Dopamin-d2-rezeptor-liganden

Abstract

The present invention relates to novel dopamine D2 receptor ligands. The invention further relates to functionally-biased dopamine D2 receptor ligands and the use of these compounds for treating or preventing central nervous system and systemic disorders associated with dysregulation of dopaminergic activity. The present invention relates to novel compounds that modulate dopamine D2 receptors. In particular, compounds of the present invention show functional selectivity at the dopamine D2 receptors and exhibit selectivity downstream of the D2 receptors, on the 0- arrestin pathway and / or on the cAMP pathway.

Description

DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR LIGANDSRELATED APPLICATIONSThe present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application, U.S. S.N. 62 / 094,670, filed December 19, 2014, which is incorporated herein by reference.FIELD OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to novel ligands of dopamine D2 receptors, in particular, functionally selective ligands of dopamine D2 receptors. The invention also relates to the use of these compounds in treating or preventing central nervous system disorders as well as systemic disorders associated with dopamine D2 receptors.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONG-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as 7-transmembrane receptors, are the single largest class of drug targets, with more than 800 members in the human genome (Lefkowitz, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (2004), 413). Dopamine receptors represent prototypic examples of GPCRs that mediate neurotransmission (Missale et al., Physiological Reviews (1998), 189). Dopamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter that exerts its action on neuronal circuitry via dopamine receptors. As dopaminergic innervations are most prominent in the brain, dopaminergic dysfunction can critically affect vital central nervous system (CNS) functions, ranging from voluntary movement, feeding, reward, affection, sleep, attention, working memory and learning (Carlsson, Science (2001), 1021, Beaulieu et al., Pharmacological Reviews (2011), 182). Apart from CNS functions, dopamine is also involved in important physiological roles such as the regulation of olfaction, cardiovascular functions, sympathetic regulation, hormonal regulation, retinal processes, immune system and renal function. Dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission has been associated with multiple neurological and psychiatric conditions such as Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders and schizophrenia (Carlsson, Science (2001), 1021), as well as various somatic disorders such as hypertension and kidney dysfunction (Missale et al., Physiological Reviews (1998), 189, Beaulieu et al., Pharmacological Reviews (2011), 182). With the complex array of critical cellular functions mediated by dopamine receptors, and the multilevel interactions that are known to occur between dopamine and other extracellular messengers in the signaling pathways, there remains a need to better manage dopamine-related pathologic conditions by precise targeting of post-receptor intracellular signaling modalities, either directly or through ligand-biased signaling pharmacology.As drug targets, GPCRs known to mediate dopamine functions can be broadly classified into Dl and D2 class receptors. Dl class receptors (D1R and D5R) are mostly coupled to Gas and positively regulate the production of second messenger cAMP and the activity of protein kinase A (PKA) (Missale et al., Physiological Reviews (1998), 189). D2 class receptors (D2R, D3R and D4R) couple to Goci / o, downregulating cAMP production and PKA activity (Missale et al., Physiological Reviews (1998), 189). Additionally, D2 class dopamine receptors also modulate intracellular Ca2+ levels, resulting in changes in activity of Ca2+ regulated signaling proteins such as protein phosphatase calcineurin (Nishi et al., J. Neurosci., 1997, 17, 8147).D2 class dopamine (D2R) receptors are presently the best-established targets for antipsychotic drugs. Recent studies suggest that β-arrestin 2 deficiency in mice results in reduction of dopamine-dependent behaviours (Beaulieu et al., Cell (2005), 261). The connection between β-arrestin 2 and dopamine-associated behaviours suggests that β-arrestin 2 could be a positive mediator of dopaminergic synaptic transmission and a potential pharmacological target for dopamine-related psychiatric disorders (Beaulieu et al., Cell (2005), 261).Currently, all clinically marketed antipsychotics modulate dopamine by targeting D2R either as antagonists / inverse agonists (first- and second-generation antipsychotics, for example, chlorpromazine, clozapine) or partial agonists (third-generation antipsychotics, with aripiprazole as the sole example of this ligand class in the clinic). Antagonism of dopamine D2 receptor / -arrestin 2 interaction has been found to be a common property of clinically- effective antipsychotics (Masri et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2008), 13656).Structure-functional selectivity relationship studies of β-arrestin-biased dopamine D2 receptor agonists, based on the aripiprazole scaffold, have been conducted (Chen et al.,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2012), 7141, Roth et al., US 2013 / 0137679, Shonberg et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2013), 9199). Known antipsychotics, even those that share a common mechanistic pathway such as haloperidol, clozapine, and risperidone, show highly diverse effects on D2R / G protein signaling and are not selective across GPCR receptors. There remains a lack of clinical drug candidates that offer highly functionalized targeting of dopamine D2 receptors that improve the clinical efficacy of antipsychotics, while at the same time limiting the undesirable side effects associated with D2-dopaminergic activity.Selectively antagonizing the β-arrestin pathway at the D2 receptor could be sufficient to produce an antipsychotic effect, while at the same time, reduce potential side effects that could arise from antagonizing the cAMP pathway. Modulation of the -arrestin-2 dependent pathway could lead to modulation of AKT and GSK3 target genes (Beaulieu et al., Frontiers in molecular neuroscience (2011), 38.). Development of compounds with cAMP biased agonist or antagonist or β-arrestin biased agonist or antagonist activity could offer a functionally selective means to modulate or treat dopamine-associated disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington' s disease, mood disorders, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), pituitary disorders such as pituitary adenoma or pituitary tumor (prolactinoma) or endocrine disorders, e.g. ,galactorrhea. Further, development of ligands that exhibit functional selectivity as agonists, antagonists, and partial agonists, as well as selectivity against other GPCRs, allows modulation of activity at the dopamine D2 receptors to be more finely-tuned to increase selectivity and hence clinical efficacy and safety in treatment. By increasing selectivity at dopamine D2 receptors while minimising undesirable side-effects, drugs in this category would also offer greater success potential with patient acceptance and compliance.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention relates to novel compounds that modulate dopamine D2 receptors. In particular, compounds of the present invention show functional selectivity at the dopamine D2 receptors and exhibit selectivity downstream of the D2 receptors, on the β- arrestin pathway and / or on the cAMP pathway. Compounds of the present invention exhibit different activity profiles either as agonist, antagonist, inverse agonist, or partial agonist. As these compounds are functionally selective downstream of the D2 receptors, they offer more selectivity and functionality in treatment of diseases or disorders in which dopamine plays a role, such as central nervous system disorders associated with D2 receptors, whileminimizing potential associated side effects. Use of β-arrestin biased D2 receptor antagonists which selectively antagonize the β-arrestin pathway may offer a means to treat psychotic disorders while also minimizing potential undesirable side-effects associated with D2 receptor activity. Similarly, biased D2 receptor agonists which selectively activate either the β-arrestin pathway or the cAMP pathway may also be advantageous in treatment of disorders associated with dopamine receptors, such as Parkinson's disease, ADHD and restless leg syndrome or an endocrine disorder, e.g. , galactorrhea, with fewer side-effects.The present invention provides a compound having Formula I:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of the variables is defined and illustrated in detail herein.The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.The present invention also provides a method of modulating D2 receptor activity by administering a selective β-arrestin antagonist or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof.The present invention also provides a method of modulating D2 receptor activity by administering a compound which is a β-arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof.The present invention also provides a method of modulating D2 receptor activity by administering a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof.The present invention also provides use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, as a β-arrestin biased D2 receptor agonist or antagonist. The present invention also provides use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, as a cAMP biased agonist or antagonist. The present invention also provides use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, as a β-arrestin biased antagonist and cAMP biased agonist.The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role by administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a selective β- arrestin antagonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, such that the disease or disorder is treated or prevented.The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role by administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound which is a β-arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, such that the disease or disorder is treated or prevented.The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role by administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier, such that the disease or disorder is treated or prevented.The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role by administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of apharmaceutical composition of the invention, such that the disease or disorder is treated or prevented.The present invention also provides use of a selective β-arrestin antagonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role in a subject in need thereof.The present invention also provides use of a compound which is a β-arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g., β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role in a subject in need thereof.The present invention also provides use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or use of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role in a subject in need thereof.The present invention also provides use of a selective β-arrestin antagonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g., β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role in a subject in need thereof.The present invention also provides use of a compound which is a β-arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g., β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role in a subject in need thereof.The present invention also provides use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or use of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role in a subject in need thereof.Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. In the specification, the singular forms also include the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference. The references cited herein are not admitted to be prior art to the present invention. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods and examples are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe following detailed description, given by way of example, but not intended to limit the invention solely to the specific embodiments described, may be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 shows representative curves for compounds 90, 157, 158, 125, and control compounds clozapine and aripiprazole across the β-arrestin and cAMP cell based assays in agonist and antagonist modes (see also Table 1).Figure 2 shows pharmacokinetic and brain distribution of compounds 90, 125, and 157 following a single intraperitoneal dose administration of 30 mg / kg in male C57BL / 6 mice.Figure 3 shows positron emission tomography at different doses of Compound 90 in comparison with clozapine. Compound 90 competes with the radiotracer [uC]Raclopride. Scans 1 hour after administration demonstrate continued high occupancy in the striatum. This matches the time of amphetamine challenge in the behavior. Occupancies are on par with Clozapine.Figure 4A shows the effect of Compound 90 in comparison with vehicle to attenuate amphetamine induced hyperactivity (AIH) over time. Compound 90 dose-dependently attenuates AIH in mice and shows efficacy at 30 mg / kg.Figure 4B shows a bar graph representation of AIH data. "Veh." denotes vehicle."Cloz." denotes clozapine.Figure 4C shows rotarod performance after treatment with Example 90 or Clozapine. Example 90 does not induce motoric side effects at 30mg / kg IP in mice.Figure 5 shows a heat map representation of binding across various GPCR receptors for compounds of the invention (compounds 90, 157, 125, and 99) and control compounds (clozapine and aripiprazole). Clozapine and other antipsychotics bind to many receptors in the brain. The inventive compounds showed a cleaner binding profile. Figures 6A to 6C show βΑιτ2 KO mice and confirming the phenotype. One is able to replicate the decreased sensitivity to amphetamine (Figure 6 A & Figure 6B) andapomorphine (Figure 6C) in the βΑιτ2 KO mice.Figures 7 A to 7C show Example 90 inhibiting D2R-mediated GSK3 signaling.Example 90 blocks β-arrestin signaling downstream of D2R and leads to modulation of GSK3 signaling. Figure 7A shows that activation of D2R reduces GSIG-α / β (Ser 21 / 9) phosphorylation in HEK293T cells expressing both D2R and DISCI, and this effect can be blocked by 10 μΜ and 30 μΜ of Example 90, which is similar to the effect of D2R antagonist, haloperidol. Figures 7B and 7C show the densitometric analysis of the intensity of phosphorylated GSK3p (Ser9) / t GSK3p (Figure 7B), and phosphorylated GSK3 (Ser21) / t GSK3 (Figure 7C), respectively, * p<0.05, as compared to control group, ## p<0.01, ###p<0.001 as compared to quinpirole group, n=3, One-way ANOVA.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTIONCompounds of the InventionThe present invention relates to novel ligands of dopamine D2 receptors. In particular, the invention relates to a compound having Formula I:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl, X-Cy1, C(0)NR4R4', NR4C(0)R4', or CR3R3'-NR4R4', and is bonded to Z 1 or Z 2 ;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, and is bonded to Z1 or Z2, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl,orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3, orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;each R4 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;or R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 ;Z1 is CR7, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3;7 0 1 R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci- C6 hydroxyalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3- C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z1 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3,wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Q-C6 alkoxy, Q-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;Z2 is CR8, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;8 0 2R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R2 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy,NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X 0 or X forms a bond with Z 2 , R 2 is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z2 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy , or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy form a fused ring structure,wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;18each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Q-C6 haloalkoxy; or two R 18 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form aC(O);q is 0, 1, or 2;R and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each3 3'ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, or N-(C6-Cio aryl) when X is CR R and when X- Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16, provided thatwhen p is 1, X is NH and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is C(0)NH2, then Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl,when p is 1, X is CH2 and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; andwhen p is 1, X is C(O) and is bonded to Z1, Y is O, and R1 is OH or methoxy, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;Z3 is C(R9)2;each R9 is independently H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;p is 0 or 1 ;Z' is C(R12)2; orZ' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; or Z' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;Z" is C(R13)2; orZ" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; orZ" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;each R 12 is independently H, 12C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure;each R 13 is independently H, two R 13C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, ortogether with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure; orR 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 iswhen n is O or 1, C(R10)2, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19; each R is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y iswhen n is 0 or 1, C(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, or when n is 0 or 1, Y-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0 and Cy is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R17;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Z5 is C(RU)2;each R11 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen;n is 0 or 1 ;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when n is 0 and Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; andprovided that a compound of Formula (I) is notl-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)- lH-indole-3-carbonitrile; or5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3- carbonitrile.In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I), wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1, and is bonded to Z1 or Z2;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, and is bonded to Z1 or Z2, or Z 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl,orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3, orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Z1 is CR7, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3;7 0 1 R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6- membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z1 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci- C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; or X-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3,wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;Z2 is CR8, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;8 0 2R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6- membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, provided that whenX 0 or X forms a bond with Z 2 , R 2 is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z 2 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci- C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure,wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy; each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Q-18C haloalkoxy; or two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a C(O);q is 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S wherein each ring is aromatic or3 3' 1 1partially unsaturated, or N-(C6-Cio aryl) when X is CR R and when X-Z -R form a 3- to 7- membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R16, provided thatwhen p is 1, X is NH and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is C(0)NH2, then Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl,when p is 1, X is CH2 and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; andwhen p is 1, X is C(O) and is bonded to Z1, Y is O, and R1 is OH or methoxy, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;Z3 is C(R9)2;each R9 is independently H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;p is 0 or 1 ;Z' is C(R12)2; orZ' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; orZ' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;Z" is C(R13)2; or 2Z" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; orZ" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;each 12 12 R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure;each 13 alkyl, 13 R is independently H, C1-C3 C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure; or12 13R and R , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 iswhen n is 0 or 1 , C(R10)2, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 17-R form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo 17R together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 17-R form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y is when n is 0 or 1, C(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, or when n is 0 or 1, Y-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0 and Cy is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R17;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Z5 is C(RU)2;each R11 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen;n is 0 or 1 ;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or absent when n is 0 and Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; andprovided that a compound of Formula (I) is notl-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)- lH-indole-3-carbonitrile; or5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3- carbonitrile.In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (II):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl, X-Cy1, C(0)NR4R4', NR4C(0)R4', or CR3R3'-NR4R4';X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is not H and provided that when X is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci- C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;q is 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16, provided thatwhen X is NH and R1 is C(0)NH2, then Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl, when X is CH2 and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; andwhen X is C(O), Y is O, and R1 is OH or methoxy, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl; each R is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-C 10 aryl, or N02;R12 and R1J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one more R 17 , or R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; and 2Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.In certain embodiments, in Formula II, X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1.In certain embodiments, in Formula II, when X = -C(0)Et, then R1 is not -CH2OMe or Ph.In certain embodiments, in Formula II, when Cyi taken together with the piperidine ring forms a fused ring, then R1 is not Ph, 2-furyl, or 3-furyl.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (II) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (III):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen; R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R is halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Q- C6 haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;q is 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Q-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; or two R together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (III) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (IV):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R is halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, C C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;q is 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16; each R is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-C 10 aryl, or N02;R12 and R1J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; and 2Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (IV) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (IV) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (IV) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments a com ound of Formula (IV) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In certain embodiments, a com ound of Formula (IV) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (IV) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (V):(V),or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3 or N;R3 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each K is independently NR22, C(O), O, or CR22R23;22 23each R and R is independently H, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Ce haloalkoxy;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16; each R is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;w is 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17; andprovided that a compound of Formula (V) is notl-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)- lH-indole-3-carbonitrile; or5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3- carbonitrile.In certain embodiments, in Formula (V), Cy is not benzopyridyl.In another embodiment, a com ound of Formula (V) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In another embodiment, a compound of Formula (V) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein g is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.In another embodiment, a co (V) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein w is 1 or 2.In another embodiment, a com ound of Formula (V) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein w is 1 or 2; and g is 0, 1, 2,3, 4, or 5.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (VI):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3 or N;R3 is H, Ci-Ce alkyl, OH, d-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each K is independently NR22, C(O), O, or CR22R23;each R22 and R23 is independently H, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Ce haloalkoxy;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or NO2;q is 0, 1, or 2;w is 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19; each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (VII): (VII),or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;h is 1, 2, or 3;g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;each R24 and R25 are independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or R 24 and R 25 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form C(O);R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl; Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (VII) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (VIII):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;h is 1, 2, or 3; g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;each R24 and R25 are independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, OH, Q-C6 alkoxy, Q-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or R 24 and R 25 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form C(O);R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, 12C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Q-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen; R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (IX):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;R2 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C64 2haloalkoxy, provided that when X is NR or O, R is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2; i is 0, 1, or 2;g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, 12C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; and Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) having Formula (X):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, provided that when X is NR4or O, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;R2 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;i is 0, 1, or 2; g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, 12C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or moreR 17In one embodiment the present invention relates to a compound of the formua:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;or R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 ;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;each q is independently 0, 1, or 2; R and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Q-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;each R 30 is independently halogen, Ci_6 alkyl, or Ci_6 haloalkyl; and r is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.In certain embodiments, a com ound of Formula (XI) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (XI) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (XI) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.In certain embodiments, a co la (XII) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (XII) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (XII) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.In one embodiment, the resent invention relates to a compound of the formua:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;or R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 ;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Q-C6 alkoxy, Q-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each q is independently 0, 1, or 2;20 21FTU and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen; R is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;each R 30 is independently halogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl; andr is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.In certain embodiments, a com ound of Formula (XIII) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments a compound of Formula (XIII) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of Formula (XIII) is of the formula:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.In one embodiment, X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1. In another embodiment, X° is C1-C3 alkyl or X-Cy1. In yet another embodiment, X° is C1-C3 alkyl. In another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1. In one embodiment, X° is bonded to Z1. In another embodiment, X° is bonded to Z2. In certain embodiments, X° is Ci-C6 alkyl, and R1 is OH. In certain embodiments, X° is Me, and R1 is OH.In one embodiment, X is CR 3 R 3' , NR 4 , or O. In another embodiment, X is CR 3 R 3' . In another embodiment, X is NR4. In yet another embodiment, X is O. In another embodiment, X is CR . In another embodiment, X is C(O). In a further embodiment, X is O, N(CH3), CH(OH), C(O), or CH2In one embodiment, Y is C(O), CR5R5 , NR6, or O. In another embodiment, Y is CR5R5 . In another embodiment, Y is NR6. In yet another embodiment, Y is O. In another embodiment, Y is CR5. In another yet embodiment, Y is C(O). In a further embodiment, Y is O, C(O), NH, C(CH3)OH, or CH2. In yet another embodiment, Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7- membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19 when n is 0. In another embodiment, Y-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19.In one embodiment, Z1 is C. In another embodiment, Z1 is CR7. In another embodiment, Z1 is CH.In one embodiment, Z 2 is C. In another embodiment, Z 2 is CRg. In another embodiment, Z is CH.In one embodiment, Z' is C(R 12 )2. In another embodiment, Z' and Z 3 together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure. In yet anothere embodiment, Z' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure.In one embodiment, Z " is C(R 13 )2. In another embodiment, Z" and Z 2 together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure. In yet anothere embodiment, Z" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7-membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure.In one embodiment, R1 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR 20 R 21 or benzyl. In another embodiment, R 1 is H, Q-C6 alkyl, halogen, or OH. In yet another embodiment, R1 is H, methyl, isopropyl, F, OH or benzyl. In another embodiment, R1 is H, methyl, F, or OH. In certain embodiments, R1 is H. In certain embodiments, R1 is Ci-C6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is Me. In certain embodiments, R1 is isopropyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is Q-C6 hydroxyalkyl. In certain embodiments, R1 is -CH2OH. In certain embodiments, R1 is C2-C6 alkenyl (e.g., vinyl). In certain embodiments, R1 is C2-C6 alkynyl (e.g., -C≡CH). In certain embodiments, R1 is halogen (e.g., F). In certain embodiments, R1 is Ci-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OMe). In another embodiment, when X is bonded to Z1 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl.In one embodiment, when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is not H. In another embodiment, when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is Ci-C6 alkyl, halogen, OH, Ci-C620 21alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR R or benzyl. In another embodiment, when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is OH or Ci-C6 alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R1 is as described herein, provided that R1 is not OH. In certain embodiments, when X° is -CH^Cy1 or R1 is not OH. In certain embodiments, when X° is -CH2-phenyl or -C(O)- phenyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16, then R1 is not OH. In certain embodiments, R1 is as described herein, provided that R1 is not Ci-C6 alkoxy (e.g., -OMe). In certain embodiments, when X° is C(0)-phenyl, wherein the phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more R16, then R1 is not Ci-C6 alkoxy (e.g., -OMe). In certain embodiments, R 1 is as described herein, provided that R 1 is not C(0)NR 20 R 21 (e.g.,C(0)NH2).In one embodiment, R is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C620 21 2haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR R or benzyl. In another embodiment, R is H, Ci-C6 alkyl,2halogen, or OH. In yet another embodiment, R is H, methyl, F, or OH. In another embodiment, when X 0 or X forms a bond with Z 2 , R 2 is not H. In another embodiment, when0 2 2X or X forms a bond with Z , R is Q-C6 alkyl, halogen, OH, Q-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, NR 20 R 21 or benzyl. In yet another embodiment, when X 0 or X forms a bond with Z 2 , R 2 is OH or Ci-C6 alkoxy. In one embodiment, R 2 is H. In one embodiment, R 2 is Ci-C6 alkyl. In one embodiment, R 2 is Me. In one embodiment, R 2 is halogen. In one embodiment, R 2 is F. In one embodiment, R 2 is OH.2 4 2In another embodiment, when X is bonded to Z and is NR , O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl.3 3In one embodiment, R is H or (Ci-C6) alkyl. In another embodiment, R is H or (Q-C3) alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or iso-propyl.In one embodiment, R 3' is H or (Ci-C6) alkyl. In another embodiment, R 3' is H or (Ci-C3) alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R 3' is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or iso-propyl.In one embodiment, at least one instance of R4 is H or (Ci-C6) alkyl. In another embodiment, at least one instance of R4 is H or (Ci-C3) alkyl. In another embodiment, at least one instance of R4 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or iso-propyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R4 is H. In certain embodiments, each R4 is H. