SCODA Particle Concentration via ZIFE Extraction

The patent replaces the mechanical filtration system with an electrophoresis-based system using a comb electrode array that generates non-uniform electric fields. Instead of physically filtering DNA through membranes that clog, the system uses electric field-driven particle manipulation to concentrate DNA at specific locations (electrode tips or between electrodes) without physical contact, eliminating clogging issues while achieving high concentration factors.

The patent introduces a dielectric medium (such as agarose gel or liquid solution with appropriate buffer) as an intermediary between the electrodes and the DNA particles. This intermediary allows the electric field to be transmitted for particle manipulation while preventing direct electrochemical interactions between the electrodes and DNA. The comb electrode design with insulated sides further isolates the electric field to non-contact regions, minimizing electrode damage to particles.

The patent employs comb electrodes with non-uniform spacing that create localized regions of high electric field gradient only where needed (at electrode tips or in specific gaps), rather than requiring high gradients throughout the entire sample volume. This localized field concentration achieves effective particle focusing with lower overall energy consumption compared to conventional uniform high-gradient electrophoresis systems.

The patent transitions from conventional one-dimensional linear electrophoresis separation to two-dimensional or three-dimensional particle manipulation using comb electrode arrays. The non-uniform electric fields generated by the comb geometry enable particles to be focused, separated, and concentrated in multiple spatial dimensions (laterally between electrode tips, vertically toward electrode surfaces, and in complex trajectories), providing enhanced separation capabilities and geometric flexibility beyond linear paths.