X-Ray Examination With Evacuable Chamber for Wide-Angle Scattering
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Solution Overview
Problem
Existing X-ray examination devices have limited measurable scattering angle ranges, are bulky, and require complex sealing elements, which can distort measurements for certain sample types and limit the ability to measure different sample types reliably.
Innovation Solution
A compact X-ray examination device with a pivoting radiation generation and detection system, an evacuable sample chamber, and a vacuum-tight transmission region allows for wide-angle measurements by pivoting the sample chamber synchronously with the detection system, using high-precision bearings and elastic connections to maintain vacuum integrity.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Measurement precision
If a combined X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy apparatus with an environmentally controllable chamber is used, then sensitivity is improved and elements with low atomic numbers can be measured, but the device becomes highly complex with many sealing elements and the measurable scattering angle range is limited
Solution Approach 1:
The device is divided into separate functional modules: a radiation generation system outside the vacuum chamber, an evacuable sample chamber, and a detection system. This segmentation allows the vacuum chamber to be optimized for sensitivity while keeping the overall device structure simple and modular.
Solution Approach 2:
The radiation generation system is extracted from the vacuum chamber and positioned outside. This eliminates the need for complex sealing elements around the radiation source while maintaining vacuum integrity in the sample chamber, thereby reducing device complexity without compromising sensitivity.
2Device complexity
If a measuring chamber with a bearing block for receiving and holding both goniometer arms in a concentric and rotatable manner is used, then the device structure is simplified, but the device becomes very bulky and both the detector and the sample rotate during measurement which can distort results
Solution Approach 1:
The sample chamber is extracted from the rotating detection system and kept stationary. Only the detection system rotates on the second goniometer arm while the sample remains fixed in the evacuable sample chamber. This eliminates sample rotation and measurement distortion while maintaining a simplified structural design.
Solution Approach 2:
The goniometer system is segmented into two independent rotational systems: the first goniometer arm for the radiation generation system and the second goniometer arm for the detection system. This segmentation allows independent control of radiation angle and detection angle, enabling wide-angle measurements without mechanical interference.
3Device complexity
If the sample chamber is made compact with few parts, then the device becomes more manageable, but the measurable scattering angle range may be limited
Solution Approach 1:
The detection system is mounted on a pivoting second goniometer arm that can rotate to different angles. This dynamic positioning allows the detection system to access a wide range of scattering angles while the sample chamber remains compact and stationary, maintaining both simplicity and versatility.
Solution Approach 2:
The measurement capability is extended by adding angular dimension through the pivoting detection system. Instead of expanding the physical size of the sample chamber, the solution uses angular movement of the detection system to achieve wide-angle measurements, maintaining compactness while increasing versatility.
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
Enables reliable measurement of various sample types with improved sensitivity and accuracy over a large scattering angle range without mechanical distortion, reducing absorption of secondary radiation and maintaining high precision angles of incidence and reflection.
Implementation Method 1
Bremsstrahlung can be generated due to the deceleration of the electrons
Implementation Method 2
Electrons from higher atomic shells fall back into the lower-energy shells, emitting characteristic X-ray radiation
Implementation Method 3
a vacuum-tight transmission region that is permeable to the primary radiation, allowing the primary radiation to penetrate the sample chamber
Implementation Method 4
By irradiating the sample with the primary radiation, for example, X-ray fluorescence can be excited, so that the secondary radiation at least partially comprises fluorescence radiation
Implementation Method 5
The sample chamber can be evacuated, which can reduce the number of air molecules in the detection beam path and thus reduce absorption of the secondary radiation by air molecules
Data Source
Figure 1A~1C
Figure 2A~2C
Figure 3~4
AI summary
A device (1) for examining a sample (10) using X-rays is provided, comprising: a radiation generation system (2) for generating primary radiation (3); a first goniometer arm (4) on which the radiation generation system (2) is mounted and which is pivotable about a goniometer axis (5); a detection system (6) designed for detecting secondary radiation (7) emanating from the sample; a second goniometer arm (8) on which the detection system (6) is mounted and which is pivotable about the goniometer axis (5);an evacuable sample chamber (9) within which the sample (10) can be arranged in a sample area (11) encompassing a part of the goniometer axis, wherein the sample chamber (9) is bounded by a sample chamber wall (12) which has a permeable and vacuum-tight transmission area (13) for the primary radiation (3) in order to allow the primary radiation (3) to penetrate into the sample chamber (9) and to strike the sample area (11) at different angles of incidence (θ_in); wherein the sample chamber (9) has a first opening (15) in a detection beam path (14) at which the sample chamber (9) and the detection system (6) can be connected in a vacuum-tight manner, so that the detection beam path (14) is evacuable.