Silane Functional Group Spatial Distribution
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Solution Overview
Problem
Existing silanes and siloxanes have functional groups that are too close to the silicon atom, limiting their utility in dental and other applications where specific properties like hydrophilicity, reactivity, and mechanical properties are crucial, as these properties are sensitive to the proximity and arrangement of functional groups.
Innovation Solution
A process is developed to extend the carbon chain between functional groups and the silicon atom, allowing these groups to be positioned further away, enabling the introduction of additional functional groups and potentially forming dendrimer-like structures, which can enhance properties such as hydrophilicity and mechanical strength.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Adaptability or versatility
If the carbon chain length between functional groups and silicon atom is increased, then the functional groups are positioned further away improving material properties, but the synthesis process becomes more complex
Solution Approach 1:
The synthesis process is divided into multiple sequential steps: first forming a silane with initial functional groups, then iteratively extending the carbon chain in controlled stages. Each step adds a specific segment to the carbon chain, allowing precise control over the final distance between functional groups and silicon atom while managing synthesis complexity through modular progression
Solution Approach 2:
The patent transitions from simple linear chain extension to creating dendrimer-like three-dimensional structures with branched carbon chains. This dimensional change allows functional groups to be positioned at greater distances from the silicon atom through spatial branching rather than just linear extension, providing additional degrees of freedom in molecular architecture design
2Reliability
If additional functional groups are introduced to enhance properties like hydrophilicity, then material performance improves, but the molecular structure becomes more complex
Solution Approach 1:
Different functional groups are strategically placed at specific positions within the dendrimer-like structure based on their intended function. Hydrophilic groups are positioned on the outer surfaces to interact with the environment, while the core maintains structural integrity. This localized functional distribution optimizes material performance without requiring uniform complexity throughout the entire molecule
Solution Approach 2:
The patent creates composite molecular structures combining silicon-based inorganic cores with organic carbon chain frameworks and diverse functional groups. This composite architecture integrates the stability of silane structures with the versatility of organic functional groups, achieving enhanced material performance through synergistic combination of different chemical components
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
This process allows for the creation of materials with tailored properties by adjusting the distance and arrangement of functional groups, improving hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and reducing shrinkage, making them suitable for diverse applications including dental materials.
Implementation Method 1
a large number of silanes have been developed that are not only hydrolytically condensable
Implementation Method 2
hydrolyzed and then reacted with acryloyl chloride
Implementation Method 3
the reaction of glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane with methacrylic acid, the product of this reaction being hydrolyzed and then reacted with acryloyl chloride
Data Source
AI summary
The present invention relates to a process for chain extension of radicals bonded to silicon via carbon in silanes or siloxanes while maintaining or increasing the number of functional groups on the respective Si-C-bonded radicals, characterized in that a silane or siloxane having a radical which is bonded via a carbon to a silicon atom and bears at least two functional groups, a first of the functional groups being an unsaturated, organically polymerizable group and a second of the functional groups being selected from (a) further unsaturated, organically polymerizable groups, (b) COOR8 or -(O)bP(O)(R5)2 and (c) -OH, where R8 is the same as R4 or Mx+ 1/x where Mx+ is hydrogen or a metal cation with an x-fold positive charge, and b = 0 or 1, is reacted in a first reaction with a compound of the formula (I) X-W-(Z)a in which X is SH, NH2 or NHR4, Z is OH, the carboxylic acid radical -COOH or a salt or an ester of this radical or a silyl radical, W is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl radical whose chain may be interrupted by -S-, -O-, -NH-, -NR4-, -C(O)O-, -NHC(O)-, -C(O)NH-, -NHC(O)O-, -C(O)NHC(O)-, -NHC(O)NH-, -S(O)-, -C(S)O-, -C(S)NH-, -NHC(S)-, -NHC(S)O-, and a is 1, 2, 3, 4 or a greater integer, where R4 is an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl radical, R5 is an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl radical or OR6, R6 is hydrogen or an unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl radical, such that the X radical attacks the first functional group. The invention further relates to several processes which, building on the aforementioned first reaction, comprise further process steps and lead either to compounds/silica polycondensates with reactive groups Q, in which Q is OH, NR7 2, NR7 3 +, CO2H, SO3H, PO(OH)2, PO(OR4)2 or a salt of the aforementioned acids, where R4 is as defined above for formula (I) and R7 is either as defined for R4 or two R7 radicals together may be an optionally substituted, optionally unsaturated alkylene group, or to compounds/silica polysiloxanes in which unsaturated, organically polymerizable groups are further to the outside, and Si-C-bonded radicals may optionally have a dendrimer-like structure. Products of the processes according to the invention and organic polymers obtained therefrom are likewise encompassed by the invention.