Electronic device, communication method, and storage medium

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to electronic devices, communication methods, and storage media in a wireless communication system. An electronic device of a transmitting end includes processing circuitry configured to generate, based on a constellation corresponding to a modulation scheme, a pilot sequence such that, for each pair of opposite constellation points in the constellation, the pilot sequence contains at least one of the constellation points; and transmit the pilot sequence to a receiving end for channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation by the receiving end.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202010783403.3, filed on August 6, 2020, entitled “Electronic Device, Communication Method and Storage Medium”, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] This disclosure generally relates to wireless signal transmission. More specifically, this disclosure relates to electronic devices, communication methods, and storage media that can be used for wireless signal transmission in frequency bands such as terahertz bands. Background Technology

[0004] In recent years, to meet the ever-increasing demand for wireless data transmission rates driven by the explosive growth of data traffic, the industry has been exploring methods to provide wireless communication on new high-frequency bands. For example, the currently popular 5G NR (New Radio) uses the 30GHz–300GHz millimeter-wave band. Furthermore, the anticipation of terahertz (Tbps) wireless signal transmissions in the near future has spurred exploration of even higher frequency bands and research into corresponding communication solutions. Among these, the terahertz band has attracted significant industry attention due to its numerous advantages, even becoming a research hotspot for next-generation wireless communication standards.

[0005] However, the terahertz band lies between the microwave and optical bands, making the fabrication of communication devices in this band challenging and resulting in significant radio frequency (RF) impairment. RF impairment causes distortion in the received signal, thus degrading communication performance. While RF impairment is also prevalent in lower frequency bands, its effects are less pronounced than in the terahertz band. Current research on RF impairment handling in the low-frequency band focuses on pre-compensation (or pre-distortion) algorithms at the transmitter and compensation at the receiver. Transmitter pre-distortion primarily addresses issues such as power amplifier nonlinearity and transmitter IQ (in-phase / quadrature) imbalance, while receiver compensation addresses receiver IQ imbalance and carrier phase noise.

[0006] On the one hand, given the high difficulty and cost of manufacturing high-frequency communication devices, configuring circuits at the transmitting or receiving end to compensate for RF hardware mismatch may be challenging. On the other hand, even with pre-distortion compensation circuitry at the transmitting end, significant residual distortion may still exist. This renders existing solutions inadequate for satisfactorily combating RF hardware mismatch, especially for high-frequency communications such as terahertz communication.

[0007] Therefore, there is a need for improved methods to mitigate communication performance degradation caused by RF hardware mismatch and other factors. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The above requirements are met by applying one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0009] This section provides a brief overview of the present disclosure to offer a basic understanding of some aspects thereof. However, it should be understood that this overview is not an exhaustive summary of the present disclosure. It is not intended to identify key or essential parts of the disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the disclosure. Its purpose is merely to present certain concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that follows.

[0010] According to one aspect of this disclosure, an electronic device for a transmitter is provided, including processing circuitry configured to: generate a pilot sequence based on a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme, such that for each pair of opposite constellation points in the constellation diagram, the pilot sequence includes at least one constellation point; and transmit the pilot sequence to a receiver for the receiver to perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram.

[0011] According to one aspect of this disclosure, an electronic device for a receiver is provided, including processing circuitry configured to: receive a pilot sequence from a transmitter, wherein for each pair of opposite constellation points in a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme, the pilot sequence includes at least one constellation point; and perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point of the constellation diagram based on a received signal from the pilot sequence.

[0012] According to one aspect of this disclosure, an electronic device for a transmitting end is provided, including processing circuitry configured to: transmit a pilot sequence to a receiving end; receive information from the receiving end regarding the distortion-to-noise ratio (DNR), the DNR indicating the ratio between a distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitting end and a channel noise component in the received signal of the pilot sequence; and adjust transmission parameters for transmitting data signals to the receiving end, at least based on the DNR.

[0013] According to one aspect of this disclosure, an electronic device for a receiver is provided, including processing circuitry configured to: receive a pilot sequence from a transmitter; estimate a distortion-to-noise ratio (DNR) based on a received signal of the pilot sequence, the DNR indicating the ratio between a distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitter and a channel noise component in the received signal of the pilot sequence; and feed back information about the DNR to the transmitter.

