Triazinane Thiosulfate Crosslinkers for Rubber Adhesion and Aging
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Solution Overview
Problem
Current rubber compositions face challenges in maintaining desirable aging, reversion, and adhesion properties, particularly when using sulfur-based vulcanization systems, which can result in inferior dynamic properties and limited flexibility in compounding due to the use of separate cross-linking agents and accelerators.
Innovation Solution
Development of compounds represented by formula I, which include a triazinane core linked with multiple sodium thiosulfate moieties, synthesized through a one-pot process using haloalkylamine hydrohalides and metal thiosulfates, offering improved cross-linking density and adhesion properties.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Strength
If sulfur-based vulcanization systems are used, then cross-linking density is achieved, but dynamic properties and aging resistance deteriorate
Solution Approach 1:
The patent combines the cross-linking agent and accelerator into a single molecular entity (compound of formula I), where the triazinane core with multiple thiosulfate groups provides both cross-linking functionality and accelerator activity. This merging eliminates the need for separate sulfur and accelerator additions, resolving the contradiction by achieving both adequate cross-linking and improved dynamic properties through the integrated molecular structure.
Solution Approach 2:
The invention uses a composite molecular structure combining organic thiosulfate groups with a triazinane core, creating a hybrid compound that exhibits both cross-linking and acceleration properties. This composite approach allows the single compound to fulfill multiple functions that previously required separate ingredients, thereby improving aging resistance while maintaining cross-linking density.
2Reliability
If lower sulfur to accelerator ratio is used, then aging properties improve, but dynamic properties deteriorate
Solution Approach 1:
By merging the cross-linking and acceleration functions into one compound, the patent achieves improved aging properties through reduced sulfur content while preventing the loss of dynamic properties that would normally result from lower accelerator ratios. The integrated molecular structure ensures both functions work synergistically at optimized levels.
3Strength
If bis(sulphenamides) or compounds with multiple accelerator groups are used, then cross-linking activity is enhanced, but compounding flexibility is lost
Solution Approach 1:
The patent employs a modular molecular structure where the triazinane core can be combined with various R groups (alkyl, aryl, heterocyclic) and different metallic cations (M), allowing customization of the compound's properties. This parameter variability maintains compounding flexibility while preserving enhanced cross-linking activity, as the core structure provides the dual functionality regardless of the specific substituents.
4Strength
If multiple separate cross-linking agents and accelerators are used, then cross-linking activity is achieved, but molecular species complexity increases
Solution Approach 1:
The invention consolidates multiple molecular species (cross-linking agent and accelerator) into a single compound of formula I. The triazinane core with multiple thiosulfate groups and metallic cations provides both cross-linking and acceleration activities in one molecule, dramatically reducing the number of separate ingredients needed while maintaining or enhancing cross-linking activity.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
The compounds enhance the cross-linked network density of rubber compositions, leading to improved adhesion and reversion properties, with potential applications in vulcanizable elastomeric formulations and articles, such as vehicle tires, while being cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
Implementation Method 1
These crosslinks provide increased retention of physical and dynamic properties when exposed to anaerobic conditions at elevated temperatures
Implementation Method 2
Certain substances will act as adhesion promoters, to improve the initial adhesion level between the rubber and the metal
Data Source
AI summary
The present invention is directed to compounds represented by the formula: Formula (i) wherein R1 comprises a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms; wherein R2 comprises an alkylene group, an arylene group, or a heterocyclic group; and wherein M comprises a monovalent metallic cation such as sodium, lithium, or potassium; or a multivalent metallic cation such as zinc, nickel, iron, titanium, or cobalt; or an ammonium or alkyl ammonium cation derived by addition of proton (s) to a nitrogenous base.