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R4 is (Ci-C6) alkyl (e.g., Me). In certain embodiments, all instances of R4 are the same.In certain embodiments, R4 is H. In certain embodiments, R4 is Ci-C6 alkyl (e.g.,Me). In certain embodiments, R4 is Ci-C6 haloalkyl (e.g., -CF3). In certain embodiments, R4 is C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17. In certain embodiments, R 4' is cyclopropyl. In certain embodiments, R4 is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more R 17. In certain embodiments, R 4' is C6-Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl) optionally substituted with one or more R 17. In certain embodiments, R4 is Ph. In certain embodiments, R4 is heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R 17. In certain embodiments, R 4' is heteroaryl comprising two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more R 17.In certain embodiments, R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring (e.g., a pyrrolidinyl ring) optionally substituted with one or more R18. In certain embodiments, R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a pyrrolidinyl ring.Each of R4 and R4 is not benzyl or benzhydryl.In one embodiment, R5 is H, halogen, (Ci-C6) alkyl, or OH. In another embodiment, R5 is H, (C1-C3) alkyl, or OH. In yet another embodiment, R5 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or OH.In one embodiment, R5 is H, (Ci-C6) alkyl, or OH. In another embodiment, R5 is H, (C1-C3) alkyl, or OH. In yet another embodiment, R5 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, or OH.In one embodiment, R6 is H or (Ci-C6) alkyl. In another embodiment, R6 is H or (Ci-C3). In yet another embodiment, R6 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl or iso-propyl.In one embodiment, R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 7 is H, or 7C1-C3 alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In another embodiment, R 7 is absent. In another embodiment, R 7 is absent when X° or X forms a bond with Z1.In one embodiment, R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment, R 8 is H, or 8C1-C3 alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In another embodiment, R 8 is absent. In another embodiment, R 8 is absent when X 0 or X forms a bond with Z 2.In one embodiment, R9 is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl. In another embodiment, R9 is H or Ci-C6 alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R9 is H or C1-C3 alkyl. In further embodiment, R9 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In a preferred embodiment, R9 is H.In one embodiment, R10 is H or Ci-C6 alkyl. In another embodiment, R10 is H or Ci- C3 alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R10 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In a preferred embodiment, R10 is H.In one embodiment, R11 is H or Ci-C6 alkyl. In another embodiment, R11 is H or Ci- C3 alkyl. In yet another embodiment, R11 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In a preferred embodiment, R11 is H.In one embodiment, R 12 is H or 12C1-C3 alkyl. In another embodiment, R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In a preferred embodiment, R 12 is H or methyl. In another embodiment, two R 12 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure. In one embodiment, R is H or C1-C3 alkyl. In another embodiment, R is H, methyl,13ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In a preferred embodiment, R is H or methyl. In another13embodiment, two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl spirocyclic ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure.12 13In another embodiment, R and R , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure.In one embodiment, R14 is H or C1-C3 alkyl. In another embodiment, R14 is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl. In a preferred embodiment, R14 is H or methyl.In one embodiment, each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3 alkyl), NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Cio aryl, or N02. In another embodiment, each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C2 alkyl, OH, C C2 alkoxy, Ci-C2 haloalkyl, Ci-C2 haloalkoxy, C(0)(d-C3) alkyl, S(0)q(Ci-C2) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C2 alkyl)2, CN, (C6-Cio) aryl, or N02. In yet another embodiment, each R16 is independently F, CI, methyl, ethyl, OCH3, OCF3, CF3, NH2, N(CH3)2, N02, S(0)2CH3, C(0)CH3, or CN.17In one embodiment, each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-17C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Cio aryl, or N02. In another embodiment, each R is independently halogen, halogen, Ci-C2 alkyl, OH, Ci-C2 alkoxy, Ci-C2 haloalkyl, Ci-C2 haloalkoxy, C(O)- C1-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C2 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02. In yet another17embodiment, each R is independently F, CI, methyl, ethyl, OCH3, OCF3, CF3, NH2, N(CH3)2, N02, S(0)2CH3, C(0)CH3, CN or phenyl. In another embodiment, Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19. In another17embodiment, two R together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19.18In one embodiment, each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-18C haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In another embodiment, each R is independently C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or C1-C3 haloalkoxy. In yet another embodiment, each R18 is independently methyl, OCH3, OCH2CH3, OCF3, CF3, CHF2, or CH2CF3. In another18embodiment, two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a C(O).In one embodiment, each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In another embodiment, each R19 is independently C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or C1-C3 haloalkoxy. In yet another embodiment, each R19 is independently methyl, OCH3, OCH2CH3, OCF3, CF3, CHF2, or CH2CF3.20In one embodiment, R is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or unsubstituted C6-Cio aryl. In another20 20 embodiment, R is H, C1-C3 alkyl, or unsubstituted C6 aryl. In yet another embodiment, R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or phenyl.21In one embodiment, R is H, Q-C6 alkyl, or unsubstituted C6-Cio aryl. In another21 21 embodiment, R is H, Ci-C4 alkyl, or unsubstituted C6 aryl. In yet another embodiment, R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl.22In one embodiment, R is H, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q-22C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In another embodiment, R is H, C1-C3 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,22or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In yet another embodiment, R is H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or phenyl optionally substituted with halogen.23In one embodiment, R is H, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q-23C alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In another embodiment, R is H, C1-C3 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,23or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In yet another embodiment, R is H, OH, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or phenyl optionally substituted with halogen.24In one embodiment, each R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-24C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In another embodiment, each R is independently H, Q- C3 alkyl, OH, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or C1-C3 haloalkoxy. In yet embodiment, each24R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, OH, or C1-C3 alkoxy.25In one embodiment, each R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Q-25C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy. In another embodiment, each R is independently H, Q- C3 alkyl, OH, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or C1-C3 haloalkoxy. In yet embodiment, each R25 is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, OH, or C1-C3 alkoxy.24 25In another embodiment, R and R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form C(O). In one embodiment, K is NR . In another embodiment, K is O. In yet another embodiment, K is CR 22 R 23. In certain embodiments, K is as described herein, provided that no instance of K is C(O).In one embodiment, Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl optionally substituted with one or more R16. In another embodiment, Cy1 is benzyl optionally substituted with one or more R16. In yet another embodiment, Cy1 is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S optionally substituted one or more R16. In another embodiment, Cy1 is N-(C6-Cio aryl) when X is CR3R3 and when X-Z1- R1 form a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted one or more R16. In another embodiment, Cy1 is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, or benzothiazole, wherein the phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, and benzothiazole are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16.In one embodiment, when p is 1, X is NH and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is C(0)NH2, Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment, when p is 1, X is CH2 and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. In another embodiment, when p is 1, X is C(O) and is bonded to Z1, Y is O, and R1 is OH or methoxy, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl.In one embodiment, Cy 2 is · · ne or more R 17C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted o . In another embodiment, Cy is heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S optionally substituted one or moreR 17. In yet another embodiment, Cy 2 is C6-Cio aryl optionally substituted one or more R 17. In another embodiment, Cy is heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S optionally substituted one or more R 17. In another embodiment, Cy 2 is absent when n is 0 and Y is pyridinonyl.In one embodiment, X-Z 2 -Z 1 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three- ring fused ring structure.In one embodiment, X-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1. In another embodiment, X-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 0 or 1.In one embodiment, X-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy 1. In another embodiment, X-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure.In one embodiment, Z 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three- ring fused ring structure. In another embodiment, when Z 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl.In one embodiment, q is 0. In another embodiment, q is 1. In yet another embodiment, q is 2.In one embodiment, v is 1. In another embodiment, v is 2. In yet another embodiment, v is 3.In one embodiment, n is 0. In another embodiment, n is 1.In one embodiment, p is 0. In another embodiment, p is 1.In one embodiment, w is 1, 2, 3, or 4. In another embodiment, w is 1. In yet another embodiment, w is 2. In another embodiment, w is 3.In one embodiment, h is 1, 2, or 3. In another embodiment, h is 1 or 2. In a preferred embodiment, h is 1.In one embodiment, g is 0. In one embodiment, g is 1. In another embodiment, g is 2.In yet another embodiment, g is 3. In another embodiment, g is 4. In a preferred embodiment, g is 1 or 2.In one embodiment, i is 0. In another embodiment, i is 1. In yet another embodiment, i is 2.In certain embodiments, t is 0, In certain embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, t is 2, 3, 4. In certain embodiments, t is 5.In certain embodiments, u is 0. In certain embodiments, u is 1. In certainembodiments, u is 2 or 3. In certain embodiments, u is 4.In one embodiment, Cy1 is p is 1 and X is bound to Z1. In another embodiment C to Z .In another embodiment, C y 1 and Cy 2 aresubstituted with one or more preferred substituents.In one embodiment, X° is X-Cy1 and X is bonded to Z1. In another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1 and R1 is methyl. In yet another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1, R1 is methyl and R9 is H. In another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1, R1 is methyl, R9 is H, and R12 is H. In another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1, R1 is methyl, R9 is H, R12 is H, and R13 is H.In one embodiment, X° is X-Cy1 and X is bonded to Z2. In another embodiment, X° isX-Cy 1 , X is bonded to Z 2 and R 2 is methyl. In yet another embodiment, X 0 is X-Cy 1 , X is bonded to Z 2 , R 2 is methyl and R 9 is H. In another embodiment, X 0 is X-Cy 1 , X is bonded toZ 2 , R 2 is methyl, R 9 is H, and R 12 is H. In another embodiment, X 0 is X-Cy 1 , X is bonded to Z2, R2 is methyl, R9 is H, R12 is H, and R13 is H.In one embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1, R1 is methyl and X is NR4. In another embodiment, X 0 is X-Cy 1 , X is bonded to Z 1 , R1 is methyl and X is CR 3 R 3' . In yet another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1, R1 is methyl and X is C(O). In another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1, R1 is methyl and X is O.In one embodiment, X 0 is X-Cy 1 , X is bonded to Z 2 , R 2 is methyl and X is NR 4. In another embodiment, X 0 is X-Cy 1 , X is bonded to Z 2 , R 2 is methyl and X is CR 3 R 3' . In yet another embodiment, X 0 is X-Cy 1 , X is bonded to Z 2 , R 2 is methyl and X is C(O). In another embodiment, X° is X-Cy1, X is bonded to Z1, R2 is methyl and X is O. In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)NR4R4 . In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)NHR4' (e.g., C(0)NH(Ci-C6 alkyl)). In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)NHMe. In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)N(C1-C6 alkyl)2. In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)N(Me)2. In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)NHR4 , wherein R4 is C3-C8 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl) optionally substituted with one or more R 17. In certain embodiments, X 0 isC(0)NH(cyclopropyl). In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)NHR4 , wherein R4 is phenyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17. In certain embodiments, X 0 is C(0)NHPh. In certain embodiments, X° is C(0)NR4R4 , wherein R4 and R4 together with the nitrogen atom to which R4 and R4 are bound form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring (e.g., a pyrrolidinyl ring) optionally substituted with one or more R 18. In certain embodiments, X 0 isIn certain embodiments, X° is NR4C(0)R4 . In certain embodiments, X° isNHC(0)R4 . In certain embodiments, X° is NHC(0)(Ci-C6 alkyl). In certain embodiments, X° is NHC(0)Me. In certain embodiments, X° is NHC(0)(Ci-C6 haloalkyl). In certain embodiments, X° is NHC(0)CF3. In certain embodiments, X° is N(Ci-C6 alkyl)C(0)R4'. In certain embodiments, X° is NMeC(0)R4 (e.g., NMeC(O)Me). In certain embodiments, X° is NHC(0)R4 , wherein R4 is C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more R17. In certain embodiments, X° is NHC(0)(cyclopropyl).In certain embodiments, X° is CR3R3 -NR4R4 . In certain embodiments, X° is CH2 NR4R4 . In certain embodiments, X° is CH2-NHR4 . In certain embodiments, X° is CH2- NH(Ci-C6 alkyl) (e.g., CH2-NHMe).In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is halogen. In certainembodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is F. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is CI, Br, or I. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is Ci_6 alkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is Me. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is Et, Pr, or Bu. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is Ci_6 haloalkyl. In certain embodiments, at least one instance of R 30 is -CF3. In certain embodiments, r is 0. In certain embodiments, r is 1, 2, or 3. In certain embodiments, r is 4. In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) or (V) is not l-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(3-(4- oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3-carbonitrile. In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) or (V) is not 5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8- triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3-carbonitrile. In one embodiment, when X is NH and R1 is C(0)NH2, Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl. In another embodiment, when X is CH2 and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline- 2,3-dione.Non-limiting illustrative compounds of the invention include:3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2,5-difluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(o-tolyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(m-tolyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine; l-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one;3-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;5- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;l-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethyl)pyridin-4(lH)-one;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(cyclohexyloxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(naphthalen-l-yloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;6- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)quinolone;6-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)isoquinoline; 7-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)isoquinoline;7-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)quinolone;7-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)quinolin-2(lH)-one;6-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]thiazole;6-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]oxazole;1- (2-([l,r-biphenyl]-3-yloxy)ethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidine; 6-(4-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)butoxy)benzo[d]thiazole; 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(3-phenoxypropyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(4-(2-fluorophenoxy)butyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(4-(2-chlorophenoxy)butyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3- (4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(3-phenylpropyl)pyrrolidine;5-chloro-r-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,3'-pyrrolidine];(3aS,9aR)-7-chloro-2-(2-phenoxyethyl)-l,2,3,3a,9,9a-hexahydrochromeno[2,3- c]pyrrole;4- ((l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;3-(4-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-phenylpyrrolidine;3-methyl-3-phenoxy-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-methyl-3-(2-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-methyl-3-(3-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3- methyl-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;4- ((3 -methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;3 -((3 -methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;2- ((3-methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;3- methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(o-tolyloxy)pyrrolidine;3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(3-fluorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(3-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2,3-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine; 3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyrrolidine;3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyrrolidine;3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyrrolidine;2- ((3 -methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine;3- ((3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine;4- ((3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine;2-((3-methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyrazine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(4-phenoxybutyl)piperidine;4-methyl-4 -phenoxy- 1 - (4 -phenoxybutyl)piperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4- (4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;5- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;2-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; l-(4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)ethan-l-one;1- (4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)ethan-l-ol;2- (4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)propan-2-ol; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl)piperidine;2-((4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)pyridine; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4- (4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;1- (2-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4- methylpiperidine ;5- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)thiazole;6- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]oxazole;7- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin- 2(lH)-one;4-(benzyloxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;2- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-3- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;3- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;4- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-3- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;3- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)-N-(2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acetamide ;N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline;N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-N-methyl-2- (trifluoromethyl)aniline;N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-N-(2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acetamide;1- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin- 2(lH)-one;2- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-8- (trifluoromethyl)quinolone;4- (4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(cyclohexyloxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)- 1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine; l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(o-tolyloxy)ethyl)piperidine;l-(2-(2-ethylphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;l-(2-(2-isopropylphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;l-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one; 4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;l-(2-(5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine; l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine; 4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;1- (2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-phenoxypiperidine;2- (2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)aniline;2-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;4-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;1- (2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one;4-methyl- 1 -(2-(naphthalen- 1 -yloxy)ethyl)-4-phenoxypiperidine;4-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin- l-yl)ethoxy)- lH-indole;2- ((4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)pyridine; 4-(2-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; (lR,3r,5S)-3-methyl-3-phenoxy-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane;(lR,3s,5S)-3-methyl-3-phenoxy-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane;2,4,6-trimethyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl- 1 -(2-methyl- 1 -(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propan-2-yl)-4- phenoxypiperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(l-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propan-2-yl)piperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy- 1 -(3 -(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propyl)piperidine;4-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)butan- 3- (4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin- 1 -yl)- 1 -(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propan- 1 -one; l-phenyl-6-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane;l-phenyl-7-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,7- diazaspiro [3.5 ] nonane ;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-l,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-l,8- diazaspiro [4.5 ] decane ;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,8- diazaspiro [4.5 ] decane ;N,4-dimethyl-N-phenyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-amine; -(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,4'-piperidine];4- (hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol; 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,3-dioxa-8- azaspiro [4.5 ] decane ;(4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)(phenyl)methanone;(4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)(phenyl)methanol;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-methyl-l-phenoxypropan-2-yl)piperidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpiperidine;3- (4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpiperidine;5- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]thiazole;3 -methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)- 3 - (3 - (trifluoromethy l)phenoxy )piperidine ;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)piperidine; l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)piperidine;4- methoxy-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol;3- methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-3-ol;(lR,3r,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;(lR,3s,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;3 -methyl- 1 -(2- (2- (trifluoromethyl)phenoxy )ethyl)pyrrolidin- 3 -ol ;4- methyl-l-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propyl)piperidin-4-ol; 4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol;4-isopropyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol;4-methyl- 1 '-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- [ 1 ,3'-bipiperidin] -4-ol;l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-ol;4-methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidin-4-ol;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-ol;l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-phenylpyrrolidin-3-ol;l-(2-(2,5-difluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)piperidine, ora stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.Additional exemplary compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to:3-(4- chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;l'-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,3'-pyrrolidine];3-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;4- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;5- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenol; 4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;l-(2-((lH-pyrazol-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidine;l-(2-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-5-fluorophenyl)ethan- 1-one;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4,5-difluoro-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)- 1 -(2-(5-fluoro-2-isopropoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-isopropoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-isopropyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-ethynyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-ethynyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;l-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 2(lH)-one;(lR,3s,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;(lR,3r,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;N,4-dimethyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamid^ N, 4-dimethyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-N,4-dimethylpiperidine-4-carboxamide;l-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-N,4-dimethylpiperidine-4-carboxamide;1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-N,4-dimethylpiperidine-4- carboxamide;N-cyclopropyl-l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidine- 4-carboxamide;1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methyl-N-phenylpiperidine-4- carboxamide;(S )- 1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-N,N,4-trimethylpiperidine-4- carboxamide;(S)-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4- yl)(pyrrolidin-l-yl)methanone;(S)-l-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N- methylmethan amine;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4- yl)acetamide;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4- yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide;(S)-N-(l-((7-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin- 4-yl)acetamide;(S)-N-(l-((7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin- 4-yl)acetamide;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)- 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N- methylacetamide ;(4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methanol; 4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; l-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane; N-cyclohexyl-N,4-dimethyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4- amine; 4-methyl-N-phenyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine-4- carboxamide;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-N-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxamide;and stereoisomers, racemates, tautomers, polymorphs, hydrates, solvates, andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In certain embodiments, a compound of the invention is:4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl- l-(2-(2-(trifluoro methyl) phenoxy)ethyl) piperidine (compound 90);4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl- l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy) ethyl) piperidine (compound 125);4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine (compound 157);1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-N,4-dimethylpiperidine-4- carboxamide (compound 202);(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4- yl)acetamide (compound 208);(S)-N-(l-((7-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin- 4-yl)acetamide (compound 210);or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.The present invention relates to novel compounds that modulate dopamine D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0- 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective antagonists of D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention are selective β-arrestin antagonists, but not cAMP antagonists. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold stronger β-arrestin antagonist activity than cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20- fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold decrease in EC50 for β-arrestin antagonist activity than cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50≥ 0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC 50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 > 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 > 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 > 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g., side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention are selective β-arrestin antagonists and cAMP agonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC 50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway). For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC 50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention are selective β-arrestin antagonists and agonists of cAMP and β-arrestin. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention are β-arrestin antagonists and cAMP antagonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC 50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC 50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity and an EC 50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.The present invention relates to novel compounds that modulate dopamine D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective agonists of D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention are selective β-arrestin agonists, but not cAMP agonists. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5- fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30- fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold stronger β-arrestin agonist activity than cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3- fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold decrease in EC50 for β-arrestin agonist activity than cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50≥ 0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity.Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 > 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 > 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 > 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective β-arrestin agonists and cAMP antagonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0- 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective β-arrestin agonists and antagonists of cAMP and β-arrestin. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are β-arrestin agonists and cAMP agonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).The present invention relates to novel compounds that modulate dopamine D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective antagonists of D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention are selective cAMP antagonists, but not β-arrestin antagnoists. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20- fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold stronger cAMP antagonist activity than β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold decrease in EC50 for cAMP antagonist activity than β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50≥ 0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 > 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 > 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC 50 of of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 > 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 > 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective cAMP antagonists and β-arrestin agonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC 50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective cAMP antagonists and agonists of cAMP and β-arrestin. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are cAMP antagonists and β- arrestin antagonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC 50 of of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP antagonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.The present invention relates to novel compounds that modulate dopamine D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC 50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective agonists of D2 receptors. For example, compounds of the present invention are selective cAMP agonists, but not β-arrestin agonists. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5- fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30- fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold stronger cAMP agonist activity than β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention display at least 1.5-fold, 2-fold, 3- fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, or 100-fold decrease in EC50 for cAMP agonist activity than β-arrestin agonist activity.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50≥ 0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 > 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC 50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 > 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50≥ 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 > 30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are selective cAMP agonists and β- arrestin antagonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC 50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway). For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0- 30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin antagonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, while at the same time, can reduce the undesirable side effects associated with D2 receptor activity (e.g. , side effects arising from antagonizing the cAMP pathway).For example, compounds of the present invention are selective cAMP agonists and antagonists of cAMP and β-arrestin. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.For example, compounds of the present invention are cAMP agonists and β-arrestin agonists. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 <0.1 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 0.1-1.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 0.1- 1.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 1.0-10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC 50 of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for β- arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of of 1.0- 10.