3D Orthopedic Modeling via X-Ray Source Positioning
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Solution Overview
Problem
Conventional techniques for creating 3-D models from 2-D roentgenograms in orthopedics face limitations such as radiation exposure, expense, inaccuracy due to human error, and inability to accurately determine true object coordinates, especially when roentgenograms are not taken at orthogonal positions.
Innovation Solution
A method involving the use of reference markers with fiducials to determine the 3-D positions of an x-ray source relative to an imager in multiple orientations, allowing for the alignment and projection of object outlines into a 3-D reference frame, thereby creating accurate 3-D models without the need for precise orthogonal positioning.
Engineering Contradictions & Design Principles
Engineering Contradiction Analysis
1Measurement precision
If CT is used to generate 3-D representation of human tissues, then measurement precision and 3-D visualization are improved, but radiation exposure and expense increase
Solution Approach 1:
The patent creates a 3-D model by copying and projecting 2-D roentgenogram images into three-dimensional space using computer-based modeling techniques. Multiple 2-D images taken at different orientations are processed to generate a 3-D representation, avoiding the need for direct 3-D imaging with higher radiation exposure
Solution Approach 2:
The patent transforms 2-D roentgenogram images into 3-D space through computational methods. By mathematically projecting and aligning multiple 2-D images taken at different angles, the system reconstructs three-dimensional anatomical structures without requiring 3-D imaging hardware that would increase radiation exposure
2Manufacturing precision
If manual determination of bone segment outlines is performed, then 3-D model creation is achieved, but manufacturing precision and reliability deteriorate due to human error
Solution Approach 1:
The patent replaces manual mechanical tracing and measurement methods with automated computer-based image processing algorithms. The system automatically identifies bone segment outlines, projects them into 3-D space, and calculates measurements, eliminating human error and improving both precision and reliability
Solution Approach 2:
The system performs self-correction and self-validation through automated algorithms that consistently apply the same measurement criteria across all images. The computer-based processing automatically adjusts for variations in imaging conditions and maintains consistent measurement standards without human intervention
3Adaptability or versatility
If roentgenograms are taken at non-orthogonal positions, then ease of operation and adaptability are improved, but measurement precision deteriorates due to inability to accurately determine true object coordinates
Solution Approach 1:
The patent uses dynamic geometric transformation algorithms that can handle any imaging orientation. The system adaptively calculates projection angles and adjusts coordinate transformations based on the actual orientations of the taken images, allowing accurate 3-D reconstruction from non-orthogonal views without requiring precise orthogonal positioning
4Measurement precision
If multiple roentgenograms are taken at different orientations, then measurement precision and 3-D model accuracy are improved, but loss of time and productivity worsen
Solution Approach 1:
The patent implements continuous automated processing of multiple images through computer-based algorithms. Once images are acquired, the system continuously and automatically performs alignment, projection, and 3-D model generation without manual intervention, minimizing the time loss between image acquisition and final model creation
Applied Scientific Principles
This section explains which scientific principles are used to turn an abstract innovation direction into a practical engineering solution.
Function Achieved in This Case
This method enhances the accuracy and reliability of 3-D model creation, reducing radiation exposure and costs, while allowing for precise determination of object coordinates and orientations, suitable for various imaging orientations.
Implementation Method 1
receiving a first roentgenogram of an object disposed between an x-ray source and an x-ray imager
Data Source
Figure 1A~1D
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
AI summary
Modeling an object in 3-D space may be accomplished various embodiments disclosed herein. An exemplary method of creating a 3-D model includes receiving roentgenograms of an object and at least one reference marker. In some embodiments, the roentgenograms may each include an image of at least one object marker. The exemplary method may further include determining 3-D positions of the x-ray source using the images of the at least one reference marker. The location of the 3-D positions of the x-ray source may allow a 3-D model of the imaged object to be created.