RF Transmitter Offset-AM Modulation for Spectral Occupancy
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Solution Overview
Problem
The Gen2 RFID protocol's phase reversal amplitude shift keying (PR-ASK) modulation causes significant distortion for high efficiency RF power amplifiers due to 100% amplitude modulation depth and phase discontinuities, leading to spectral regrowth and reduced spectral occupancy.
Innovation Solution
The implementation of offset-AM (OAM) and offset-PR-ASK (OPR-ASK) modulation techniques, which apply an orthogonal offset to the signal trajectory, reducing amplitude modulation depth and ensuring continuous phase modulation, making it easier for RF power amplifiers to reproduce the signal with improved spectral occupancy.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Area of stationary object
If PR-ASK modulation with 100% amplitude modulation depth is used, then spectral occupancy is improved, but phase discontinuities and signal distortion occur in high efficiency RF power amplifiers
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies parameter changes by modifying the amplitude modulation depth from 100% to a reduced level (e.g., 80% or less). This is achieved by adding a DC offset component to the modulated signal, which prevents the signal from reaching zero amplitude. The parameter change resolves the contradiction by maintaining good spectral occupancy while eliminating the phase discontinuities that occur in high efficiency RF power amplifiers when the signal passes through zero.
2Loss of energy
If high efficiency RF power amplifiers (class-AB or class-C) are used, then power efficiency is improved, but linearity is reduced due to reduced linearity characteristics
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies preliminary anti-action by pre-distorting the modulated signal before it enters the non-linear RF power amplifier. A predistortion circuit is used to compensate for the expected non-linear distortion, effectively canceling out the harmful effects. This allows high efficiency class-AB or class-C amplifiers to operate while maintaining signal linearity and preventing spectral regrowth.
3Manufacturing precision
If nonlinear predistortion is applied to improve transmitter linearity, then spectral regrowth is reduced, but measurement and implementation become difficult at 100% modulation depth
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies partial action by using reduced amplitude modulation depth (e.g., 80% or less instead of 100%). This partial modulation approach maintains sufficient signal quality and spectral occupancy while avoiding the extreme conditions that make measurement and implementation difficult. The reduced modulation depth provides a practical operating point where predistortion can be effectively applied without the measurement challenges of 100% modulation.
Data Source
AI summary
An RF system using amplitude modulation (AM) with orthogonal offset is disclosed. The orthogonal offset generator can shift the AM signal trajectory away from the origin while maintaining the time domain requirements for an RFID signal, such as waveform edge rise and fall times. In some embodiments stored waveforms incorporating the controlled orthogonal offset are used to synthesize a sequence of symbols. The stored waveforms may also include nonlinear and/or linear predistortion to reduce computational complexity. The waveforms can be represented in Cartesian coordinates for use in a direct conversion transmitter or polar coordinates for use in a polar modulation transmitter. An RFID system can also include a receiver to receive incoming RFID signals.