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. For example, compounds of the present invention have an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for cAMP agonist activity and an EC50 of 10.0-30.0 μΜ in the assay for β-arrestin agonist activity. Accordingly, compounds of the present invention are useful in treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)- 1 , 1 '-binaphthylter / -butyloxycarbonylpotassium tert-butoxidediethylamino sulfur trifluorideDibenzylideneacetoneDichloromethaneN,N-diisopropylethylamineN,N-dimethylformamideDess Martin periodinaneDimethylsulfoxideN-Nitroso-N-methylureal-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimidediethyl etherethyl acetateEthanolTriethylamine9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyll-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-lH-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxid hexafluorophosphate, / V-[(Dimethylamino)-lH-l,2,3-triazolo-[4,5-b]pyridin-l- ylmethylene]-N-methylmethanaminium hexafluorophosphate N-oxideHydroxybenzotriazolelithium aluminium hydrideMethanoloxidation using suitable oxidants such as Dess Martin periodinane, pyridinium chlorochromate, pyridinium dichromate, or oxidation reagents used in Swern oxidation, Parikh-Doering oxidation, Corey-Kim oxidation or Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidationmass spectrometryMethanesulfonyl chloride Pd(OAc)2: Palladium(II) acetateTPP: Triphenyl phosphineTHF: TetrahydrofuranTFA: trifluoroacetic acidThe terms "compounds of the invention", "compound of the invention", "compounds of the present invention" and "compounds of the present invention", and the like, unless the context indicates otherwise, refer collectively to the novel compounds of any formulae or specific compounds described herein, and their salts, solvates, stereoisomers, tautomers, racemates, polymorphs and hydrates.When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and subrange within the range. For example "Ci-C6 alkyl" is intended to encompass, Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, Ci_6, Ci_5, Ci^, Ci_3, Ci_2, C2-6, C2-5, C2^, C2-3, C3_6, C3_5, C3^, C4_6, C4_5, and Cs_6 alkyl. For example "1-6" is intended to encompass, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 2-6, 2-5, 2-4, 2-3, 3-6, 3-5, 3-4, 4-6, 4-5, and 5-6.As used herein, the term "halogen" refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. As used herein, the term "alkyl" refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms ("Q-C20 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms ("Q-Qo alkyl"). In someembodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 9 carbon atoms ("C1-C9 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms ("Ci-C8 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 7 carbon atoms ("C1-C7 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms ("C1-C6 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms ("C1-C5 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms ("Ci-C4 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 3 carbon atoms ("Ci-C3 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 to 2 carbon atoms ("Ci-C2 alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 1 carbon atom ("C I alkyl"). In some embodiments, an alkyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ("C2-C6 alkyl"). Examples of Ci-C6 alkyl groups include methyl (Ci), ethyl (C2), n-propyl (C3), isopropyl (C3), n-butyl (C4), tert-butyl (C4), sec-butyl (C4), iso-butyl (C4), n-pentyl (C5), 3-pentanyl (C5), amyl (C5), neopentyl (C5), 3-methyl-2- butanyl (C5), tertiary amyl (C5), and n-hexyl (C6). Additional examples of alkyl groups include n-heptyl (C7), n-octyl (C8) and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkyl group is independently optionally substituted, e.g. , unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkyl") or substituted (a "substituted alkyl") with one or more substituents. The term "substituted alkyl" refers to alkyl moieties having substituents replacing one or more hydrogen atoms on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Such substituents can include, for example, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Cycloalkyls can be further substituted, e.g. , with the substituents described above. An "alkylaryl" or an "aralkyl" moiety is an alkyl substituted with an aryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl)).The term "haloalkyl" is a substituted alkyl group, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo. In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 8 carbon atoms ("Ci-C8 haloalkyl"). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 6 carbon atoms ("Q-Ce haloalkyl"). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 4 carbon atoms ("Ci-C4 haloalkyl"). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 3 carbon atoms ("C1-C3 haloalkyl"). In some embodiments, the haloalkyl moiety has 1 to 2 carbon atoms ("C1-C2 haloalkyl").Examples of haloalkyl groups include -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, -CH2CF3, -CF2CF3,-CF2CF2CF3, -CC13, -CFC12, -CF2C1, and the like.The term "alkenyl" refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 double bonds). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms ("C2-9 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms ("C2-8 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms ("C2-7 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ("C2-6 alkenyl"). In some embodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms ("C2-5 alkenyl"). In someembodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms ("C2-4 alkenyl"). In someembodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms ("C2-3 alkenyl"). In someembodiments, an alkenyl group has 2 carbon atoms ("C2 alkenyl"). The one or more carbon- carbon double bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butenyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butenyl). Examples of C2-4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl (C2), 1-propenyl (C3), 2-propenyl (C3), 1- butenyl (C4), 2-butenyl (C4), butadienyl (C4), and the like. Examples of C2-6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2_4 alkenyl groups as well as pentenyl (C5), pentadienyl (C5), hexenyl (C6), and the like. Additional examples of alkenyl include heptenyl (C7), octenyl (Cg), octatrienyl (C8), and the like. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkenyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkenyl") or substituted (a"substituted alkenyl") with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is an unsubstituted C2-1o alkenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl group is a substituted C2-1o alkenyl. In an alkenyl group, a C=C double bond for which the stereochemistry is not specified (e.g., -CH=CHCH3 or ^ ) may be an (E)- or (Z)- double bond.The term "alkynyl" refers to a radical of a straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds (e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 4 triple bonds) ("C2_io alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 9 carbon atoms ("C2_9 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 8 carbon atoms ("C2-8 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 7 carbon atoms ("C2_ 7 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 6 carbon atoms ("C2_6 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 5 carbon atoms ("C2_5 alkynyl"). In some embodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 4 carbon atoms ("C2_4 alkynyl"). In someembodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 to 3 carbon atoms ("C2_3 alkynyl"). In someembodiments, an alkynyl group has 2 carbon atoms ("C2 alkynyl"). The one or more carbon- carbon triple bonds can be internal (such as in 2-butynyl) or terminal (such as in 1-butynyl). Examples of C2_4 alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl (C2), 1-propynyl (C3), 2- propynyl (C3), 1-butynyl (C4), 2-butynyl (C4), and the like. Examples of C2_6 alkenyl groups include the aforementioned C2_4 alkynyl groups as well as pentynyl (C5), hexynyl (C6), and the like. Additional examples of alkynyl include heptynyl (C7), octynyl (C8), and the like.Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an alkynyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkynyl") or substituted (a "substituted alkynyl") with one or more substituents. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is an unsubstituted C2-1o alkynyl. In certain embodiments, the alkynyl group is a substituted C2_io alkynyl.As used herein, the term "cyclic ring" or "cyclic group" refers to a saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic ring, i.e., a ring composed exclusively of carbon atoms, or to a saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring, i.e., a carbocyclic ring wherein one or more ring atoms are replaced with an heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Cyclic rings may involve 3-10 atoms that form the ring. In some embodiments, the cyclic rings involve 3-5 ring atoms, in other embodiments, the cyclic rings involve 4-6 ring atoms, in yet other embodiments, cyclic rings involve 5-7 ring atoms. The cyclic rings can be monocyclic rings or fused systems that may include bicyclic rings, for example, 5-5, 5-6, 6-5, 6-6 as well as spirocyclic systems such as 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 5-6 and 6-6. The cyclic ring may be further substituted with substituents such as C1-C6 alkyl (linear, branched, cyclic or heterocyclic): In some embodiments, cyclic groups may include pseudo-cyclic groups comprising straight- or branched substituted or subsubstituted alkyl groups, for example C3- Cio alkyl groups.As used herein, the term "cycloalkyl" refers to a saturated or unsaturated cyclic monovalent hydrocarbon, containing one or two rings and comprising 3-10 ring atoms, preferably 4-8 ring atoms, and more preferably 5-6 ring carbon atoms. Examples of a cycloalkyl useful in the context of the present invention are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl, preferably cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, more preferably cyclohexyl. Cycloalkyl also includes hydrocarbon spirocyclique groups.As used herein, the term "heterocyclyl" refers to a saturated or unsaturated cycloalkyl wherein one or more ring atoms are replaced with an heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The term heterocyclyl also encompasses partially hydro genated and oxo derivatives of heteroaryl compounds. Examples of a heterocyclyl useful in the context of the present invention are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, dioxolanyl, and dithiolanyl.As used herein, the term "bicyclic group" refers to a group containing two cyclic groups, with 5-12 or 6-12 ring atoms, optionally containing 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, said two cyclic groups being fused or bridged or forming a spirocycle. Preferably, the two cyclic groups are fused and one of the two cyclic groups is a phenyl while the other is a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl, wherein the phenyl, cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are independently optionally substituted. Examples of a bicyclic group useful in the context of the present invention are oxo-tetrahydroquinolinyl, benzodioxolyl, difluorobenzodioxolyl and dihydroindenyl. Each cycle in the bicyclic group can be independently aromatic, unsaturated, partially saturated, or saturated.As used herein, the term "spirocycle" refers to a bicyclic compound wherein the two cyclic groups connect only through one atom. Further examples of bicyclic groups include bridged ring systems such as bicycloalkanes and azabicycloalkanes although such bridged ring systems are generally less preferred. By "bridged ring systems" is meant ring systems in which two rings share more than two atoms, see for example Advanced Organic Chemistry, by Jerry March, 4th. Edition, Wiley Interscience, pages 131- 133, 1992. Examples of bridged ring systems include bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, aza- bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, bicyclo[3.2.1]octane and aza-bicyclo[3.2.1]octane. A particular example of a bridged ring system is the l-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl group.As used herein, the term "aryl" refers to a polyunsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group comprising one ring (i.e., phenyl) or several fused rings (for example naphthyl) or several rings linked via a covalent bond (for example biphenyl), which typically contain 5 to 12 and preferentially 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of an aryl useful in the context of the present invention are phenyl, naphtyl and biphenyl, preferably phenyl.As used herein, the term "heteroaryl" refers to an aryl containing 1-4 ring heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The nitrogen heteroatom may be substituted or unsubstituted with substituents, for example with an alkyl group and / or the nitrogen heteroatom may be derivatised to form a salt or amine oxide. Examples of a heteroaryl useful in the context of the present invention are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyranyl, thiopyranyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl,benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoimidazolyl and benzopyrazole, preferably pyridyl, quinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl and benzothiazolyl.The terms "aryl" and "heteroaryl" include multicyclic aryl and heteroaryl groups, e.g. , tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g. , naphthalene, benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzothiophene, methylenedioxyphenyl, quinoline, isoquinoline, naphthridine, indole, benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, and indolizine. In the case of multicyclic aromatic rings, only one of the rings needs to be aromatic (e.g. , 2,3- dihydroindole), although all of the rings may be aromatic (e.g., quinoline). The second ring can also be fused or bridged.The aryl or heteroaryl aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, akynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or hetero aromatic moiety. Aryl groups can also be fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclic rings, which are not aromatic so as to form a multicyclic system (e.g., tetralin, methylenedioxyphenyl).As used herein, "carbocycle" or "carbocyclic ring" is intended to include any stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having the specified number of carbons, any of which may be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. For example, a C3-Ci4 carbocycle is intended to include a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 carbon atoms. Examples of carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl and tetrahydronaphthyl. Bridged rings are also included in the definition of carbocycle, including, for example, [3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, [4.4.0]bicyclodecane and [2.2.2]bicyclooctane. A bridged ring occurs when one or more carbon atoms link two non-adjacent carbon atoms. In one embodiment, bridge rings are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge always converts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring is bridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present on the bridge. Fused (e.g. , naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl) and spiro rings are also included.As used herein, "heterocycle" includes any ring structure (saturated or partially unsaturated) which contains at least one ring heteroatom (e.g. , N, O or S). Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, morpholine, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrothiophene, piperidine, piperazine and tetrahydrofuran. Examples of heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H- l,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, lH-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, l,2,4-oxadiazol5(4H)-one, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H- 1,2,5- thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl and xanthenyl.The term "x- to y-membered ring" (wherein x is an integer independently selected from 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, preferably from 3, 4, and 5, and more preferably from 3 and 4; and y is an integer independently selected from 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, preferably from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and 10) includes cyclic ring, cyclic group, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, each having x- to y- number of ring atoms, as defined herein.The term "alkoxy" or "alkoxyl" includes substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups or alkoxyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy and pentoxy groups. Examples of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxy groups. The alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such as alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl,aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties. Examples of halogen substituted alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy and trichloromethoxy. The term "substituted", as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogen atoms on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated groups, provided that the designated atom' s normal valency is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. When a substituent is keto (i.e. , =0), then 2 hydrogen atoms on the atom are replaced. Keto substituents are not present on aromatic moieties. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that are formed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C=C, C=N or N=N). "Stable compound" and "stable structure" are meant to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such formula.Combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.When any variable (e.g., Ri) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 Ri moieties, then the group may optionally be substituted with up to two Ri moieties and Ri at each occurrence is independently selected independently from the definition of Ri. Also, combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.Except as described herein, any of the above defined alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycle, heterocycle, and alkoxy, may be unsubstituted or independently substituted with up to six, preferably one, two or three substituents, independently selected from the group consisting of: halo (such as F, CI or Br); hydroxy; lower alkyl (such as Ci-C6 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl), wherein the lower alkyl may be substituted with any of the substituents defined herein; lower alkanoyl; lower alkoxy (such as methoxy); aryl (such as phenyl or naphthyl); substituted aryl (such as fluoro phenyl or methoxy phenyl); aryl lower alkyl such as benzyl; amino; mono or di-lower alkyl amino (such as dimethylamino); lower alkanoyl amino acetylamino; amino lower alkoxy (such as ethoxyamine); nitro; cyano; cyano lower alkyl; carboxy; lower carbalkoxy (such as methoxy carbonyl; n-propoxy carbonyl or iso- propoxy carbonyl); lower aryloyl, such as benzoyl; carbamoyl; N-mono- or N,N di-lower alkyl carbamoyl; lower alkyl carbamic acid ester; amidino; guanidine; ureido; mercapto; sulfo; lower alkylthio; sulfoamino; sulfonamide; benzosulfonamide; sulfonate; sulfanyl lower alkyl (such as methyl sulfanyl); sulfoamino; aryl sulfonamide; halogen substituted or unsubstituted aryl sulfonate (such as chloro-phenyl sulfonate); lower alkyl sulfinyl;arylsulfinyl; aryl-lower alkylsulfinyl; lower alkylarylsulfinyl; lower alkanesulfonyl;arylsulfonyl; aryl-lower alkylsulfonyl; lower aryl alkyl; lower alkylarylsulfonyl; halogen- lower alkylmercapto; halogen-lower alkylsulfonyl; such as trifluoromethane sulfonyl;phosphono(— P(=0)(OH)2); hydroxy-lower alkoxy phosphoryl or di-lower alkoxyphosphoryl; urea and substituted urea; and alkyl carbamic acid ester or carbamates (such as ethyl-N- phenyl-carbamate).The compounds of the present invention are capable of further forming salts. All of these forms are also contemplated within the scope of the claimed invention.As used herein, a salt of the compound of the invention refers to derivatives of the compounds of the present invention wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids, and the like. The salts include the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from inorganic and organic acids independently selected from 2- acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzene sulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic, 1,2-ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucohep tonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methane sulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic, salicyclic, stearic, subacetic, succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, toluene sulfonic, and the commonly occurring amine acids, e.g., glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, arginine, etc.Other examples of salts of the compounds of the invention include salts with the following acid: hexanoic acid, cyclopentane propionic acid, pyruvic acid, malonic acid, 3-(4- hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2- naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo- [2.2.2] -oct-2-ene-l -carboxylic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, muconic acid, and the like. The present invention also encompasses salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g. , an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, N- methylglucamine, and the like.The free base of the compounds of the present invention can be protonated at the N atom(s) of an amine and / or N containing heterocycle moiety to form a salt. The term "free base" refers to the amine compounds in non-salt form. The free form of the specific salt compounds described may be isolated using techniques known in the art. For example, the free form may be regenerated by treating the salt with a suitable dilute aqueous base solution such as dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, ammonia and sodium bicarbonate. The free forms may differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but the acid and base salts are otherwise pharmaceutically equivalent to their respective free forms for purposes of the invention.The salts can be synthesized from the compounds of the invention which contain basic moieties by conventional chemical methods. Generally, the salts of the basic compounds are prepared either by ion exchange chromatography or by reacting the free base with stoichiometric amounts or with an excess of the desired salt-forming inorganic or organic acid in a suitable solvent or various combinations of solvents.The salts of the instant invention can be prepared from compounds of the invention by reacting with an inorganic, organic acid or polymeric acid. For example, conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from acids such as hydrochloric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, benzenesulfonic acid, fumaric acid or succinic acid, especially toluenesulfonic acid, pamoic acid (see for example, WO2005 / 016261 ; US Patent No. 6,987,111 ; US20050032836; US 20060040922).Compounds of the present invention that contain nitrogens can be converted to N- oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g., 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) and / or hydrogen peroxides) to afford other compounds of the present invention. Thus, all shown and claimed nitrogen-containing compounds are considered, when allowed by valency and structure, to include both the compound as shown and its N-oxide derivative (which can be designated as N— >0 or N+-0"). Furthermore, in other instances, the nitrogens in the compounds of the present invention can be converted to N-hydroxy or N-alkoxy compounds. For example, N-hydroxy compounds can be prepared by oxidation of the parent amine by an oxidizing agent such as m-CPBA. All shown and claimed nitrogen-containing compounds are also considered, when allowed by valency and structure, to cover both the compound as shown and its N-hydroxy (i.e., N-OH) and N-alkoxy (i.e., N-OR, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted Ci-C 6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkenyl, Ci-C6 alkynyl, 3-14-membered carbocycle or 3-14- membered heterocycle) derivatives.In the present specification, the structural formula of the compound represents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but the present invention includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers, optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon,stereoisomers, tautomers, and the like. In addition, a crystal polymorphism may be present for the compounds represented by the formula. It is noted that any crystal form, crystal form mixture, or anhydride or hydrate thereof is included in the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, so-called metabolite which is produced by degradation of the present compound in vivo is included in the scope of the present invention."Isomerism" means compounds that have identical molecular formulae but differ in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangement of their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed "stereoisomers".Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed "diastereoisomers", and stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed"enantiomers" or sometimes optical isomers. A mixture containing equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of opposite chirality is termed a "racemic mixture".A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a "chiral center". "Chiral isomer" means a compound with at least one chiral center. Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as an individual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed "diastereomeric mixture". When one chiral center is present, a stereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S) of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangement in space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. The substituents attached to the chiral center under consideration are ranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog. (Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385; errata 511; Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 413; Cahn and Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951 (London), 612; Cahn et al., Experientia 1956, 12, 81; Cahn, J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 116)."Geometric isomer" means the diastereomers that owe their existence to hindered rotation about double bonds. These configurations are differentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.Furthermore, the structures and other compounds discussed in this invention include all atropic isomers thereof. "Atropic isomers" are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groups about a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture, however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques; it has been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in select cases."Tautomer" is one of two or more structural isomers that exist in equilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another. This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom accompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomers exist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solid form, usually one tautomer predominates. In solutions where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomers that are interconvertable by tautomerizations is called tautomerism.Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonly observed. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons and a hydrogen atom occurs. Ring- chain tautomerism arises as a result of the aldehyde group (-CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of the hydroxy groups (-OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic (ring- shaped) form as exhibited by glucose. Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide - nitrile, lactam-lactim, amide-imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g. , in nucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), amine-enamine and enamine-enamine.It is to be understood that the compounds of the present invention may be depicted as different tautomers. It should also be understood that when compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention, and the naming of the compounds does not exclude any tautomer form.The term "crystal polymorphs", "polymorphs" or "crystal forms" means crystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof) can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which have the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can be prepared by crystallization under different conditions.Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for example, the salts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (the anhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimiting examples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimiting examples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc."Solvate" means solvent addition forms that contain either stoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance in which the water retains its molecular state as H20.The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium and deuterium, and isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.A prodrug may be a pharmacologically inactive derivative of a biologically active substance (the "parent drug" or "parent molecule") that requires transformation within the body in order to release the active drug, and that has improved delivery properties over the parent drug molecule. The transformation in vivo may be, for example, as the result of some metabolic process, such as chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of a carboxylic, phosphoric or sulphate ester, or reduction or oxidation of a susceptible functionality.The compounds of the present invention can also be prepared as prodrugs, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs. The terms "pro-drug" and "prodrug" are used interchangeably herein and refer to any compound which releases an active parent drug in vivo. Since prodrugs are known to enhance numerous desirable qualities ofpharmaceuticals (e.g., solubility, bioavailability, manufacturing, etc.), the compounds of the present invention can be delivered in prodrug form. Thus, the present invention is intended to cover prodrugs of the presently claimed compounds, methods of delivering the same and compositions containing the same. "Prodrugs" are intended to include any covalently bonded carriers that release an active parent drug of the present invention in vivo when such prodrug is administered to a subject. Prodrugs in the present invention are prepared by modifying functional groups present in the compound in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either in routine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compound. Prodrugs include compounds of the present invention wherein a hydroxy, amino, sulfhydryl, carboxy or carbonyl group is bonded to any group that may be cleaved in vivo to form a free hydroxyl, free amino, free sulfhydryl, free carboxy or free carbonyl group, respectively.Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, esters {e.g., acetate,dialkylaminoacetates, formates, phosphates, sulfates and benzoate derivatives) and carbamates {e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl) of hydroxy functional groups, esters {e.g., ethyl esters, morpholinoethanol esters) of carboxyl functional groups, N-acyl derivatives {e.g., N-acetyl) N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases and enaminones of amino functional groups, oximes, acetals, ketals and enol esters of ketone and aldehyde functional groups in compounds of the invention, and the like, See Bundegaard, H., Design of Prodrugs, pl-92, Elesevier, New York-Oxford (1985).As used herein, the term "combination", as applied to two or more compounds and / or agents (also referred to herein as the components), is intended to define material in which the two or more compounds / agents are associated. The terms "combined" and "combining" in this context are to be interpreted accordingly.As used herein, the term "in combination" may refer to compounds / agents that are administered as part of the same overall treatment regimen. As such, the posology of each of the two or more compounds / agents may differ: each may be administered at the same time or at different times. It will therefore be appreciated that the compounds / agents of the combination may be administered sequentially {e.g., before or after) or simultaneously, either in the same pharmaceutical formulation {i.e., together), or in different pharmaceutical formulations {i.e., separately). Simultaneously in the same formulation is as a unitary formulation whereas simultaneously in different pharmaceutical formulations is non-unitary. The posologies of each of the two or more compounds / agents in a combination therapy may also differ with respect to the route of administration.The term "drug" or "active substance" as used herein includes the free base, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, stereoisomers, racemates, tautomers, polymorphs and hydrates thereof, or mixtures thereof.As used herein, the term "selective" when used to describe β-arrestin antagonist, β-arrestin agonist, cAMP antagonist, or cAMP agonist means "biased" β-arrestin antagonist, β-arrestin agonist, cAMP antagonist, or cAMP agonist, unless the specific circumstances dictate otherwise {i.e., "selective" and "biased" are used interchangeably). The term "selective" or "biased" means that a compound preferentially binds to or otherwise interacts with one of β-arrestin and cAMP over the other. For example, the compound binds to or otherwise interacts with one of β-arrestin and cAMP with an EC 50 that is lower that the EC50 for the other, such as described herein. Synthesis of the Compounds of the InventionThe present invention provides methods for the synthesis of the compounds of each of the formulae described herein. The present invention also provides detailed methods for the synthesis of various disclosed compounds of the present invention according to the following schemes and examples.Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, it is contemplated that compositions also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components. Similarly, where methods or processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, the processes also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps. Further, it should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the invention remains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions can be conducted simultaneously.The synthetic processes of the invention can tolerate a wide variety of functional groups, therefore various substituted starting materials can be used. The processes generally provide the desired final compound at or near the end of the overall process, although it may be desirable in certain instances to further convert the compound to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof.Compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a variety of ways using commercially available starting materials, compounds known in the literature, or from readily prepared intermediates, by employing standard synthetic methods and procedures either known to those skilled in the art, or which will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light of the teachings herein. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for the preparation of organic molecules and functional group transformations and manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientific literature or from standard textbooks in the field. Although not limited to any one or several sources, classic texts such as Smith, M. B., March, J., March 's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001; and Greene, T.W., Wuts, P.G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999, incorporated by reference herein, are useful and recognized reference textbooks of organic synthesis known to those in the art. The following descriptions of synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not to limit, general procedures for the preparation of compounds of the present invention.Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by a variety of methods familiar to those skilled in the art. The compounds each of the formulae described herein may be prepared according to the following procedure, together with synthetic methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry, or variations thereon as appreciated by those skilled in the art from commercially available starting materials or starting materials which can be prepared using literature procedures. These procedures show the preparation of representative compounds of the invention.All the abbreviations used in this application are found in "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis" by John Wiley & Sons, Inc, or the MERCK INDEX by MERCK & Co., Inc, or other chemistry books or chemicals catalogs by chemicals vendor such as Aldrich, or according to usage know in the art.Preferred methods include but are not limited to those methods described below.Compounds of the present invention can be synthesized by following the steps outlined in General Scheme 1 which comprise different sequences of assembling intermediates la, lb, Ic, Id, Ie, If, Ig, Ih, Ii, Ik, and II. Starting materials are either commercially available or made by known procedures in the reported literature or as illustrated.General Scheme 1The general way of preparing target molecules I by using intermediates la, lb, Ic, Id, Ie, Ig, Ih, Ii, Ik, and II is outlined in General Scheme 1. Nucleophilic addition of la to lb using a base, i.e., potassium carbonate (K2CO3) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH), in solvent, i.e., acetone or water, at elevated temperatures provides intermediate Ic. Alkylation of ketone Id with Grignard reagent Ie in a solvent, i.e., tetrahydrofuran or diethylether, provides intermediate If. Removal of the amine protecting group, i.e., di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, of If yields intermediate Ig. Alkylation of Ig with intermediate Ic using a base, i.e., potassium carbonate (K2CO3), in solvent, i.e., acetonitrile, at elevated temperatures providesintermediate Ih. Alkylation of Ih with intermediate Ii using a base, i.e., sodium hydride, in solvent, i.e., tetrahydrofuran, at elevated temperatures provides the compound of Formula (I). Alternatively, treatment of intermediate If with intermediate Ii and a base, i.e., sodium hydride, in solvent, i.e., tetrahydrofuran, at elevated temperatures provides intermediate Ik. Subsequent removal of the amine protecting group, i.e., di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, of Ik yields intermediate II. Alkylation of II with intermediate Ic using a base, i.e., potassium carbonate (K2CO3), in solvent, i.e., acetonitrile, at elevated temperatures provides the compound of Formula (I).Assays for Activities of the Compounds of the InventionThe present invention provides methods for assessing the in vitro and in vivo biological activities (e.g. , antagonistic or agonistic activities) of the compounds of the invention. Biological activities (e.g., antagonistic or agonistic activities) of the compounds of the present invention can be tested in a variety of ways using commercially available materials, reagents known in the literature or readily prepared, by employing routine methods and procedures either known to those skilled in the art, or which will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light of the teachings herein. Theses methods and procedures can be obtained from the relevant scientific literature or from standard textbooks in the field. The following descriptions of assays are designed to illustrate, but not to limit, general procedures for evaluating the activities of compounds of the present invention.A general description of the assays is presented below.Preparation of cells for biological assaysCells are prepared for assays by growing cultures for the requisite period of time (e.g., up to 2 weeks). Frozen cells are thawed, and then transferred into growth media. If necessary, the cells can be gently centrifuged and then resuspended in growth media. When the cells reached the necessary confluence (e.g., -95%), the cells are passaged and used for various biological assays, such as those described herein below.