[0014] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a communication method is provided, comprising operations performed by the processing circuitry of any of the above-described electronic devices.

[0015] According to one aspect of this disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided that stores executable instructions, which, when executed, implement the above-described communication method. Attached Figure Description

[0016] This disclosure can be better understood by referring to the detailed description given below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which the same or similar reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to denote the same or similar elements. All the drawings, together with the following detailed description, are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, and are used to further illustrate embodiments of this disclosure and explain the principles and advantages of this disclosure. Wherein:

[0017] Figure 1 The terahertz band on the electromagnetic spectrum is shown;

[0018] Figure 2 This diagram illustrates the I / Q imbalance experienced by the modulated I and Q baseband signals.

[0019] Figure 3 The signal constellation diagram obtained through linear equalization under the influence of RF hardware mismatch is shown.

[0020] Figure 4 A flowchart of channel estimation according to the first embodiment is shown;

[0021] Figure 5 A constellation diagram associated with different modulation schemes is shown schematically;

[0022] Figure 6 An example of signaling for indicating pilot sequences according to the first embodiment is shown;

[0023] Figure 7 A comparative example of the original decision region and the decision region based on the minimum distance criterion under QPSK modulation is given;

[0024] Figure 8 Simulation results of the uncoded bit error rate (BER) performance of the signal transmission method according to the first embodiment under QPSK and 16QAM modulation are shown;

[0025] Figure 9A and 9B An electronic device for transmitting the terminal according to the first embodiment and its communication method are illustrated respectively;

[0026] Figure 10A and 10BAn electronic device for receiving the receiver according to the first embodiment and its communication method are illustrated respectively;

[0027] Figure 11 An example of interpolation of the pilot sequence used for joint estimation and the pilot sequence used for phase tracking is shown;

[0028] Figure 12 A flowchart illustrating the DNR-based transmission parameter adjustment according to the second embodiment is shown;

[0029] Figures 13A-13D Simulation results of the signal transmission method according to the second embodiment are shown;

[0030] Figure 14A and 14B The electronic device of the transmitting end and its communication method according to the second embodiment are illustrated respectively;

[0031] Figure 15A and 15B An electronic device for receiving the receiver and its communication method according to the second embodiment are illustrated respectively;

[0032] Figure 16 A first example of an illustrative configuration of a base station according to this disclosure is shown;

[0033] Figure 17 A second example of an illustrative configuration of a base station according to this disclosure is shown;

[0034] Figure 18 An illustrative configuration example of a smartphone according to this disclosure is shown;

[0035] Figure 19 An illustrative configuration example of a car navigation device according to this disclosure is shown.

[0036] The features and aspects of this disclosure will become clear from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0037] Various exemplary embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. For clarity and brevity, not all implementations of the embodiments are described in this specification. However, it should be noted that many implementation-specific settings can be made when implementing embodiments of this disclosure to meet specific needs and achieve the developer's specific goals. Furthermore, it should be understood that while development work may be complex and time-consuming, such development is merely a routine task for those skilled in the art who benefit from this disclosure.

[0038] Furthermore, it should be noted that, in order to avoid obscuring this disclosure with unnecessary details, only processing steps and / or device structures closely related to the technical solutions of this disclosure are shown in the accompanying drawings. The following description of exemplary embodiments is merely illustrative and is not intended to limit this disclosure or its application in any way.

[0039] For ease of illustration only, terahertz communication is used as an exemplary scenario to illustrate the technical solution of this disclosure. However, it should be noted that the RF hardware mismatch addressed by this disclosure may exist in communications of various frequency bands (such as radio wave bands such as centimeter waves and millimeter waves, terahertz bands, optical wave bands, etc.). Therefore, the technical solution of this disclosure is not actually limited to terahertz communication, but can be applied to various communication scenarios to obtain improved wireless signal transmission performance, and is not even limited to the purpose of mitigating RF hardware mismatch.

