Adjustable Spark Gap UV Source With Variable Capacitor Discharge
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Solution Overview
Problem
Current ultraviolet radiation sources, such as low-pressure mercury lamps, have limited spectral output and are inefficient in generating broad-spectrum UV radiation, which restricts their applications and requires high energy consumption and costly equipment.
Innovation Solution
An adjustable spark gap device using metallic solids with a variable capacitor to generate broad-spectrum UV radiation, allowing for experimentation with various materials and alloys not previously used, and incorporating a controller to manage the capacitance for optimal discharge.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Adaptability or versatility
If low-pressure mercury lamps are used as UV sources, then the spectral output is limited to UVC range with peak lines at 253.7 nm and 184.9 nm, but the spectral breadth is restricted
Solution Approach 1:
The patent changes the fundamental operating parameters of UV generation by transitioning from low-pressure gas discharge to high-pressure arc discharge between metallic electrodes. This parameter change enables continuous spectral output across UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C ranges, plus visible and infrared regions, rather than limited discrete lines.
Solution Approach 2:
The invention uses composite electrode structures combining different metals (e.g., tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, iron) to generate a composite spectrum that covers broader wavelength ranges. The combination of multiple metal vapors in the arc creates a synergistic spectral output that exceeds individual metal capabilities.
2Adaptability or versatility
If medium-pressure lamps are used to achieve broader spectral output, then the spectral breadth is improved, but the power levels needed and cost become excessive
Solution Approach 1:
The patent employs relatively inexpensive metallic electrodes that can be easily replaced. While the electrodes do degrade over time due to vaporization, their low cost and simple replaceability make the system economically viable, avoiding the need for expensive medium-pressure lamp infrastructure.
Solution Approach 2:
The arc discharge process automatically maintains itself through the ionization of metal vapors and atmospheric gases, creating a self-sustaining plasma that generates broad-spectrum UV without requiring external ballast circuits or complex control systems needed for medium-pressure lamps.
3Adaptability or versatility
If carbon arc lamps are used for broad spectral output, then the spectral range is maximized, but energy consumption increases and heat and infrared radiation are excessive
Solution Approach 1:
The patent uses localized metal electrode materials that emit specific spectral components when vaporized. By selecting electrode materials with appropriate work functions and vaporization characteristics, the system concentrates energy emission in the desired UV range rather than distributing it uniformly across all wavelengths as in carbon arcs.
Solution Approach 2:
The invention changes the discharge regime from carbon arc to metal vapor arc, and optimizes parameters such as electrode spacing, gas pressure, and current density to enhance UV emission efficiency while reducing infrared and visible light output, thereby improving overall energy efficiency.
4Stability of the object's composition
If iron electrodes are used in spark gaps, then continuous spectrum is achieved, but the gaps overheat and UV portions weaken as arcs form instead of disruptive discharge
Solution Approach 1:
The patent employs periodic pulsed discharge through the spark gap rather than continuous DC arc. The capacitor discharge creates repeated oscillatory sparks that prevent sustained arc formation, allowing continuous spectral output while managing heat buildup through intermittent operation cycles.
Solution Approach 2:
The invention uses dynamic electrode cooling through heatsinks and allows electrode positioning to be adjusted during operation. The system transitions from static iron ball electrodes to dynamically cooled metallic electrodes that can be repositioned to maintain optimal discharge characteristics and prevent overheating.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The device produces a broad spectrum of UV radiation from 140 nm to 400 nm, enabling new applications and improving efficiency and versatility in UV-based technologies, including air purification, wastewater treatment, and skin treatments.
Implementation Method 1
a variable capacitor configured to discharge a voltage through the spark gap to generate broad spectrum radiation
Implementation Method 2
utilizing a capacitor discharge fluorescence of minerals, phosphors, or diverse materials
Data Source
AI summary
In one embodiment, a device for generating broad spectrum ultraviolet radiation is provided. The device includes an adjustable spark gap of metallic solids, the spark gap including: a first electrode coupled to a first heatsink, and a second electrode coupled to a second heatsink, the second electrode spaced apart and opposite from the first electrode. The device includes a variable capacitor configured to discharge a voltage through the spark gap to generate broad spectrum ultraviolet radiation. The device includes a voltage source. The device includes a controller configured to control the variable capacitor. The first electrode is formed from a first metallic solid and the second electrode is formed from a second metallic solid, and the ultraviolet radiation generated is in the 140 nm to 400 nm range.