β-arrestin agonist assayThe assays can be performed using proper detection reagents either prepared using routine methods known in the art or commercially available (e.g. , PathHunter® β-Arrestin Detecting Kit (DiscoveRx)). Cells are grown to the necessary confluence and then detached. The cells are then centrifuged, washed, resuspended, and seeded into a container (e.g. , 384- well plate). The cells are incubated (e.g., at 37 °C, 5% C02) for the appropriate period of time (e.g., 24 hours), before various compounds (e.g., a compound of the invention or a control compound) are added to the cells. After incubation of the cells with the compounds, detection reagents (e.g., a buffer containing Emerald II: Galactor-Star as provided DiscoveRx) are added to the cells. The read-out (e.g. , luminescence, or fluorescence) is detected using standard equipment. β-arrestin antagonist assayThe assays can be conducted in the same manner as the β-arrestin agonist assay, except that before addition of the detection reagents, a D2 receptor agonist (e.g. , Quinpirole) is added to the cells. The detection reagents are then added, and the read-out is detected. Gi / cAMP agonist assayThe assays can be performed using proper detection reagents either prepared using routine methods known in the art or commercially available (e.g. , PE Lance Ultra cAMP kit (TRF0263)). Cells are grown to the necessary confluence and then detached. The cells are then centrifuged, washed, resuspended, and seeded into a container (e.g., 384-well plate). The cells are incubated (e.g. , at 37 °C, 5% C02) for the appropriate period of time (e.g. , 24 hours), before various compounds (e.g., a compound of the invention or a control compound) are added to the cells. Afterwards, cAMP inducing agents (e.g., Forskolin) are added to and incubated with the cells before detection reagents (e.g., a cAMP antibody, such as ULight- anti-cAMP solution) are added to the cells. Read-out (e.g., luminescence, or fluorescence) is detected using standard equipment.Gi / cAMP antagonist assayThe assays can be conducted in the same manner as the Gi / cAMP agonist assay, except that before addition of the detection reagents, a D2 receptor agonist (e.g. , Quinpirole) is added to the cells. The detection reagents are then added, and the read-out is detected. Pharmacokinetic studies on mice brainsTest animals are administered (e.g., intraperitoneally, intravenously, orally) with a dose of test compounds (e.g. , compounds of the invention). Blood samples are collected and plasma is harvested from the blood. Brain tissues are also isolated and homogenized.Concentrations of the test compounds administered in the plasma and brain samples are determined using routine analytic methods, such as LC-MS / MS.Positron emission tomography studies on rodentsNon-radiolabeled test compounds (e.g. , vehicle, compounds of the invention, control compounds) are administered to the test animal, followed by administration of a radiotracer (e.g., carbon 11-labeled raclopride ([UC]RAC), which can be synthesized from the O- desmethyl RAC precursor and [11C] methyl iodide and subsequently purified by high- performance liquid chromatography as previously described (Farde L, et al. (1985) PNAS, USA 82(11):3863— 3867)). Positron emission tomography (PET) and skeletal computed tomography (CT) data are collected using standard equipment, such as a GammaMedica Triumph trimodal PET / SPECT / CT scanner (Quebec, Canada) or a Concorde Microsystems R4 microPET scanner (Knoxville, TN, USA). Routine data processing is employed, including substraction of random coincidences collected in a delayed time window, and reconstruction of scatter-corrected sinograms using a known algorithm (e.g., 3-dimensional iterative maximum likelihood expectation maximization (3D-MLEM) algorithm). Regions of Interest (ROIs) are drawn on reconstructed images estimating peak [UC]RAC uptake in striata(averaged between left and right hemispheres) and cerebellum as reference region for non- displaceable (ND) tracer uptake. ROI dimensions, placement and striatal D2 / D3 binding potential (BPND) are evaluated by graphical analysis (e.g., using Logan distribution volume ratio (DVR) linearization as previously described (BPND. = DVR-1; Alexoff D, et al. (2002) JNucMed 44(5): 815-822; Logan J, et al. (1996) JCerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 16(5):843-840)).Amphetamine induced hyperactivity studiesAmphetamine-induced hyperactivity (AIH) can be examined using routine behavior methods, such as in open-field chambers. Activity is detected by various methods, such as infrared beam. Daily sessions are binned for statistical analysis. AIH can be run over various time frames, according to the need of the study, such as as follows:Day 1: test animals are acclimated to the injection procedure by injecting prior to being placed in the chambers. Test animals are then placed into the open-field a certain time period (e.g., 20 min) and then removed for a saline injection. Test animals are placed back into the open-field for an additional period of time (e.g., 30 min), at which point the test animals are returned to their home cage.Day 2: repeat Day 1, with the exception that the timing may be different (e.g., the second day may last for one hour (20 minutes— > injection— > 40 minutes)).Day 3: test animals are challenged by amphetamine. Test animals are pre-treated with D2 antagonist compounds (e.g., compounds of the invention) prior to being placed in the open field. After a certain period of time, test animals are removed and challenged with amphetamine, following protocols known to one skilled in the art, for example Jones C.A, et. al. Br J Pharmacol. 2011, 164(4): 1162- 1194; Pan JQ, et. al. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011, 36(7): 1397-1411.Rotarod PerformanceIn the test, test animals are placed on a horizontally oriented, rotating cylinder (rod) suspended above a cage floor. The test animals naturally try to stay on the rotating cylinder, or rotarod, and avoid falling to the ground. Test animals are administered with various compounds (e.g., compouds of the invention or control compounds). The length of time that a given animal stays on this rotating rod is a measure of the animal's balance, coordination, physical condition, and motor-planning. The speed of the rotarod is mechanically driven, and can be held constant.Pharmaceutical CompositionsThe present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any formulae or independently selected from any compounds described herein, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one ofFormulae (I) -(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.The term "pharmaceutical composition" is defined herein as comprising an effective amount of at least one active substance (e.g. , compounds of the present invention), and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, in a form suitable foradministration to a subject. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk or in unit dosage form. The unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms, including, for example, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump on an aerosol inhaler or a vial. The quantity of active ingredient (e.g. , a formulation of the disclosed compound or salt, hydrate, solvate or isomer thereof) in a unit dose of composition is an effective amount and is varied according to the particular treatment involved. One skilled in the art will appreciate that it is sometimes necessary to make routine variations to the dosage depending on the age and condition of the patient. The dosage will also depend on the route of administration. A variety of routes are contemplated, including oral, parenteral, topical, intranasal, ophthalmic, otic, rectal, transdermal, and transmucosal, and the like. Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of the invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants. In one embodiment, the active compound is mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers or propellants that are required.The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" as used herein pertains to compounds, materials, compositions, and / or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject (e.g. , human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio. Each carrier, excipient, etc. must also be "acceptable" in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient" refers to a carrier medium which does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active compound(s) and which is not excessively toxic to the host at the concentration at which it is administered. The term includes solvents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic agents, adsorption delaying agents, and the like. The use of such media and agents forpharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art (see for example ", E.W. Martin, 18th Ed., 1990, Mack Publishing Co.:Easton, PA, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient is a veterinary acceptable carrier or excipient.The term "therapeutically effective amount" or "effective amount", as used herein, refers to an amount of a pharmaceutical agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent an identified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by any assay method known in the art. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics independently selected for administration. Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician.For any compound, the therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially either in cell culture assays, or in animal models, usually rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration. Such information can then be used to determine useful doses and routes for administration in humans. Therapeutic / prophylactic efficacy and toxicity may be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population) and LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD50 / ED50. Pharmaceutical compositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels of the active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which may be taken into account include the severity of the disease state, general health of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet, time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reaction sensitivities, and tolerance / response to therapy. Long-acting pharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, every week, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rate of the particular formulation.The compounds may be in fine particulate form, freeze-dried as a powder formulation(see for example, CA 2837693; WO2009 / 017250; US 20100196486), in a low hygroscopic form (see for example, US Patents Nos. 7,910,589, 8,017,615, 8,399,469, 8,580,796, 8,642,760; US 20040058935), or liquid or gel formulations (see for example, US20130209552; US 20130171237; WO2012 / 058091).Any suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be added to the compositions of the invention. Excipients may be added for numerous reasons, for example to facilitate manufacture, enhance stability, control release, enhance product characteristics, enhance bioavailability, enhance patient acceptability and combinations thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include diluents, vehicles, binders, disintegrants, glidants, compression aids, colouring agents, organoleptic ingredients such as flavoring agents or sweeteners, suspending agents, dispersing agents, film formers, printing inks, lubricants, preservatives, fillers, buffers, stabilisers, or other materials well known to those skilled in the art. These excipients may be used in a conventional manner, and alone or in any combination.Exemplary binders, which may be used to help to hold the dosage form together, include polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, sugars, and combinations thereof. Disintegrants (such as croscarmellose sodium) expand when wet causing a tablet to break apart. Lubricants typically aid in the processing of powder materials. Exemplary lubricants include calcium stearate, glycerol behenate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium stearylfumarate, stearic acid, talc, vegetable oil, zinc stearate, and combinations thereof An example of a glidant is silicon dioxide.The formulations described herein may contain a filler, such as a water insoluble or water soluble filler, or combinations thereof. Typical water insoluble fillers include silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, talc, aluinina, starch, kaolin, polacrilin potassiuin, powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and combinations thereof. Typical water-soluble fillers include water soluble sugars and sugar alcohols, preferably lactose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, mannose, dextrose, galactose, the corresponding sugar alcohols and other sugar alcohols, such as mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, and combinations thereof. The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing such as blending, filling, granulation and compressing, at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients, as described herein. The compositions of the invention can be prepared for example by Direct compression and wet granulation. These and other methods are described and / or exemplified in more detail herein.The pharmaceutical compositions can be in any form suitable for administration via various routes, including but not limited to, oral, parenteral, topical, intranasal, ophthalmic, otic, rectal, transdermal, and transmucosal. Where the compositions are intended for parenteral administration, they can be formulated for intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration or for direct delivery into a target organ or tissue by injection, infusion or other means of delivery. The delivery can be by bolus injection, short term infusion or longer term infusion and can be via passive delivery or through the utilisation of a suitable infusion pump.Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile solutions which may contain a sterile diluent such as water, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; anti-oxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates; bacteriostats such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; co-solvents; organic solvent mixtures; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose; cyclodextrin complexation agents; emulsifying agents (for forming and stabilizing emulsion formulations); liposome components for forming liposomes; gellable polymers for forming polymeric gels;lyophilisation protectants; and combinations of agents for, inter alia, stabilising the active ingredient in a soluble form and rendering the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration may also take the form of aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents (R. G. Strickly, Solubilizing Excipients in oral and injectable formulations, Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 21(2) 2004, p 201-230). Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration may also be provided in finely divided sterile powder form for making up extemporaneously with sterile water for injection.A drug molecule that is ionizable can be solubilized to the desired concentration by pH adjustment if the drug's pKa is sufficiently away from the formulation pH value. The acceptable range is pH 2-12 for intravenous and intramuscular administration, but subcutaneously the range is pH 2.7-9.0. The solution pH is controlled by either the salt form of the drug, strong acids / bases such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, or by solutions of buffers which include but are not limited to buffering solutions formed from glycine, citrate, acetate, maleate, succinate, histidine, phosphate, tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (TRIS), or carbonate.The combination of an aqueous solution and a water-soluble organicsolvent / surfactant (i.e., a cosolvent) is often used in injectable formulations. The water- soluble organic solvents and surfactants used in injectable formulations include but are not limited to propylene glycol, ethanol, polyethylene glycol 300, polyethylene glycol 400, glycerin, dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP; Pharmasolve), dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), Solutol HS 15, Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 60, and polysorbate 80. Such formulations can usually be, but are not always, diluted prior to injection.Propylene glycol, PEG 300, ethanol, Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 60, and polysorbate 80 are the entirely organic water-miscible solvents and surfactants used in commercially available injectable formulations and can be used in combinations with each other. The resulting organic formulations are usually diluted at least 2-fold prior to IV bolus or IV infusion.Alternatively increased water solubility can be achieved through molecular complexation with cyclodextrins.Liposomes are closed spherical vesicles composed of outer lipid bilayer membranes and an inner aqueous core and with an overall diameter of <100 μιη. Depending on the level of hydrophobicity, moderately hydrophobic drugs can be solubilized by liposomes if the drug becomes encapsulated or intercalated within the liposome. Hydrophobic drugs can also be solubilized by liposomes if the drug molecule becomes an integral part of the lipid bilayer membrane, and in this case, the hydrophobic drug is dissolved in the lipid portion of the lipid bilayer. A typical liposome formulation contains water with phospholipid at 5-20 mg / ml, an isotonicifier, a pH 5-8 buffer, and optionally cholesterol.The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules, vials and disposable syringes, and may be stored in a freeze-dried(lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. The pharmaceutical formulation can be prepared by lyophilising a compound of the invention or acid addition salt thereof. Lyophilisation refers to the procedure of freeze-drying a composition. Freeze-drying and lyophilisation are therefore used herein as synonyms. A typical process is to solubilise the compound and the resulting formulation is clarified, sterile filtered and aseptically transferred to containers appropriate for lyophilisation (e.g., vials). In the case of vials, they are partially stoppered with lyo-stoppers. The formulation can be cooled to freezing and subjected to lyophilisation under standard conditions and then hermetically capped forming a stable, dry lyophile formulation. The composition will typically have a low residual water content, e.g. , less than 5%, e.g. , less than 1% by weight based on weight of the lyophile.The lyophilisation formulation may contain other excipients for example, thickening agents, dispersing agents, buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, and tonicity adjusters. Typical buffers include phosphate, acetate, citrate and glycine. Examples of antioxidants include ascorbic acid, sodium bisulphite, sodium metabisulphite, monothioglycerol, thiourea, butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyl anisole, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid salts. Preservatives may include benzoic acid and its salts, sorbic acid and its salts, alkyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid, phenol, chlorobutanol, benzyl alcohol, thimerosal, benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride. The buffers mentioned previously, as well as dextrose and sodium chloride, can be used for tonicity adjustment if necessary.Bulking agents are generally used in lyophilisation technology for facilitating the process and / or providing bulk and / or mechanical integrity to the lyophilized cake. Bulking agent means a freely water soluble, solid particulate diluent that when co-lyophilised with the compound or salt thereof, provides a physically stable lyophilized cake, a more optimal freeze-drying process and rapid and complete reconstitution. The bulking agent may also be utilised to make the solution isotonic.The water-soluble bulking agent can be any of the pharmaceutically acceptable inert solid materials typically used for lyophilisation. Such bulking agents include, for example, sugars such as glucose, maltose, sucrose, and lactose; polyalcohols such as sorbitol or mannitol; amino acids such as glycine; polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidine; and polysaccharides such as dextran.The ratio of the weight of the bulking agent to the weight of active compound is typically within the range from about 1 to about 5, for example of about 1 to about 3, e.g., in the range of about 1 to 2.Ill Alternatively they can be provided in a solution form which may be concentrated and sealed in a suitable vial. Sterilisation of dosage forms may be via filtration or by autoclaving of the vials and their contents at appropriate stages of the formulation process. The supplied formulation may require further dilution or preparation before delivery for example dilution into suitable sterile infusion packs.Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition is in a form suitable for intravenous administration, for example by injection or infusion. In another preferred embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in a form suitable for subcutaneous (s.c.) administration.The compounds may be in the form of a solid or solution, or modified so as to be suitable for oral administration (see for example, US Patents Nos. 7,655,798, 8,093,387, 8,529,949; US 20020193438, WO2006 / 097344). Suitable formulated may also include wet granulation pharmaceutical compositions (see for example, US 20070154544;WO2007 / 081366), inclusion complexes, for example with cyclodextrin (see for example, US Patents Nos. 7115587, 7,550445; WO2004 / 017897), formulated with microspheres (see for example, US 20090043898; WO2009 / 00169) or formulated as a patch for transdermal delivery (see for example, US 20130171237; US 20130209552; WO2012 / 058091).Compounds of the present invention may also be formulated to have extended-release profiles, see for example, US Patents Nos. 8,338,427, 8,338,428; WO2005 / 016262,WO2013 / 133448).Pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of the invention can be formulated in accordance with known techniques, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, or lyophilizing processes, see for example, Remington' s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and / or auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Of course, the appropriate formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen.Pharmaceutical dosage forms suitable for oral administration include tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, lozenges, syrups, solutions, powders, granules, elixirs and suspensions, sublingual tablets, wafers or patches and buccal patches. Tablet compositions can contain a unit dosage of active compound together with an inert diluent or carrier such as a sugar or sugar alcohol, e.g., lactose, sucrose, sorbitol or mannitol; and / or a non-sugar derived diluent such as sodium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, or a cellulose or derivative thereof such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and starches such as corn starch. Tablets may also contain such standard ingredients as binding and granulating agents such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone, disintegrants (e.g., swellable crosslinked polymers such as crosslinked carboxymethylcellulose), lubricating agents (e.g. , stearates), preservatives (e.g. , parabens), antioxidants (e.g. , BHT), buffering agents (for example phosphate or citrate buffers), and effervescent agents such as citrate / bicarbonate mixtures. Such excipients are well known and do not need to be discussed in detail here.Capsule formulations may be of the hard gelatin or soft gelatin variety and can contain the active component in solid, semi-solid, or liquid form. Gelatin capsules can be formed from animal gelatin or synthetic or plant derived equivalents thereof.The solid dosage forms (tablets, capsules etc.) can be coated or un-coated, but typically have a coating, for example a protective film coating (e.g. , a wax or varnish) or a release controlling coating. The coating (e.g. , a Eudragit.TM. type polymer) can be designed to release the active component at a desired location within the gastro-intestinal tract. Thus, the coating can be independently selected so as to degrade under certain pH conditions within the gastrointestinal tract, thereby selectively release the compound in the stomach or in the ileum or duodenum. Alternatively or additionally, the coating can be used as a taste masking agent to mask unpleasant tastes such as bitter tasting drugs. The coating may contain sugar or other agents that assist in masking unpleasant tastes.Instead of, or in addition to, a coating, the drug can be presented in a solid matrix comprising a release controlling agent, for example a release delaying agent which may be adapted to selectively release the compound under conditions of varying acidity or alkalinity in the gastrointestinal tract. Alternatively, the matrix material or release retarding coating can take the form of an erodible polymer (e.g., a maleic anhydride polymer) which issubstantially continuously eroded as the dosage form passes through the gastrointestinal tract. As a further alternative, the active compound can be formulated in a delivery system that provides osmotic control of the release of the compound. Osmotic release and other delayed release or sustained release formulations may be prepared in accordance with methods well known to those skilled in the art. Compositions for topical use include ointments, creams, sprays, patches, gels, liquid drops and inserts (for example intraocular inserts). Such compositions can be formulated in accordance with known methods.Further examples of topical compositions include dressings such as bandages and adhesive plasters impregnated with active ingredients and optionally one or more excipients or diluents. Carriers which may be used include e.g. , polyhydric alcohols such aspolyethylene glycols, propylene glycol or glycerol. Suitable excipients are those known in the art to be appropriate.Examples of formulations for rectal or intra- vaginal administration include pessaries and suppositories which may be, for example, formed from a shaped mouldable or waxy material containing the active compound. Thus, unit-dose suppositories or pessaries may be prepared by admixture of the active ingredient with one or more conventional solid carriers, for example coca butter, and shaping the resulting mixture. Further examples of mouldable waxy materials include polymers such as high molecular weight polyalkylene glycols, e.g. , high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. Alternatively, in the case of vaginaladministration, the formulation may be presented as a tampon impregnated with the active ingredients and optionally one or more excipients or diluents. Other formulations suitable for rectal and vaginal administration include creams, gels, foams, pastes and sprays.Compositions for administration by inhalation may take the form of inhalable powder compositions or liquid or powder sprays, and can be administrated in standard form using powder inhaler devices or aerosol dispensing devices. Such devices are well known. For administration by inhalation, the powdered formulations typically comprise the active compound together with an inert solid powdered diluent such as lactose. The compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser, which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.It is advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved.The pharmaceutical formulations can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. The pharmaceutical formulations may be presented to a patient in "patient packs" containing an entire course of treatment in a single package, usually a blister pack. Patient packs have an advantage over traditionalprescriptions, where a pharmacist divides a patient's supply of a pharmaceutical from a bulk supply, in that the patient always has access to the package insert contained in the patient pack, normally missing in patient prescriptions. The inclusion of a package insert has been shown to improve patient compliance with the physician's instructions.The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more compounds of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, in combination with another pharmaceutically active substance independently selected from a lithium compound independently selected from lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, lithium orotate, lithium bromide or lithium chloride; valproate; a serotonin reuptake inhibitor independently selected from fluoxetine, venlafaxine, citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, indalpine, zimelidine, dapoxetine, fluvoxamine, tianeptine, duloxetine or escitalopram;chlorpromazine, droperidol, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, molindone, perphenazine, pimozide, prochlorperazine, thiothixene, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, levomepromazine, aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, amisulpride, blonanserin, clotiapine, mosapramine, perospirone, sertindole, sulpiride; caffeine, a caffeine derivative, nicotine, a nicotine derivative, phencyclidine, quinpirole, salvinorin a, apomorphine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ciladopa, dihydrexidine, dinapsoline, doxanthrine, epicriptine, lisuride, pergolide, piribedil, pramipexole, propylnorapomorphine, quinagolide, ropinirole, rotigotine, roxindole, sumanirole; other compounds with interact with dopamine D2 receptor independently selected from amisulpride, nemomapride, nemoxipride, eticlopride, reclopride, talipexole, roxindole, bifeprunox, aplindore, mesoridazine, haloperidol, thixathene, flupenthixol, butyrophenone, perclamol [(-)3-PPP], saritozan, olanzapine, dopanmine, quinpirole, bromocriptine; anti-depressants independently selected from agomelatine, amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepine hydrochloride, doxepine, imipramine, maprotiline, a mixture of nortriptyline and fluphenazine, opipramol, quinupramine, trimipramine, a mixture of melitracene and flupentixol, pranipexole.The invention also provides a kit comprising (i) one or more compounds of the present invention, (ii) an additional compound independently selected from a lithium compound independently selected from lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, lithium orotate, lithium bromide or lithium chloride; valproate; a serotonin reuptake inhibitor independently selected from fluoxetine, venlafaxine, citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, indalpine, zimelidine, dapoxetine, fluvoxamine, tianeptine, duloxetine or escitalopram; Chlorpromazine, Droperidol, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, Molindone, Perphenazine, Pimozide, Prochlorperazine, Thiothixene, Thioridazine, Trifluoperazine, Levomepromazine,Aripiprazole, Asenapine, Clozapine, Iloperidone, Lurasidone, Olanzapine, Paliperidone, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Ziprasidone, Amisulpride, Blonanserin, Clotiapine, Mosapramine, Perospirone, Sertindole, Sulpiride; caffeine, a caffeine derivative, nicotine, a nicotine derivative, Phencyclidine, Quinpirole, Salvinorin A, Apomorphine, Bromocriptine,Cabergoline, Ciladopa, Dihydrexidine, Dinapsoline, Doxanthrine, Epicriptine, Lisuride, Pergolide, Piribedil, Pramipexole, Propylnorapomorphine, Quinagolide, Ropinirole,Rotigotine, Roxindole, Sumanirole; other compounds with interact with dopamine D2 receptor independently selected from Amisulpride, nemomapride, nemoxipride, eticlopride, reclopride, talipexole, roxindole, bifeprunox, aplindore, mesoridazine, haloperidol, thixathene, flupenthixol, butyrophenone, perclamol [(-)3-PPP], saritozan, olanzapine, dopanmine, quinpirole, bromocriptine; other anti-depressants independently selected from Agomelatine, amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepinehydrochloride, doxepine, imipramine, maprotiline, a mixture of nortriptyline andfluphenazine, opipramol, quinupramine, trimipramine, a mixture of melitracene and flupentixol, pranipexole, and (iii) instructions for administration of (i) and (ii). The association of the two or more compounds / agents in a combination may be physical or non- physical. Examples of physically associated combined compounds / agents include:compositions (e.g. , unitary formulations) comprising the two or more compounds / agents in a mixture (for example within the same unit dose); compositions comprising material in which the two or more compounds / agents are chemically / physicochemically linked (for example by cros slinking, molecular agglomeration or binding to a common vehicle moiety);compositions comprising material in which the two or more compounds / agents are chemically / physicochemically co-packaged (for example, disposed on or within lipid vesicles, particles (e.g., micro- or nanoparticles) or emulsion droplets); pharmaceutical kits, pharmaceutical packs or patient packs in which the two or more compounds / agents are co- packaged or co-presented (e.g. , as part of an array of unit doses);Examples of non-physically associated combined compounds / agents include: material (e.g., a non-unitary formulation) comprising at least one of the two or morecompounds / agents together with instructions for the extemporaneous association of the at least one compound to form a physical association of the two or more compounds / agents; material (e.g., a non-unitary formulation) comprising at least one of the two or more compounds / agents together with instructions for combination therapy with the two or more compounds / agents; material comprising at least one of the two or more compounds / agents together with instructions for administration to a patient population in which the other(s) of the two or more compounds / agents have been (or are being) administered; material comprising at least one of the two or more compounds / agents in an amount or in a form which is specifically adapted for use in combination with the other(s) of the two or more compounds / agents .As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical pack" defines an array of one or more unit doses of a pharmaceutical composition, optionally contained within common outer packaging. In pharmaceutical packs comprising a combination of two or morecompounds / agents, the individual compounds / agents may be unitary or non-unitary formulations. The unit dose(s) may be contained within a blister pack. The pharmaceutical pack may optionally further comprise instructions for use.As used herein, the term "pharmaceutical kit" or "kit" defines an array of one or more unit doses of a pharmaceutical composition together with dosing means (e.g. , measuring device) and / or delivery means (e.g., inhaler or syringe), optionally all contained within common outer packaging. In pharmaceutical kits comprising a combination of two or more compounds / agents, the individual compounds / agents may be unitary or non-unitary formulations. The unit dose(s) may be contained within a blister pack. The pharmaceutical kit may optionally further comprise instructions for use.As used herein, the term "patient pack" defines a package, prescribed to a patient, which contains pharmaceutical compositions for the whole course of treatment. Patient packs usually contain one or more blister pack(s). Patient packs have an advantage over traditional prescriptions, where a pharmacist divides a patient's supply of a pharmaceutical from a bulk supply, in that the patient always has access to the package insert contained in the patient pack, normally missing in patient prescriptions. The inclusion of a package insert has been shown to improve patient compliance with the physician' s instructions. The term "stable" as used herein, refers to dosage form which is physically, or polymorphically stable. The dosage form according to present invention may remain physically stable, that is there are no substantial changes with respect to physical attributes like colour etc. The dosage form according to present invention may remain polymorphically stable that is the polymorph (crystalline or amorphous) in the dosage form does not rearranges into another form upon storage.Method of UseThe term "patient" refers to a warm-blood animal, preferably a human being, i.e., a subject of both genders and at any stage development (i.e., neonate, infant, juvenile, adolescent, adult). The invention is particularly directed to adolescents and adults. Some embodiments, in particular concerning regulation of galactorrhea, are specifically directed to female.As used herein, "treating" or "treat" describes the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, to alleviate the symptoms or complications of a disease, condition or disorder, or to eliminate the disease, condition or disorder.As used herein, "preventing" or "prevent" describes reducing or eliminating the onset of the symptoms or complications of the disease, condition or disorder.As used herein, the term "alleviate" is meant to describe a process by which the severity of a sign or symptom of a disorder is decreased. Importantly, a sign or symptom can be alleviated without being eliminated. In a preferred embodiment, the administration of pharmaceutical compositions of the invention leads to the elimination of a sign or symptom, however, elimination is not required. Effective dosages are expected to decrease the severity of a sign or symptom. For instance, a sign or symptom of a disorder such as cancer, which can occur in multiple locations, is alleviated if the severity of the cancer is decreased within at least one of multiple locations.As used herein, the term "modulation", as applied to the activity of the dopamine activity at D2 receptors, is intended to define a change in the level of biological activity of the dopaminergic activity. Thus, modulation encompasses physiological changes which effect an increase or decrease in the dopaminergic activity. In the latter case, the modulation may be described as "inhibition". The modulation may arise directly or indirectly, and may be mediated by any mechanism and at any physiological level, including for example at the level of gene expression (including for example transcription, translation and / or post-translational modification), at the level of expression of genes encoding regulatory elements which act directly or indirectly on the levels of dopaminergic activity. Thus, modulation may imply elevated / suppressed expression or over- or under-expression of dopaminergic activity, including gene amplification (i.e. , multiple gene copies) and / or increased or decreased expression by a transcriptional effect, as well as hyper- (or hypo-) activity and (de)activation of dopaminergic activity (including (de)activation) by mutation(s). The terms "modulated", "modulating" and "modulate" are to be interpreted accordingly.The present invention provides a method of modulating D2 receptor activity by administering one or more compounds of the present invention to a subject. The active compound will be administered to a subject in need thereof (for example a human or animal patient) in an amount sufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of modulating D2 receptor activity, comprising administering a compound of any one of Formulae (I) -(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof.The present invention also provides use of one or more compounds of the present invention as a β-arrestin biased D2 receptor agonist or antagonist. The present invention also provides use of one or more compounds of the present invention as a biased cAMP agonist or antagonist. