Reduced Mass PCR Sample Block with Hollow Channels
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Solution Overview
Problem
Existing laboratory sample blocks used in temperature-controlled processes like PCR and nucleic acid sequencing are inefficient due to their high mass, which slows down temperature changes and heat transfer, despite the need for precise and rapid temperature control across multiple small samples.
Innovation Solution
A sample block design with reduced mass achieved through hollow channels or inverted wells that maintain structural stiffness and allow for faster heat transfer, while preventing misalignment with disposable plates using strategically arranged mass reduction features.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Speed
If the sample block mass is reduced to enable faster temperature changes, then the thermal response speed is improved, but the structural stiffness may deteriorate
Solution Approach 1:
The sample block is segmented by introducing hollow channels that divide the solid structure into multiple regions. This segmentation reduces the overall mass and thermal mass of the block, enabling faster temperature changes while the segmented structure still maintains adequate structural stiffness through the distributed wall sections.
Solution Approach 2:
The sample block incorporates a porous or hollow structure with channels running through it. This porous design reduces the density and mass of the block, allowing it to respond more rapidly to thermal changes from the thermoelectric modules while the carefully designed channel configuration maintains sufficient structural integrity.
2Speed
If hollow channels are introduced to reduce mass, then heat transfer speed is improved, but manufacturing complexity increases
Solution Approach 1:
The manufacturing process is segmented into sequential steps: first forming the basic block structure, then creating channels through drilling or machining operations. This segmentation of the manufacturing process makes the complex task of creating hollow channels more manageable and suitable for standard manufacturing equipment.
Solution Approach 2:
Traditional mechanical drilling or machining of channels is replaced or supplemented by additive manufacturing techniques. The additive process can create complex internal channel structures in a single operation, significantly reducing manufacturing complexity compared to traditional subtractive methods while maintaining the desired channel geometry for optimal heat transfer.
3Manufacturing precision
If mass reduction features are added to prevent misalignment, then sample alignment accuracy is improved, but device complexity increases
Solution Approach 1:
The mass reduction channels are arranged in an asymmetric pattern that creates unique alignment features. The channels are positioned at specific locations that correspond to the disposable plate geometry, creating a complementary asymmetric pattern that guides proper alignment. This asymmetric arrangement prevents misalignment without requiring additional separate alignment components.
Solution Approach 2:
The hollow channels serve multiple functions simultaneously: they reduce the thermal mass of the block for faster temperature changes, and they provide alignment features to prevent misalignment with disposable plates. This multi-functionality eliminates the need for separate alignment features, reducing overall device complexity while achieving both objectives.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The reduced mass sample block enables faster temperature changes and improved heat transfer, enhancing the efficiency of temperature-controlled processes like PCR by maintaining sample alignment and ensuring optimal thermal response.
Implementation Method 1
thermoelectric modules for modulation and control of the temperature of the entire block or a section of the block
Implementation Method 2
Thermoelectric modules are semiconductor-based electronic components that function as small heat pumps through use of the Peltier effect, causing heat to flow in a direction determined by the direction in which electric current is passed through the component
Data Source
AI summary
A sample block for use in the polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, and other procedures that involve the performance of simultaneous reactions in multiple samples with temperature control by heating or cooling elements contacting the bottom surface of the block is improved by the inclusion of hollows in the block that are positioned to decrease the mass of the block in the immediate vicinity of the wells.