Quantum Job Verification via Confidence Score and Token
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Solution Overview
Problem
Users accessing quantum-as-a-service (QaaS) lack transparency and assurance that their quantum jobs are executed on the specified and expected quantum hardware, which can impact the accuracy and reliability of results.
Innovation Solution
Implementing a quality control system that includes a quality control engine to generate a confidence score by analyzing the output of quantum jobs and comparing it to expected characteristics of the specified quantum hardware, ensuring that jobs are performed on the intended hardware.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Ease of operation
If a broker is used to access quantum-as-a-service, then users can submit quantum jobs without directly managing QPU infrastructure, but users lack transparency and assurance that their jobs are executed on the specified hardware
Solution Approach 1:
The patent implements a feedback mechanism where the system generates and returns a verification token to the user after job execution. This token provides cryptographic proof that the job was executed on the specified quantum hardware, giving users transparency and assurance while maintaining the ease of using a broker for service access.
Solution Approach 2:
The verification token acts as an intermediary that bridges the user and the quantum hardware execution. It provides tangible evidence of the execution environment without requiring the user to directly manage or monitor the quantum infrastructure, thus maintaining broker-based ease of access while ensuring transparency.
2Loss of energy
If vendors run jobs on less expensive machines, then operational costs are reduced, but the accuracy of results and runtime may be impacted
Solution Approach 1:
The system performs preliminary verification by generating a verification token before the user receives results. This token confirms in advance that the job was executed on the specified (and paid for) quantum hardware, preventing vendors from substituting cheaper machines and ensuring result accuracy is maintained.
Solution Approach 2:
The verification mechanism serves as a preliminary anti-action against potential hardware substitution. By providing cryptographic proof of the execution environment before results are delivered, the system prevents vendors from running jobs on less expensive machines that would compromise result accuracy.
3Measurement precision
If quantum results are verified through classical simulation, then result authenticity can be checked, but substantial time and exponential memory requirements are needed
Solution Approach 1:
Instead of requiring expensive and time-consuming classical simulation for verification, the system uses a lightweight verification token that can be generated and checked quickly. This disposable verification mechanism provides sufficient assurance of result authenticity without the exponential memory and time requirements of full classical simulation.
Data Source
AI summary
Quality control operations for quantum processing units are disclosed. A broker application may perform quality control jobs to determine baseline characteristics about quantum processing units. The characteristics of user-submitted jobs can be compared to the baseline characteristics associated with the quality control jobs. This allows the broker to generate a confidence score that reflects at least whether the user-submitted job was performed on the quantum processing unit expected by the user.