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of a compound of any one of Formulae (I) -(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for modulating the β-arrestin pathway downstream of the D2 receptor (β-arrestin biased) as an agonist or antagonist. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of a compound of any one of Formulae (I) -(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for modulating the Gi / cAMP pathway downstream of the D2 receptor (Gi / cAMP biased) as an agonist or antagonist.The present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder, comprising administering a compound of the invention, wherein modulation of the D2 receptors (e.g., β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role in the disease or disorder (iniation, development, etc.). In one embodiment, the disease or disorder is a nervous system disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role. In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of Formulae (I) -(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier. The nervous system disorder is independently selected from an anxiety disorder (e.g., phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder), a dissociative disorder (e.g. , dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder, and depersonalization disorder), a mood disorder (e.g., depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, and Cyclothymic Disorder), an eating disorder (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia, and binge eating disorder), a sleep disorder (insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking), a developmental disorder (e.g. , autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), a somatoform disorder (e.g. , body dysmorphic disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis disorder, pain disorder, and somatization disorder), a personality disorder (e.g., antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder), a psychiatric syndrome (e.g. , Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome), a psychotic disorder (e.g., brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, shared psychotic disorder), substance abuse, Parkinson' s disease,Huntington' s disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Niemann-Pick disorder, a pituitary disorder (e.g., pituitary adenoma, and a pituitary tumor such as prolactinoma)), Tourette' s syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a compound of any one of Formulae (I) -(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.Another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of a compound of any one of Formulae (I) -(X), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role, independently selected from obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, substance abuse, Parkinson' s disease, Huntington' s disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Niemann-Pick disorder, a pituitary disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.In another embodiment, the disease or disorder is a non-nervous system disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role, such as cardiovascular diseases or disorders (e.g. , hypertension), renal diseases or disorders (e.g., a disease or disorder associated with diuresis and natriuresis), and endocrine diseases or disorders (e.g. , galactorrhea), and immunological diseases or disorders.The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role (e.g. , the diseases and disorders described above), comprising administering a compound of the invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, lithium orotate, lithium bromide or lithium chloride. In another embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is valproate. In another embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is caffeine (e.g. , as to Parkinsons), a caffeine derivative (e.g. , as to Parkinsons), nicotine (e.g. , as to Parkinsons), a nicotine derivative (e.g. , as to Parkinsons), Phencyclidine (a.k.a. PCP), Quinpirole, Salvinorin A (chief active constituent of the herb salvia divinorum), Apomorphine (Apokyn) (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Bromocriptine (Parlodel) (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Cabergoline (Dostinex) (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Ciladopa (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Dihydrexidine (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Dinapsoline (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Doxanthrine (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Epicriptine (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Lisuride (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Pergolide (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Piribedil (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Pramipexole (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome) (Mirapex and Sifrol), Propylnorapomorphine (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Quinagolide (Norprolac) (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), Ropinirole (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome) (Requip), Rotigotine (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome) (Neupro), Roxindole (e.g., as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome), or Sumanirole (e.g. , as to Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome). The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role (e.g. , the diseases and disorders described above), comprising administering a compound of the invention and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor such as fluoxetine, venlafaxine, citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, indalpine, zimelidine, dapoxetine, fluvoxamine, tianeptine, duloxetine or escitalopram (see for example, US20060154938).The present invention also provides a method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role (e.g. , the diseases and disorders described above), comprising administering a compound of the invention alone or in combination with antipsychotics. Examples of typical (first generation) antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Droperidol, Fluphenazine, Haloperidol, Loxapine, Molindone, Perphenazine, Pimozide, Prochlorperazine, Thiothixene, Thioridazine,Trifluoperazine, Levomepromazine. Examples of atypical (second generation) antipsychotics include Aripiprazole, Asenapine, Clozapine, Iloperidone, Lurasidone, Olanzapine,Paliperidone, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Ziprasidone, Amisulpride, Blonanserin, Clotiapine, Mosapramine, Perospirone, Sertindole, Sulpiride. Other compounds which can be used in combination with the compounds of the invention are for example compounds that interact with dopamine D2 receptor independently selected from amisulpride, nemomapride, nemoxipride, eticlopride, reclopride, talipexole, roxindole, bifeprunox, aplindore, mesoridazine, haloperidol, thixathene, flupenthixol, butyrophenone, perclamol [(-)3-PPP], saritozan, olanzapine, dopanmine, quinpirole, bromocriptine; other anti-depressants independently selected from Agomelatine, amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepine hydrochloride, doxepine, imipramine, maprotiline, a mixture of nortriptyline and fluphenazine, opipramol, quinupramine, trimipramine, a mixture of melitracene and flupentixol, pranipexole.The compounds are generally administered to a subject in need of suchadministration, for example, a human or animal patient, preferably a human.The compounds will typically be administered in amounts that are therapeutically or prophylactically useful and which generally are non-toxic. However, in certain situations (for example in the case of life threatening diseases), the benefits of administering a compound of the formula (I) may outweigh the disadvantages of any toxic effects or side effects, in which case it may be considered desirable to administer compounds in amounts that are associated with a degree of toxicity. The quantity of compound administered and the type of composition used will be commensurate with the nature of the disease or physiological condition being treated and will be at the discretion of the physician.The compounds may be administered over a prolonged term to maintain beneficial therapeutic effects or may be administered for a short period only. Alternatively they may be administered in a pulsatile or continuous manner.The compounds as defined herein can be administered as the sole therapeutic agent or they can be administered in combination therapy with one of more other compounds for treatment of a particular disease state, for example, a nervous system disorder. The compounds of the invention may also be administered in conjunction with other treatments such as radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy, surgery and controlled diets.Where the compound is administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, the compounds can be administered simultaneously or sequentially. When administered sequentially, they can be administered at closely spaced intervals (e.g. , within minutes) or at longer intervals (e.g., hours apart, or longer), the precise dosage regimen beingcommensurate with the properties of the therapeutic agent(s).For use in combination therapy with another therapeutic agent, the compound and other therapeutic agents can be, for example, formulated together in a dosage form. In an alternative, the individual therapeutic agents may be formulated separately and presented together in the form of a kit, optionally with instructions for their use.Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.The independently selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.A person skilled in the art would know through his or her common general knowledge the use of suitable dosing regimes and combination therapies. The regimen of administration can affect what constitutes an effective amount. The compound of the invention can be administered to the subject either prior to or after the onset of a dopaminergic disorder. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages, can be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose can be continuously infused, or can be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the compound(s) of the invention can be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required. For example, the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.While it is possible for a compound of the present invention to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical composition.The present invention also relates to use of a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or use of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, for treating treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role (e.g., diseases and disorders described herein). In one embodiment, the disease or disorder is a nervous system disease or disorder independently selected from obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, substance abuse, Parkinson' s disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer' s disease, dementia, Niemann- Pick disorder, a pituitary disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome. In another embodiment, the disease or disorder is a non-nervous system disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g., β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role, such as cardiovascular diseases or disorders (e.g. , hypertension), renal diseases or disorders (e.g. , a disease or disorder associated with diuresis and natriuresis), and endocrine diseases or disorders (e.g. , galactorrhea), and immunological diseases or disorders..The present invention also relates to use of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or use of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g. , β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role (e.g., diseases and disorders described herein). In one embodiment, the disease or disorder is a nervous system disease or disorder independently selected from obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, substance abuse, Parkinson' s disease, Huntington' s disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Niemann-Pick disorder, a pituitary disorder,Tourette's syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome. In another embodiment, the disease or disorder is a non-nervous system disease or disorder associated in which modulation of D2 receptors (e.g., β-arrestin or Gi / cAMP) plays a role, such as cardiovascular diseases or disorders (e.g. , hypertension), renal diseases or disorders (e.g., a disease or disorder associated with diuresis and natriuresis), and endocrine diseases or disorders (e.g. , galactorrhea), and immunological diseases or disorders..All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, are by weight. Other features and advantages of the present invention are apparent from the different examples. The provided examples illustrate different components and methodology useful in practicing the present invention. The examples do not limit the claimed invention. Based on the present disclosure the skilled artisan can identify and employ other components and methodology useful for practicing the present invention.EXAMPLESSynthesis of intermediate- 1:l-(2-bromoethoxy)-3-chlorobenzene:To a stirred solution of 3-chlorophenol (5 g, 39.06 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) under argon atmosphere were added 1,2-dibromo ethane (6.7 mL, 77.71 mmol, 2 equiv) and potassium carbonate (5.4 g, 39.13 mmol, 1 equiv) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C and stirred for 16 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% EtOAc / Hexanes as eluent) afforded 3.1 g of l-(2- bromoethoxy)-3-chlorobenzene (Yield = 34%).Synthesis of intermediate-2:l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-2-fluorobenzene:To a stirred solution of 2-fluorophenol (0.5 g, 4.46 mmol) in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (0.78 g, 4.46 mmol, 1 equiv, in 5 mL of water) was added 1,2-dibromo ethane (1.25 g, 6.69 mmol, 1.5 equiv) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 130 °C and stirred for 16 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% EtOAc / Hexanes as eluent) afforded 0.340 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-fluorobenzene (Yield = 34.8%).Synthesis of intermediate-3:l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene:To a stirred solution of 2-(trifluoromethyl) phenol (1 g, 6.17 mmol) in acetone (20 mL) under argon atmosphere were added potassium carbonate (0.851 g, 6.15 mmol, 1 equiv) and 1,2- dibromo ethane (1.07 mL, 12.34 mmol, 2 equiv) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C and stirred for 16 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% EtOAc / Hexanes as eluent) afforded 0.40 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (Yield = 24%).Synthesis of intermediate-4:1 -(2-bromoethyl)pyridin-2( lH)-one:To a stirred solution of pyridin-2-ol (5 g, 52.57mmol) in DMF (50 mL) under argon atmosphere were added cesium carbonate (17.03 g, 52.56 mmol, 1.0 eqiuv) and l-chloro-2- bromo ethane (15.06 g, 104.94 mmol, 2 equiv) at room temperature and stirred for 16 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with CH2CI2. The combined organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (1% MeOH / CH2CI2 as eluent) afforded 1.0 g of l-(2-bromoethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one (Yield = 12%). ESI + MS: m / z 158.1 ([M + H]+).Synthesis of intermediate-5:7-(2-Bromoethoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(lH)-one:To a stirred solution of 7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(lH)-one (1 g, 6.21 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) under argon atmosphere were added 1,2-dibromo ethane (1.74 g, 9.31 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and potassium hydroxide (0.453 g, 8.07 mmol, 1.3 equiv) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 65°C and stirred for 4 h. After completion, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (1% MeOH / CH2CI2 as eluent) afforded 7-(2-bromoethoxy)-3, 4-dihydroquinolin-2(lH)-one 0.27 g (Yield = 16.2%). ESI + MS: m / z 267.9 ([M + H]+). Intermediate-6:(2-Bromoethoxy) cyclohexane:To a stirred solution of trifluoromethane sulfonic acid silver salt (0.14 g, 0.54 mmol, 0.03 equiv) in toluene (10 mL) under argon atmosphere were added triphenyl phosphine (0.14 g, 0.54 mmol, 0.03 equiv), AuCl(TPP) (0.27 g, 0.54 mmol, 0.03 equiv) and purged with argon for 5 min in a sealed tube. To this cyclohexene (1.5 g, 18.25 mmol) and 2-bromo ethanol (4.52 g, 36.45 mmol, 2 equiv) were added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was heated at 85°C and stirred for 24 h. After completion, the reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.26 g of (2- bromoethoxy) cyclohexane (Yield = 10%).One skilled in the art will recognize that other compounds described below were prepared in a similar manner to the procedures described above. (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene:Title compound was prepared from phenol (20 g, 213 mmol) using the general methodology of Int-2 and afforded 26 g of (2-bromoethoxy)benzene (Yield = 61%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-2-chlorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from o-cresol (5 g, 46.2 mmol) using general methodology of Intermediate-2 to afford 5.2 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-methylbenzene (Yield =52%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-3-methylbenzene:Title compound was prepared from m-cresol (5 g, 46.2 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 to afford 5.4 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-3-methylbenzene (Yield = 54%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-meth lbenzene:Title compound was prepared from / ?-cresol (5 g, 46.2 mmol) using the general methodolog of Intermediate-2 to afford 4 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-methylbenzene (Yield = 40%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-chlorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2-chlorophenol (1 g, 7.78 mmol) using general methodology of Intermediate- 1 to obtain 0.348 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-chlorobenzene (Yield = 19%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-chlorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 4-chlorophenol (5 g, 39.06 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate- 1 and afforded 3 g of l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-chlorobenzene (Yield = 33%).4-(2-Bromoethoxy)- 1 ,2-dichlorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 3,4-dichlorophenol (2 g, 12.27 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 2 g of 4-(2-bromoethoxy)-l, 2-dichlorobenzene (Yield = 60%).l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-3-fluorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 3-fluorophenol (4 g, 35.71 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 3 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-3-fluorobenzene (Yield = 38%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 4-fluorophenol (4 g, 35.71 -mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 2.8 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluorobenzene (Yield = 35%).2-(2-Bromoethoxy)- 1 ,4-difluorobenzeneTitle compound was prepared from 2,6-difluorophenol (1 g, 7.69 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 1.1 g of 2-(2-bromoethoxy)-l,4-difluorobenzene (Yield = 60%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-2,4-difluorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2, 4-difluorophenol (5 g, 38.4 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 to afford 2.5 g of 2-(2-bromoethoxy)-l,4-difluorobenzene (Yield = 27%). 2-(2-bromoethoxy)- 1 ,4-difluorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2,5-difluorophenol (5 g, 38.4 mmol) using the general methodology of Int-2 and afforded 3.5 g of 2-(2-bromoethoxy)-l, 4-difluorobenzene (Yield = 39%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene:Title compound was prepared from 3-(trifluoromethyl) phenol (2 g, 12.34 mmol) using general methodology of Intermediate-3 and afforded 0.74 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-3- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (Yield = 22%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene:Title compound was prepared from 4-(trifluoromethyl) phenol (1 g, 6.17 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-3 and afforded 0.3 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (Yield = 19%). 5 -(2-bromoethoxy ) -2- (trifluoromethyl) yridine :Title compound was prepared from 6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-ol (0.5 g, 3.1 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 0.085 g 5-(2-bromoethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine (Yield = 10%).3-(2-Bromoethoxy) pyridine:Title compound was prepared from pyridin-3-ol (5 g, 52.57 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4 and afforded 0.6 g of 3-(2-bromoethoxy) pyridine (Yield = 6%).1 -(2-bromoethyl)pyridin-4( lH)-one:Title compound was prepared from pyridin-4-ol (5 g, 52.5 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4 and afforded 0.85 g of l-(2-bromoethyl)pyridin-4(lH)-one (Yield = 8%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-2-methoxybenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2-methoxyphenol (5 g, 40.3 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (5% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 2.85 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-methoxybenzene (Yield = 30%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-3-methoxybenzene:Title compound was prepared from 3-methoxyphenol (5 g, 40.27 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 3.6 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-3-methoxybenzene(Yield = 39%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-methoxybenzene:Title compound was prepared from 3-methoxyphenol (5 g, 40.27 mmol) using the general methodology of Int-2 and afforded 3.5 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-methoxybenzene (Yield = 38%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-2-methoxybenzene:Title compound was prepared from 4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenol (1 g, 7.04 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate- 3. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.20 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-2-methoxybenzene (Yield = 12%).2-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-l-methoxybenzene:Title compound was prepared from 4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenol (1 g, 7.04 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate- 3. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.50 g of 2-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-l-methoxybenzene (Yield = 29%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy -2-ethylbenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2-ethylphenol (5 g, 40.9 mmol, lequiv) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% MeOH / DCM) afforded 3.0 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-ethylbenzene (Yield = 32%). l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-isopropylbenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2-isopropylphenol (5 g, 36.7 mmol, lequiv) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (5% EtOAc in Hexanes) afforded 5.5 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-isopropylbenzene (Yield = 62%).2-(2-Bromoethoxy)benzonitrile:Title compound was prepared from 2-hydroxybenzonitrile (1 g, 8.40 mmol) and 1,2- dibromoethane (3.15 g, 16.8 mmol, 2 equiv) using the general methodology of Intermediate- 1. Purification using silica gel chromatography (2% MeOH / CHiCli) afforded 0.22 g of 2-(2- bromoethoxy)benzonitrile (Yield = 11%).1 -(2-bromoethoxy ) -2- (trifluoromethoxy )benzene :Title compound was prepared from 2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenol (1 g, 5.6 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate- 3. Purification using silica gel chromatography (2% EtOAc / Hexane) afforded 1.0 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene (Yield = 63%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene:Title compound was prepared from 4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (2 g, 11.1 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-3. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (15% EtOAc in Hexanes) afforded 1.6 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl) benzene (Yield = 50%).2-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-l-(trifluoromethyl)benzene:Title compound was prepared from 5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (1 g, 5.5 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-3. Purification by silica gel column chromatography (5% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.7 g of 2-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-fluoro-l- (trifluoromethyl)benzene (Yield = 44%).3-(2-Bromoethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine:Title compound was prepared from 3-(2-bromoethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (0.2 g, 1.22 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.11 g of 3-(2-bromoethoxy)-4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine (Yield = 33%). 3-(2-bromoethoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine:Title compound was prepared from 2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-ol (0.5 g, 3.1 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.20 g of 3-(2-bromoethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine (Yield = 24%). l-(2-bromoethyl)- -(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one:Title compound was prepared from 3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-ol (0.2 g, 1.22 mmol) and 1- bromo-2-chloroethane (0.52 g, 3.68 mmol, 3 equiv) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (20% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.1 g of l-(2-bromoethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one (Yield = 36%). l-(2-Bromoethoxy)naphthalene:Title compound was prepared from naphthalen-l-ol (3 g, 20.81 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (7% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 2.5 g of l-(2-bromoethoxy) naphthalene (Yield = 48%). 2-(2-Bromoethoxy)naphthalene:Title compound was prepared from naphthalen-2-ol (3 g, 20.81 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 2.5 g of 2-(2-bromoethoxy)naphthalene (Yield = 48%).7-(2-bromoethoxy) quinolone:Title compound was prepared from quinolin-7-ol (1 g, 6.89 mmol) using the general methodology of Int-1 and afforded 0.21 g of 7-(2-bromoethoxy) quinolone (Yield = 21%). 6-(2-Bromoethoxy)isoquinoline:Title compound was prepared from isoquinolin-6-ol (0.5 g, 3.44 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% MeOH / DCM) afforded 0.15 g of 6-(2-bromoethoxy)isoquinoline (Yield = 17%).6-(2-Bromoethox isoquinoline:Title compound was prepared from isoquinolin-6-ol (0.5 g, 3.44 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% MeOH / DCM) afforded 0.15 g of 6-(2-bromoethoxy)isoquinoline (Yield = 17%).6-(2-Bromoethoxy)quinolone: Title compound was prepared from quinolin-6-ol (1 g, 6.89 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-4. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% MeOH / DCM) afforded 0.25 g of 6-(2-bromoethoxy)quinolone (Yield = 14%).5-(2-Bromoethoxy)benzo[d]thiazole: K2C03, AcetoneTitle compound was prepared from benzo[d]thiazol-5-ol (0.10 g, 0.66 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate- 3. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (15% EtOAc / hexanes) afforded 0.04 g of 5-(2-bromoethoxy)benzo[d]thiazole (Yield = 23%). 6-(2-Bromoethoxy) benzo[<i] thiazole:Title compound was prepared from benzo[<i] thiazol-6-ol (1 g, 6.62 mmol) using the general methodology of Int-1 and afforded 0.39 g of 6-(2-bromoethoxy) benzo[<i] thiazole (Yield=23%).6-(2-bromoethoxy)benzo [d] oxazole: K2C03, AcetoneTitle compound was prepared from benzo[d]oxazol-6-ol (0.20 g, 1.48 mmol, 1 equiv) using the general methodology of Intermediate-3. Purification by column chromatography (20% EtOAc / Hexane) afforded 0.08 g of 6-(2-bromoethoxy)benzo[d]oxazole (Yield = 22%).2-(2-chloroethox -8-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline: To a stirred solution of 8-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-2(lH)-one (100 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added KOH (53 mg, 0.94 mmol) at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred for lh. Then l-bromo-2-chloroethane (135 mg, 0.94 mmol) was added at 0 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 h. After completion, the reaction was quenched with aq.NH4Cl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was separated, dried over Na2S04 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc in hexanes to obtain 90 mg of 2-(2-chloroethoxy)-8- (trifluoromethyl)quinoline (Yield = 70%).3-(2-Bromoethoxy)- 1 , 1 '-biphenyl: HTitle compound was prepared from [1,1 '-biphenyl] -3 -ol (0.5 g, 2.94 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (15% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.1 g of 3-(2-bromoethoxy)-l, l'-biphenyl (Yield = 12%).(3-bromopropoxy)benzene:Title compound was prepared from phenol (5 g, 53.1 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 9 g of (3-bromopropoxy)benzene (Yield = 79%). l-(3-Bromopropoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene:Title compound was prepared from 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (1 g, 6.17 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate- 3. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (2% MeOH / DCM) afforded 1.2 g of 4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy) ethyl)piperidine (Yield = 69%).(4-bromobutoxy)benzene :.Title compound was prepared from phenol (5 g, 53.1 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 10 g of (3-bromopropoxy)benzene (Yield = 82%). l-(4-Bromobutoxy)-2-fluorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2-fluorophenol (1 g, 8.9 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 0.64 g of l-(4-bromobutoxy)-2-fluorobenzene (Yield = 29%). l-(4-Bromobutoxy)-2-chlorobenzene:Title compound was prepared from 2-chlorophenol (1 g, 7.8 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2 and afforded 0.62 g of l-(4-bromobutoxy)-2-chlorobenzene (Yield = 30%).6- 4-Bromobutoxy)benzo[d]thiazole:Title compound was prepared from benzo[d]thiazol-6-ol (0.5 g, 3.31 mmol) using the general methodology of Intermediate-2. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (10% EtOAc / Hexanes) afforded 0.3 g of 6-(4-bromobutoxy)benzo[d]thiazole (Yield = 32%). Ethyl 2-phenoxyacetate:Title compound was prepared from phenol (5 g, 53.1 mmol) and ethyl 2-bromoacetate using the general methodology of Example- 1. Purification using silica gel column chromatography (40% EtOAc / Hexanes as eluent) to afford 7.5 g of l-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl pyrrolidin-l-yl)-2-phenoxyethan-l-one (Yield = 78%).2-Phenoxy acetic acid:To a solution of ethyl 2-phenoxyacetate (2 g, 11.1 mmol) in 1: 1: 1 mixture of THF / MeOH / ¾0 (40 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate at 0 °C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. After completion, the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure, diluted with water, neutralized with IN HCl and the volatiles were removed under pressure. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (15 mL) and the solids were filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1.6 g of 2-phenoxyacetic acid (Yield = 95%).ESI + MS: m / z 151 ([M - H]~).2-Bromo-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide:To a solution of 2- (trifluoromethyl) aniline (0.5 g, 3.10 mmol) in CH2CI2 (5 mL) were added triethylamine (0.649 mL, 4.65 mmol, 1.5 equiv) and 2-bromoacetyl bromide (0.75 g, 3.72 mmol, 1.2 equiv) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h.After completion, the reaction was diluted water and extracted with CH2CI2. The organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.Purification using silica gel column chromatography (15% EtOAc / Hexanes as eluent) to afford 0.2 g of 2-bromo-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetamide (Yield = 23%).2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate:2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)phen l)ethan-l-ol:To a solution of 2-(methyl sulfonyl) phenol (1.0 g, 5.8 mmol) in acetone (20 mL) was added K2CO3 (1.61 g, 11.61 mmol) and 2-bromoethanol (2.18 g, 17.4 mmol) at 0 °C. The reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C and stirred for 6 h. After completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the reaction mass was diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na2S04 and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain crude material.The crude compound was purified by column chromatography eluting with 3% MeOH in DCM to afford 0.9 g of 2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)ethan-l-ol as thick syrup (Yield = 72%). 2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate:T...

