SJNNV-Induced Interferon Response for RGNNV Protection
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Solution Overview
Problem
Current methods for protecting fish against Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection are inadequate, leading to significant mortality and disease in fish populations, particularly in the Mediterranean region, where RGNNV has caused devastating losses.
Innovation Solution
Administering Striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV), specifically isolates with high sequence identity or serological reactivity to SJNag93, to fish to reduce symptoms and mortality when exposed to RGNNV, through methods like intramuscular injection or immersion, which stimulates interferon-inducible gene expression and provides protection against RGNNV infection.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Reliability
If fish are exposed to RGNNV for vaccination, then immunity against RGNNV is improved, but the fish suffer from severe disease symptoms and high mortality during the vaccination process itself
Solution Approach 1:
The patent applies this principle by using the harmful RGNNV virus itself as the vaccination agent. The virus is administered to fish at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) that stimulates immune response without causing severe disease. The harmful virus is thus converted into a beneficial vaccine that induces immunity while minimizing harm through controlled dosing
Solution Approach 2:
The patent changes the parameter of viral dose (multiplicity of infection) to resolve the contradiction. By administering RGNNV at a low MOI (0.01-10 TCID50 per fish), the virus can still induce immune response but causes significantly reduced disease symptoms and mortality compared to high-dose exposure, thus achieving both immunity and safety
2Reliability
If fish are exposed to high doses of RGNNV to ensure vaccination effectiveness, then immunity is improved, but disease severity and mortality increase significantly
Solution Approach 1:
The patent optimizes the viral dose parameter by administering RGNNV at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI of 0.01-10 TCID50 per fish). This parameter change ensures vaccination effectiveness while minimizing disease severity and mortality, resolving the contradiction between immunity and survival rate
3Object-affected harmful factors
If alternative vaccines such as recombinant coat protein or VLPs are used, then disease symptoms are reduced, but the vaccines fail to provide complete protection against RGNNV infection
Solution Approach 1:
The patent uses the complete viral particle (comprising RNA1, RNA2, and coat protein) as the vaccine instead of isolated components. This composite structure provides both symptom reduction and complete protection, overcoming the limitations of recombinant coat protein or VLP vaccines that only reduce symptoms but don't provide full protection
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The administration of SJNNV significantly reduces mortality and disease symptoms in fish when subsequently exposed to RGNNV, offering a protective measure against viral nervous necrosis and encephalopathy, with reduced mortality rates observed up to several weeks post-administration.
Implementation Method 1
administering SJNNV to the fish, where the fish subsequently exposed to the RGNNV have fewer and/or reduced symptoms of disease as compared to fish which are exposed to RGNNV in absence of prior administration of SJNNV
Data Source
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AI summary
Disclosed are interactions between different betanodaviruses during infection of cells "in vitro" and in European sea bass. More specifically, fish administered striped jack nervous necrosis viruses (SJNNV), which are then exposed to red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis viruses (RGNNV), have fewer symptoms of disease associated with RGNNV and/or increased survival as compared to fish not administered SJNNV prior to exposure to RGNNV.