Solid-State Battery Management Layered Cathode Modeling
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Solution Overview
Problem
Solid-state batteries face limitations in instantaneous power output and widespread adoption due to lower ionic conductivity and electronic conductivities compared to liquid electrolytes, which affect their performance and suitability for automotive applications, particularly in temperature extremes.
Innovation Solution
A battery management system (BMS) models solid-state batteries as a series of layers with equivalent circuits, solving real-time linear equations to calculate state of charge (SOC) and power limits, adjusting impedance and voltage sources based on temperature, SOC, and load currents to optimize power usage and extend battery life and safety.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Use of energy by moving object
If solid-state batteries are used to achieve high energy capacity and safety, then energy density and safety are improved, but instantaneous power output capability deteriorates
Solution Approach 1:
The cathode is divided into multiple layers with different material compositions, each layer contributing differently to energy storage and power delivery. This segmentation allows the battery to achieve both high energy capacity and acceptable power output by optimizing each layer's function
Solution Approach 2:
The battery management system dynamically adjusts operating parameters such as charge/discharge rates and temperature control based on real-time battery state, enabling the solid-state battery to deliver optimal instantaneous power output while maintaining safety and energy efficiency
2Reliability
If solid-state batteries with limited instantaneous power output are used, then safety is improved, but vehicle performance in temperature extremes deteriorates
Solution Approach 1:
The battery management system continuously monitors temperature, charge state, and power output, and adjusts operating parameters in real-time based on feedback from sensors. This enables the system to maintain safety while adapting performance to various temperature conditions
Solution Approach 2:
The system changes operational parameters such as charge/discharge rates and temperature management strategies based on environmental conditions, allowing the battery to maintain safety across different temperature extremes while preserving vehicle performance
3Power
If conventional battery devices are used to achieve high power output, then instantaneous power is improved, but energy density and mechanical durability deteriorate
Solution Approach 1:
The cathode is divided into multiple layers with different material compositions, each layer contributing differently to energy storage and power delivery. This segmentation allows the battery to achieve both high energy capacity and acceptable power output by optimizing each layer's function
Solution Approach 2:
The battery uses composite cathode structures combining different materials (e.g., conversion materials with other compounds) to achieve a balance between energy density, power output, and mechanical durability that neither material could achieve alone
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
This approach enables accurate real-time evaluation of SOC, power capability, and state of health, allowing for practical use in vehicles by triggering additional power sources when needed and preventing overloading, thus enhancing battery performance and safety.
Implementation Method 1
an electrical behavior of each of the layers is represented by environment-dependent electrical components that model electron transport, ion transport, and particle dynamics
Implementation Method 2
an electrical behavior of each of the layers is represented by environment-dependent electrical components that model electron transport, ion transport, and particle dynamics
Implementation Method 3
Each layer's equivalent circuit is then represented by an equation derived from Kirchoff s and Ohm's laws
Implementation Method 4
updating an impedance value or an ideal voltage source in each layer based on the SOC for each layer and the temperature value from the temperature sensor
Data Source
AI summary
Set forth herein are methods and systems for determining a rechargeable (i.e., secondary) battery's capability in real time, including how much power and energy can be discharged or charged, by compensating for the limitations of the standard battery model for cathode electron and ion transport restrictions in a solid-state battery. Set forth herein is also an equivalent circuit for each layer of a layered cathode (i.e., positive electrode) which is created using resistive, capacitive, and storage elements, including a state-of-charge (SOC) state variable and an SOC-dependent voltage source. In some embodiments, each layer is connected to adjoining layers using resistive elements to model ion and electron transport. In some embodiments, bulk ohmic resistance and ion exchange external to the electrode is represented using a Randles cell equivalent circuit.