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A compound of Formula I:or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl, X-Cy1, C(0)NR4R4', NR4C(0)R4', or CR3R3'-NR4R4', and is bonded to Z1 or Z2;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, and is bonded to Z1 or Z2, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl,orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3, orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen; each R4 is independently H, Q-C6 alkyl, or Q-C6 haloalkyl;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;or R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 ;Z1 is CR7, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3;7 0 1R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, d-C6 hydroxyalkyl, d-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3- C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z1 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;Z2 is CR8, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;8 0 2R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy,NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X 0 or X forms a bond with Z 2 , R 2 is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z2 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; orX-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure,wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Q-C6 alkoxy, Q-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each R 18 is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, Q-C6 alkoxy, Q-C6 haloalkyl, or Q-C6 haloalkoxy; or two R 18 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a C(O);q is 0, 1, or 2; R and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each3 3'ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, or N-(C6-Cio aryl) when X is CR R and when X- Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16, provided thatwhen p is 1, X is NH and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is C(0)NH2, then Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl,when p is 1, X is CH2 and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; andwhen p is 1, X is C(O) and is bonded to Z1, Y is O, and R1 is OH or methoxy, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;Z3 is C(R9)2;each R9 is independently H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;p is 0 or 1 ;Z' is C(R12)2; orZ' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; orZ' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;Z" is C(R13)2; orZ" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; or 2Z" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;each R 12 is independently H, 12C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure;each R 13 is independently H, alkyl, or halogen, or two R 13C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 halotogether with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure; orR 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 iswhen n is O or 1, C(R10)2, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y iswhen n is 0 or 1, C(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, or when n is 0 or 1, Y-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, or when n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0 and Cy is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R17;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Z5 is C(RU)2;each R11 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen;n is 0 or 1 ;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when n is 0 and Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; andprovided that a compound of Formula (I) is notl-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)- lH-indole-3-carbonitrile; or5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3- carbonitrile.The compound of claim 1, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1, and is bonded to Z1 or Z2;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, and is bonded to Z1 or Z2, or2Z -Z -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl,orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3, or X-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Z1 is CR7, orZ 2 -Z 1 -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy 1 form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3;7 0 1R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6- membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X° or X forms a bond with Z1, R1 is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z1 and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci- C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; orX-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3,wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;Z2 is CR8, or 2 1Z -Z -X form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with18 1one or more R , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy form a three-ring fused ring structure, provided that R1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, 2-furyl or 3-furyl, or2 2X-Z -R form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally18substituted with one or more R , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure;8 0 2R is H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or when X or X is bonded to Z , absent;R is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6- membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, provided that when0 2 2 2X or X forms a bond with Z , R is not H and provided that when X is bonded to Z and is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci- C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl; or2 2X-Z -R form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally18substituted with one or more R , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy1, or the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy1 form a fused ring structure,wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;18each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Q-18C haloalkoxy; or two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a C(O);q is 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S wherein each ring is aromatic or3 3' 1 1partially unsaturated, or N-(C6-Cio aryl) when X is CR R and when X-Z -R form a 3- to 7- membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R16, provided thatwhen p is 1, X is NH and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is C(0)NH2, then Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl,when p is 1, X is CH2 and is bonded to Z1, and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; andwhen p is 1, X is C(O) and is bonded to Z1, Y is O, and R1 is OH or methoxy, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;Z3 is C(R9)2;each R9 is independently H, halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;p is 0 or 1 ;Z' is C(R12)2; orZ' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; orZ' and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;Z" is C(R13)2; orZ" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure; orZ" and Z together with the atom(s) to which they are bonded form a 4- to 7- membered aryl or heteroaryl ring which, together with ring G, forms a fused ring structure;each R 12 is independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or two R 12 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure; each R is independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or two R together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a spirocyclic ring structure; orR 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 iswhen n is O or 1, C(R10)2, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y iswhen n is 0 or 1, C(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, or when n is 0 or 1, Y-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0, Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen n is 0 and Cy is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R17;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen; R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Z5 is C(RU)2;each R11 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen;n is 0 or 1 ;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, or absent when n is 0 and Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; andprovided that a compound of Formula (I) is notl-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)- lH-indole-3-carbonitrile; or5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3- carbonitrile.

