Photothermal Treated Cell Lysates for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
Solution Overview
Problem
Current cancer treatments, such as photothermal therapy, face limitations in treating recurring and metastasized cancers due to low tissue penetration depth of light, leading to inadequate cancer inhibition and tissue damage during laser irradiation.
Innovation Solution
A vaccine and immunotherapeutic composition using photothermal-treated cell lysates as active ingredients, which increases the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and immunogenicity by ex vivo treatment with photoabsorbers like indocyanine green, gold nanorods, or carbon chitosan covered with CuS, under controlled laser intensities and temperatures, enhancing immune response efficiency.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Reliability
If photothermal therapy is used to treat cancer, then cancer cells can be eliminated through hyperthermia, but tissue penetration depth is limited to 2-3 mm
Solution Approach 1:
The patent extracts the photoabsorber materials (gold nanoparticles, carbon chitosan covered with CuS, indocyanine green) from the in vivo treatment context and applies them ex vivo to cancer cells. By removing the light delivery constraint and applying photoabsorbers directly to cell lysates outside the body, the invention overcomes the 2-3 mm tissue penetration limitation while maintaining cancer cell elimination effectiveness through hyperthermia.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent uses cell lysates as an intermediary carrier that contains both the photoabsorber materials and cancer cell components. This intermediary formulation allows the photothermal effect to be generated ex vivo, where the lysates can be thoroughly mixed and uniformly distributed, overcoming the light penetration limitation while maintaining treatment effectiveness.
2Reliability
If laser irradiation is applied to cancer cells, then photothermal therapy can be performed, but tissue damage occurs during irradiation
Solution Approach 1:
The patent extracts the photothermal treatment process from in vivo application and performs it ex vivo on cancer cell lysates. By removing the treatment from the living tissue context and applying it to prepared cell lysates, the invention eliminates the harmful side effects of laser irradiation on healthy tissues while maintaining cancer cell elimination effectiveness.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent performs preliminary processing of cancer cells by creating lysates and incorporating photoabsorbers before the actual photothermal treatment. This preliminary preparation allows controlled generation of heat shock proteins and immune stimulation without the risk of uncontrolled laser irradiation damage to living tissues.
3Reliability
If conventional cancer treatments are used, then curative care can be achieved, but recurring cancer and metastasis cannot be effectively treated
Solution Approach 1:
The patent fundamentally changes the parameter of treatment application from in vivo laser irradiation to ex vivo photothermal treatment of cell lysates. This parameter change enables the treatment to address recurring cancer and metastasis by generating heat shock proteins and immune responses that can target cancer cells throughout the body, rather than being limited to the irradiated tissue area.
Solution Approach 2:
The patent uses cell lysates as an intermediary that contains both the photoabsorber materials and cancer cell antigens. This intermediary formulation enables the treatment to stimulate systemic immune responses against cancer, making it effective for treating recurring cancer and metastasis rather than being limited to local tissue treatment.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The approach effectively increases immunogenicity and HSP expression, overcoming tissue damage and penetration limitations, resulting in a more potent immune response and improved anticancer effects compared to conventional methods.
Implementation Method 1
Photoabsorbers such as gold nanoparticles absorb light through free electrons on their surface and induce surface plasmon resonance effects. The kinetic energy generated from the light-absorbing free electrons, in turn, generates thermal energy, which eliminates the cancer cells.
Implementation Method 2
PTT is a method that helps eradicate cancer by inducing hyperthermia in the affected cells. In this therapy, cells pretreated with photoabsorbers are exposed to a laser light of a certain wavelength.
Implementation Method 3
PDT is a technique employed for eliminating cancer cells by using a photoabsorber, which can generate singlet oxygen upon exposure to light. Photoabsorbers accumulate in cancer cells and undergo chemical reactions using photoenergy to generate singlet oxygen and highly reactive free radicals, which can destroy cell components to induce apoptosis.
Implementation Method 4
The present invention maximized the expression of HSPs that increase immunogenicity of ex vivo PT treated cells thus, overcoming the limitations of PTT
Data Source
AI summary
Disclosed are a vaccine composition including photothermal (PT)-treated cell lysate as an active ingredient and an immunotherapeutic composition including PT-treated cell lysate as an active ingredient, wherein the PT-treated cells exposed to ex vivo PT treatment maximize the expression of HSPs which enhance immunogenicity, thereby generating cancer-specific immune responses in vivo.