segregation and Lead Stability
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Solution Overview
Problem
Perovskite solar cells face issues with halide phase segregation and Pb2+ reduction to metallic Pb0, which affect device stability and efficiency, and existing additives are either difficult to tune or lose effectiveness quickly.
Innovation Solution
A perovskite layer comprising a mixture of a halide perovskite and a sulfonyl naphthoquinone-based compound, which facilitates selective iodine reduction and metallic lead oxidation, thereby stabilizing the layer.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Power
If halide perovskite is used in perovskite solar cells, then high absorption coefficient and high carrier mobility are achieved, but halide phase segregation occurs during device operation
Solution Approach 1:
The patent introduces an intermediary substance (additive) that mediates between the halide perovskite and the harmful segregation process. This additive acts as a mediator to suppress halide phase segregation while maintaining the high power conversion efficiency of the perovskite layer, resolving the contradiction between performance and stability.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent modifies the chemical composition parameters of the perovskite layer by incorporating specific additives at controlled concentrations. This parameter change transforms the perovskite layer from one that undergoes phase segregation to one that maintains compositional stability while preserving high power conversion efficiency.
2Power
If perovskite layer is operated under continuous illumination and heating, then power conversion efficiency is maintained, but Pb2+ ions are reduced to metallic Pb0
Solution Approach 1:
The patent introduces an intermediary additive that prevents the reduction of Pb2+ ions to metallic Pb0 during continuous operation. This mediator substance interferes with the redox process, maintaining device stability and reliability while allowing continuous power conversion efficiency to be maintained.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent applies preliminary anti-action by incorporating the additive before device operation begins, which preemptively prevents Pb2+ reduction to Pb0. This preventive measure counteracts the harmful effect before it can occur during continuous illumination and heating, ensuring long-term device stability.
3Stability of the object's composition
If inorganic compounds are used as additives to suppress halide segregation, then halide phase segregation is reduced, but the additives are hard to tune their properties synthetically
Solution Approach 1:
The patent employs organic compounds with adjustable molecular structures, allowing systematic parameter changes in the additive properties. This enables synthetic tunability where the additive's molecular weight, functional groups, and conjugation can be modified to optimize both halide segregation suppression and ease of fabrication, resolving the contradiction between stability improvement and manufacturing ease.
4Reliability
If sacrificial agents are used to address defects, then different defects are eliminated, but the agents diminish soon after taking effects
Solution Approach 1:
The patent introduces an additive that provides continuous and sustained action rather than temporary relief. The additive remains effective throughout the device's operational life, continuously suppressing defects and preventing Pb2+ reduction, thereby eliminating the limitation of sacrificial agents that diminish quickly. This ensures long-term reliability without temporary effectiveness.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The perovskite layer achieves improved power conversion efficiency and long-term stability, maintaining efficiency at 92% after 500 hours of operation, and enhances tandem solar cells to 25.22% power conversion efficiency.
Implementation Method 1
facilitates selective iodine reduction and metallic lead oxidation
Data Source
AI summary
A perovskite layer for use in a solar cell includes a mixture of a halide perovskite and a sulfonyl naphthoquinone-based compound having a structure of Formula (I). Methods for fabricating the perovskite layer and a solar cell including a first active layer of the perovskite layer are also addressed.