3. The compound of claim 1 or 2, wherein when X° is -CH2-Cy1 or -C(0)-Cy1, R1 is not OH.

4. The compound of claim 1 or 3, having Formula (II):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl, X-Cy1, C(0)NR4R4', NR4C(0)R4', or CR3R3'-NR4R4';X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; R1 is halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R1 is not OH, d-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, Q- C6 haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;q is 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16, provided thatwhen X is NH and R1 is C(0)NH2, then Cy1 is not unsubstituted phenyl, when X is CH2 and R1 is OH or halogen, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoimidazolonyl, or dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; andwhen X is C(O), Y is O, and R1 is OH or methoxy, then Cy1 is not optionally substituted phenyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen, or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl; Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one more R 17 , or R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more5. The compound of claim 1 or 3, having Formula (III):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R is halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, C C6haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;q is 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16; each R is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-C 10 aryl, or N02;R12 and R1J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; and 2Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more6. The compound of claim 1 or 3, having Formula (IV):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X° is Ci-C6 alkyl or X-Cy1;X is C(O), CR3R3', NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R is halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, provided that when X is NR4, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, R2 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, NR20R21, d- C6 haloalkoxy, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, or NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;q is 0, 1, or 2; 20 21FTU and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, or Y-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or moreThe compound of claim 1, havin formula (V):(V),or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3 or N;R3 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each K is independently NR22, C(O), O, or CR22R23;22 23each R and R is independently H, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Ce haloalkoxy;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16; each R is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;w is 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17; andprovided that a compound of Formula (V) is notl-(methylsulfonyl)-5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)- lH-indole-3-carbonitrile; or5-(3-(4-oxo-l-phenyl-l,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)propyl)-lH-indole-3- carbonitrile.

8. The compound of claim 1, having formula (VI):(VI),or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3 or N;R3 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each K is independently NR22, C(O), O, or CR22R23;each R22 and R23 is independently H, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, C C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;Cy1 is C6-Cio aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein each ring is aromatic or partially unsaturated, wherein the aryl, benzyl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R16;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;w is 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or Ci-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, or when Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more9. The compound of claim 1 having formula (VII):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;h is 1, 2, or 3; g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;each R24 and R25 are independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, OH, Q-C6 alkoxy, Q-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, or R 24 and R 25 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form C(O);R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, 12C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Q-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen; R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or moreThe compound of claim 1, having formula (VIII):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;h is 1, 2, or 3;g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;each R24 and R25 are independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or R 24 and R 25 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded form C(O); R and R are each independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Q-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or moreR 1711. The compound of claim 1, having formula (IX):(IX),or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;R2 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C64 2haloalkoxy, provided that when X is NR or O, R is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(d-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;i is 0, 1, or 2;g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is 0 or 1 ;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, Ci-C3 alkyl, Ci-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R 12 and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more The compound of claim 1, having formula (X):1(X),or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:X is CR3R3', NR4, or O;3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, provided that when X is NR4or O, R1 is not OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;R2 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, or Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each R16 is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, C(0)-(Ci-C3 alkyl), S(0)q-(Ci-C3) alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02;q is 0, 1, or 2;i is 0, 1, or 2;g is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;p is O or l;R 12 and R 113J are each independently H, C1-C3 alkyl, 12C1-C3 haloalkyl, or halogen; or R and R 13 , together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded and the nitrogen atom in ring G, form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring, wherein the heterocyclyl ring and ring G form a bridged ring structure;Z6 is C(R14)2; v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl,Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orwhen Cy 2 is absent, pyridinonyl optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ; R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; andCy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or absent when Y is pyridinonyl, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R17.

