Stacked Ground Antenna Layout for Millimeter-Wave Directionality

The ground structure transitions from a conventional two-dimensional planar configuration to a three-dimensional stacked configuration with multiple layers. The ground patterns are arranged in multiple layers along the vertical direction, creating a stepped configuration that extends the ground structure into the third dimension. This dimensional change enhances the directionality of the radiation element by providing better ground reference and reducing interference, while the stacked design efficiently utilizes vertical space in compact wireless terminals.

The ground patterns in different layers are nested within each other in a stepped configuration, where each successive layer is positioned inward relative to the layer below it. This nesting arrangement creates a compact, space-efficient structure where the ground patterns are hierarchically organized, allowing the antenna device to achieve improved directionality without proportionally increasing the overall footprint or complexity.

The ground structure is segmented into multiple discrete layers, each containing ground patterns that are independently formed. This segmentation allows for modular manufacturing where each layer can be processed and positioned separately, then assembled into the final stacked configuration. The segmentation approach facilitates the creation of the stepped configuration while providing flexibility in manufacturing and assembly processes.

The ground patterns in successive layers are positioned with changing parameters, specifically the lateral offset between layers creates the stepped configuration. By systematically varying the position parameter of ground patterns across layers, the design achieves enhanced directionality through the stepped arrangement while maintaining manufacturability through predictable, parameter-based positioning rather than complex geometric relationships.