13. The compound of claim 1, having formula (XI):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R4 is H, Q-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;or R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 ;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;each q is independently 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl; Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;each R 30 is independently halogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl; andr is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

14. The compound of claim 1, having formula (XII):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R4 is H, Q-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;or R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a monocyclic, 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 ;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Q- C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-Cehaloalkoxy;each q is independently 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Z6 is C(R14)2;v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl; Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(Ci-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;each R 30 is independently halogen, C1-6 alkyl, or C1-6 haloalkyl; andr is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

15. The compound of claim 1, having formula (XIII):or a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:3 3'RJ and RJ are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R4 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;R4 is H, CrC6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl,17aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R ;or R4 and R4 on the same nitrogen atome together with the nitrogen atom form a7 18 monocyclic, 4- to -membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R ;R1 is H, halogen, OH, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, NR20R21, C(O)NR20R21, S(0)q-Ci-C6 alkyl, S(O)2NR20R21, NR20S(O)2-Ci-C6 alkyl, C6-Ci0 aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl comprising one 5- or 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 6-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the aryl, benzyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl are independently optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci- C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, and Ci-C6 haloalkoxy;each q is independently 0, 1, or 2;20 21and R are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or C6-Cio aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, and halogen;Z6 is C(R14)2; v is 1, 2, or 3;each R14 is independently H or C1-C3 alkyl;Z4 is C(R10)2, or Y-Z4-R17 form a 4- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;17each R is independently halogen, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6haloalkoxy, C(0)-Ci-C3 alkyl, S(0)q-Ci-C3 alkyl, NH2, N(d-C6 alkyl)2, CN, C6-Ci0 aryl, or N02; ortwo R 17 together with the carbon atoms to which they are bonded form a C6-Cio aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;each R19 is independently Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;each R10 is independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, or halogen; or two R10 together with the carbon atom to which they are bonded, form C(O);Y isC(O), CR5R5 , NR6, O, S, S(O), or S(0)2, orY-Z4-Z6 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19, orY-Z 4 -R 17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19;R5 and R5' are each independently H, Ci-C6 alkyl, OH, Ci-C6 alkoxy, Ci-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 haloalkoxy, or halogen;R6 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl;Cy is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl comprising one 4- to 7-membered ring and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, C6-Cio aryl, or heteroaryl comprising one or two 5- or 6-membered rings and one to four heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, wherein the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more R 17 ;each R 30 is independently halogen, Ci_6 alkyl, or Ci_6 haloalkyl; andr is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4.

16. The compound of any one of claims 1-6, wherein X° is Ci-C3 alkyl or X-Cy1.

17. The compound of any one of claims 1-16, wherein X is C(O), CR 3 R 3' , NR 4 , or O.

18. The compound of claim 17, wherein X is C(O), CH(OH), CH2, N(CH3), or O.

19. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein Y is C(O), CR5R5 , NR6, or O.

20. The compound of claim 19, wherein Y is C(O), C(CH3)OH, CH2, NH, or O.

21. The compound of any one of claims 1-4 and 11-20, wherein R1 is H, Ci-C6 alkyl, halogen, or OH.

22. The compound of claim 21, wherein R1 is H, methyl, F, or OH.

23. The compound of any one of claims 1-3, 5, 6, 11, 12, and 16-22, wherein R is H, Q- C6 alkyl, halogen, or OH.

24. The compound of claim 23, wherein R is H, methyl, F, or OH.

25. The compound of any one of claims 1-3 and 16-24, wherein Z is CH2.

26. The compound of any one of claims 1-12 and 15-25, wherein R 12 is H or (Q-C3) alkyl, and R13 is H or (Ci-C3)alkyl.

27. The compound of claim 26, wherein R 12 is H or methyl, and R 13 is H or methyl.

28. The compound of any one of claims 1-3 and 16-27, wherein Z and Z together with the atoms to which they are bonded form a 5- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring which, together with ring G, forms a bridged ring structure.

29. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein R14 is H or (Q-C3) alkyl.

30. The compound of claim 29, wherein R14 is H or methyl.

31. The compound of any one of claims 1-3 and 16-30, wherein n is 0.

32. The compound of any one of claims 1-8 and 16-31, wherein Cy1 is phenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, or benzothiazole, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more R16.

33. The compound of any one of claims 1-12 and 16-32, wherein at least one instance of R16 is methyl, ethyl, halogen, OCH3, N02, NH2, N(CH3)2, OCF3, CF3, S02CH3, or CN.

34. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 16, 19, 20, and 23-33, wherein X-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy 1.

35. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 16, 19, 20, and 23-33, wherein X-Z^R1 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy 1 form a fused ring structure when n is 0 and v is 1 or 3.

36. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 16, and 19-33, wherein X-Z 2 -Z 1 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the heterocyclyl ring, ring G, and Cy1 form a three-ring fused ring structure.

37. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 16, 19-22, and 25-33, wherein X-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring is bonded to Cy 1.

38. The compound of any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 16, 19-22, and 25-33, wherein X-Z 2 -R 2 form a 3- to 7-membered cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R 18 , wherein the cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring and Cy 1 form a fused ring structure.

39. The compound of any one of claims 1-18 and 21-38, wherein when n is 0, and Y-Z4- R17 form a 4- to 7-membered heterocyclyl ring optionally substituted with one or more R19.

40. The compound of claim 1, selected from the group consisting of:3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine; 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2,5-difluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(o-tolyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(m-tolyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine; l-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one;3-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;5- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;l-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethyl)pyridin-4(lH)-one;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(cyclohexyloxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(naphthalen-l-yloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-(naphthalen-2-yloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine;6- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)quinolone;6- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)isoquinoline;7- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)isoquinoline;7-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)quinolone;7-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)quinolin-2(lH)-one; 6-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]thiazole;6-(2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]oxazole;l-(2-([l,r-biphenyl]-3-yloxy)ethyl)-3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidine; 6-(4-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpyrrolidin-l-yl)butoxy)benzo[d]thiazole; 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(3-phenoxypropyl)pyrrolidine; 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(4-phenoxybutyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(4-(2-fluorophenoxy)butyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(4-(2-chlorophenoxy)butyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;3- (4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(3-phenylpropyl)pyrrolidine;5-chloro-r-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,3'-pyrrolidine];(3aS,9aR)-7-chloro-2-(2-phenoxyethyl)-l,2,3,3a,9,9a-hexariydrochromeno[2,3- c]pyrrole;4- ((l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;3-(4-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-phenylpyrrolidine;3-methyl-3-phenoxy-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-methyl-3-(2-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-methyl-3-(3-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3- methyl-3-(4-nitrophenoxy)-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;4- ((3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;3-((3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;2- ((3-methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)aniline;3- methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(o-tolyloxy)pyrrolidine;3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2-fluorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(3-fluorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(4-fluorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(3-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2,3-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidine;3-methyl- l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyrrolidine; 3-methyl- l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyrrolidine; 3-methyl- l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyrrolidine;2- ((3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine;3- ((3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine;4- ((3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyridine;2-((3-methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)oxy)pyrazine; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(4-phenoxybutyl)piperidine;4-methyl-4 -phenoxy- 1 - (4 -phenoxybutyl)piperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4- (4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;5- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-2- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;2-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; l-(4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)ethan-l-one;1- (4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)ethan-l-ol;2- (4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)phenyl)propan-2-ol; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(p-tolyloxy)ethyl)piperidine;2-((4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)pyridine; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(5-fluoro-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4- (4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine; l-(2-(5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4- methylpiperidine ;5- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)thiazole;6- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]oxazole; 7-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-3,4-dihydroquinolin- 2(lH)-one;4-(benzyloxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;2- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-3- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;3- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;4- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-3- (trifluoromethyl)pyridine;3-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin- l-yl)ethoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine;2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)-N-(2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acetamide ;N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)aniline; N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-N-methyl-2- (trifluoromethyl)aniline;N-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-N-(2- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acetamide;1- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin- 2(lH)-one;2- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-8- (trifluoromethyl)quinolone;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(cyclohexyloxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)- 1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4- methylpiperidine;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(o-tolyloxy)ethyl)piperidine;l-(2-(2-ethylphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;l-(2-(2-isopropylphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;l-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; l-(2-(5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine; l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine; 4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;1- (2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidine;4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(methylsulfonyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-4-phenoxypiperidine;2- (2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)aniline;2-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;4-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;1- (2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)pyridin-2(lH)-one;4-methyl- 1 -(2-(naphthalen- 1 -yloxy)ethyl)-4-phenoxypiperidine;4-(2-(4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin- l-yl)ethoxy)- lH-indole;2- ((4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)oxy)pyridine; 4-(2-chlorophenoxy)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; (lR,3r,5S)-3-methyl-3-phenoxy-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane;(lR,3s,5S)-3-methyl-3-phenoxy-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane;2,4,6-trimethyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl- 1 -(2-methyl- 1 -(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propan-2-yl)-4- phenoxypiperidine;4-methyl-4-phenoxy-l-(l-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propan-2-yl)piperidine; 4-methyl-4-phenoxy- 1 -(3 -(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propyl)piperidine;4-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)butan-2-ol;3- (4-methyl-4-phenoxypiperidin- 1 -yl)- 1 -(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propan- 1 -one; l-phenyl-6-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane;l-phenyl-7-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,7- diazaspiro [3.5 ] nonane ;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-l,7-diazaspiro[3.5]nonane;l-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-l,8- diazaspiro [4.5 ] decane ; l-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,8- diazaspiro [4.5 ] decane ;N,4-dimethyl-N-phenyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-amine; -(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,4'-piperidine];4- (hydroxy(phenyl)methyl)-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol; 2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-l,3-dioxa-8- azaspiro [4.5 ] decane ;(4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)(phenyl)methanone;(4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)(phenyl)methanol;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-l-(2-methyl-l-phenoxypropan-2-yl)piperidine;3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpiperidine;3- (4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpiperidine;5- (2-(3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzo[d]thiazole;3 -methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)- 3 - (3 - (trifluoromethy l)phenoxy )piperidine ;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)piperidine; l-(2-(2-chlorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)piperidine;4- methoxy-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol;3- methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-3-ol;(lR,3r,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;(lR,3s,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;3 -methyl- 1 -(2- (2- (trifluoromethyl)phenoxy )ethyl)pyrrolidin- 3 -ol ;4- methyl-l-(3-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)propyl)piperidin-4-ol;4-methyl-l-(2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol;4-isopropyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-ol;4-methyl- 1 '-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)- [ 1 ,3'-bipiperidin] -4-ol;l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-ol;4-methyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidin-4-ol;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-ol;l-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3-phenylpyrrolidin-3-ol;l-(2-(2,5-difluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methyl-3-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)piperidine; and stereoisomers, racemates, tautomers, polymorphs, hydrates, solvates, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

41. The compound of claim 1, selected from the group consisting of:3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(3-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-3-methylpyrrolidine;l'-(2-phenoxyethyl)-3H-spiro[benzofuran-2,3'-pyrrolidine];3- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;4- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)pyridine;5- (2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenol; 4-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)benzonitrile;l-(2-((lH-pyrazol-4-yl)oxy)ethyl)-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidine;l-(2-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethoxy)-5-fluorophenyl)ethan-1-one;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4,5-difluoro-2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4- methylpiperidine ;4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(5-fluoro-2-isopropoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-l-(2-(4-fluoro-2-isopropoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-4-methylpiperidine; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-isopropyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; 4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-ethynyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; 4-ethynyl-4-phenoxy-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine;l-(2-(4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-4-methylpiperidin-l-yl)ethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 2(lH)-one;(lR,3s,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;(lR,3r,5S)-3-methyl-8-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-8- azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-ol;N,4-dimethyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide;N, 4-dimethyl- 1 -(2-phenoxyethyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-N,4-dimethylpiperidine-4-carboxamide;l-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)-N,4-dimethylpiperidine-4-carboxamide;1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-N,4-dimethylpiperidine-4- carboxamide;N-cyclopropyl-l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidine- 4-carboxamide;1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methyl-N-phenylpiperidine-4- carboxamide;(S )- 1 -((2,3 -dihydrobenzo [b] [ 1 ,4] dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-N,N,4-trimethylpiperidine-4- carboxamide;(S)-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4- yl) (pyrrolidin- 1 - yl)methanone ;(S)-l-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N- methylmethan amine;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4- yl)acetamide;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4- yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide;(S)-N-(l-((7-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin- 4-yl)acetamide;(S)-N-(l-((7-bromo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin- 4-yl)acetamide;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)- 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide;(S)-N-(l-((2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][l,4]dioxin-2-yl)methyl)-4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-N- methylacetamide ;(4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)methanol; 4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-methyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine; l-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)-6-azaspiro[2.5]octane; N-cyclohexyl-N,4-dimethyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidin-4- amine;4-methyl-N-phenyl-l-(2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)ethyl)piperidine-4- carboxamide;l-(2-(2-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)-4-methyl-N-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxamide;and stereoisomers, racemates, tautomers, polymorphs, hydrates, solvates, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

42. The compound of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the compound is a selective β- arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist.

43. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any one of claims 1-42, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.

44. A method of modulating D2 receptor activity, comprising administering a compound of any one of claims 1-42, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

45. Use of a compound of any one of claims 1-42, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for modulating a β- arrestin biased D2 receptor as an agonist or antagonist.

46. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of claims 1-42, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:an anxiety disorder selected from phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder;a dissociative disorder selected from dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder, and depersonalization disorder;a mood disorder selected from depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, and Cyclothymic Disorder;an eating disorder selected from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia, and binge eating disorder;a sleep disorder selected from insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking;a developmental disorder selected from autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;a somatoform disorder selected from body dysmorphic disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis disorder, pain disorder, and somatization disorder; a personality disorder selected from antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder;a psychiatric syndrome selected from Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome;a psychotic disorder selected from brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, shared psychotic disorder;substance abuse;Parkinson's disease;Huntington's disease;Alzheimer's disease;Dementia;Niemann-Pick disorder; anda pituitary disorder selected from pituitary adenoma, and a pituitary tumor, Tourette' s syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.

48. The method of claim 46, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from obsessive- compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, substance abuse,Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Niemann-Pick disorder, a pituitary disorder, Tourette' s syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.

49. Use of a compound of any one of claims 1-42, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.

50. The use of claim 49, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:an anxiety disorder selected from phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder;a dissociative disorder selected from dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder, and depersonalization disorder; a mood disorder selected from depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, and Cyclothymic Disorder;an eating disorder selected from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia, and binge eating disorder;a sleep disorder selected from insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking;a developmental disorder selected from autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;a somatoform disorder selected from body dysmorphic disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis disorder, pain disorder, and somatization disorder;a personality disorder selected from antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder;a psychiatric syndrome selected from Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome;a psychotic disorder selected from brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, shared psychotic disorder;substance abuse;Parkinson's disease;Huntington's disease;Alzheimer's disease;Dementia;Niemann-Pick disorder; anda pituitary disorder selected from pituitary adenoma, and a pituitary tumor, Tourette' s syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.

51. The use of claim 49, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from obsessive- compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Niemann-Pick disorder, a pituitary disorder, Tourette' s syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.

52. Use of a compound of any one of claims 1-42, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.

53. The use of claim 52, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:an anxiety disorder selected from phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder;a dissociative disorder selected from dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder, and depersonalization disorder;a mood disorder selected from depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, and Cyclothymic Disorder;an eating disorder selected from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia, and binge eating disorder;a sleep disorder selected from insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking;a developmental disorder selected from autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;a somatoform disorder selected from body dysmorphic disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis disorder, pain disorder, and somatization disorder;a personality disorder selected from antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder;a psychiatric syndrome selected from Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome;a psychotic disorder selected from brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, shared psychotic disorder;substance abuse;Parkinson's disease;Huntington's disease;Alzheimer's disease;Dementia;Niemann-Pick disorder; and a pituitary disorder selected from pituitary adenoma, and a pituitary tumor, Tourette's syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.

54. The use of claim 52, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from obsessive- compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Niemann-Pick disorder, a pituitary disorder, Tourette's syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.

55. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a selective β-arrestin antagonist.

56. A method of treating or preventing a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound which is a β-arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof.

57. Use of a compound which is a selective β-arrestin antagonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.

58. Use of a compound of which is a β-arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.

59. Use of a compound which is a selective β-arrestin antagonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.

60. Use of a compound which is a β-arrestin antagonist and a cAMP agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, polymorph, hydrate, or solvate thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of a disease or disorder in which modulation of D2 receptors plays a role.

61. The method of claim 55 or 56, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:an anxiety disorder selected from phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder;a dissociative disorder selected from dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder, and depersonalization disorder;a mood disorder selected from depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, and Cyclothymic Disorder;an eating disorder selected from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia, and binge eating disorder;a sleep disorder selected from insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking;a developmental disorder selected from autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;a somatoform disorder selected from body dysmorphic disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis disorder, pain disorder, and somatization disorder;a personality disorder selected from antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder;a psychiatric syndrome selected from Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome;a psychotic disorder selected from brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder,Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, shared psychotic disorder;substance abuse;Parkinson's disease;Huntington's disease; Alzheimer's disease;Dementia;Niemann-Pick disorder; anda pituitary disorder selected from pituitary adenoma, and a pituitary tumor, Tourette's syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.

62. The use of any one of claims 57 to 60, wherein the disease or disorder is selected from:an anxiety disorder selected from phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder;a dissociative disorder selected from dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative identity (multiple personality) disorder, and depersonalization disorder;a mood disorder selected from depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, mania, hypomania, and Cyclothymic Disorder;an eating disorder selected from anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, exercise bulimia, and binge eating disorder;a sleep disorder selected from insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare disorder, sleep terror disorder, and sleepwalking;a developmental disorder selected from autism spectrum disorders, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder;a somatoform disorder selected from body dysmorphic disorder, conversion disorder, hypochondriasis disorder, pain disorder, and somatization disorder;a personality disorder selected from antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder;a psychiatric syndrome selected from Capgras syndrome, De Clerambault syndrome, Othello syndrome, Ganser syndrome, Cotard delusion, and Ekbom syndrome, and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome;a psychotic disorder selected from brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, Schizoaffective disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform, shared psychotic disorder;substance abuse;Parkinson's disease;Huntington's disease;Alzheimer's disease; Dementia;Niemann-Pick disorder; anda pituitary disorder selected from pituitary adenoma, and a pituitary tumor, Tourette' s syndrome, Tourette-like disorders, and restless leg syndrome.