[0040] Terahertz communication refers to space communication that uses terahertz waves as information carriers. Figure 1 The diagram shows the terahertz band in the electromagnetic spectrum. The terahertz band ranges from approximately 0.1 THz to 10 THz, falling between microwave and infrared frequencies in terms of frequency, and between electron and photon frequencies in terms of energy. While infrared and microwave technologies on either side of the terahertz band are quite mature, terahertz technology remains largely unexplored. This is because this band is neither entirely suitable for application using optical theory nor entirely suitable for research using microwave theory.

[0041] The terahertz band possesses vast unallocated bandwidth, capable of supporting data transmission rates exceeding 10 Gbps, and offers superior security and interference resistance. Utilizing the terahertz band for communication can effectively alleviate the increasingly strained spectrum resources and capacity limitations of current wireless communication systems, making it the primary choice for future wireless communication.

[0042] Nevertheless, realizing terahertz communication presents significant challenges. Terahertz links exhibit greater path loss than millimeter-wave links, including free-space loss and molecular absorption loss, thus requiring directional antennas with very narrow beams to balance the link budget. Furthermore, the terahertz frequency band is too high for electronic devices and too low for optical devices, inevitably leading to RF hardware mismatch effects regardless of whether electronic or optical components are used for terahertz communication.

[0043] This disclosure provides exemplary embodiments for mitigating RF hardware mismatch effects. These will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0044] [First Embodiment]

[0045] According to a first embodiment of this disclosure, a scenario is considered where there is no compensation / pre-distortion for RF hardware mismatch at the transmitting end.

[0046] Depending on the transmission direction, the terms "transmitter" and "receiver" used in this disclosure can refer to a base station and / or a user equipment (UE). For example, for downlink transmission, the transmitter is the base station and the receiver is the UE; for uplink transmission, the transmitter is the UE and the receiver is the base station; for sidelink transmission, both the transmitter and the receiver are UEs.

[0047] It should be noted that the term "base station" as used in this disclosure refers to a network control-side device in a wireless communication system, and has the full breadth of its usual meaning. For example, in addition to gNB and ng-eNB as specified in the 5G communication standard, depending on the scenario in which the technical solutions of this disclosure are applied, a "base station" can also be, for example, an eNB in ​​a 4G LTE / LTE-A communication system, a NodeB in a 3G communication system, a remote radio head, a wireless access point, a relay node, a drone control tower, or a communication device performing similar control functions. Application examples of base stations will be described in detail in later sections.

[0048] Furthermore, as used in this disclosure, the term "UE" refers to a user-side device in a wireless communication system, encompassing the full breadth of its usual meaning, including various terminal devices or in-vehicle devices that communicate with a base station or other UEs. For example, a UE can be a terminal device such as a mobile phone, laptop, tablet, in-vehicle communication device, drone, etc. Application examples of UEs will be described in detail in later sections.

[0049] For terahertz communication, the transmitting end can employ a photonic or electronic architecture to generate the terahertz signal. For example, a photonic transmitter architecture can generate a series of laser signals with different frequencies and use the frequency difference between two laser signals to obtain the terahertz signal. An electronic transmitter architecture is similar to a traditional microwave architecture, generating a terahertz local oscillator signal and up-converting the baseband I / Q signal into an RF signal. Relatively speaking, electronic transmitter architectures can be highly integrated onto a chip, making them more practical. The receiver at the receiving end performs the reverse process of the transmitter, and can also employ an electronic architecture.

[0050] Regardless of the architecture, both transmitters and receivers can suffer from severe RF hardware mismatch effects. The following describes an RF hardware mismatch signal model.

[0051] This disclosure considers three main hardware mismatch factors in communication devices:

[0052] 1) Phase noise, caused by phase fluctuations in the local oscillator;

[0053] 2) I / Q imbalance, such as the amplitude difference between the I-path baseband signal and the Q-path baseband signal, or the phase difference between the I-path baseband signal and the Q-path baseband signal is not exactly 90°;

[0054] 3) Power amplifier nonlinearity, caused by the nonlinear distortion of the power amplifier.

[0055] Figure 2 This diagram illustrates the I / Q imbalance experienced by the modulated I and Q baseband signals. For the I / Q imbalance in the transmitter, let the transmitter I carrier signal be (1+∈ T cos(2πf) c t-φ T The Q-channel carrier signal is (1-∈ T sin(2πf) c t+φ T ), where ∈ T , φ T These are the amplitude and phase imbalance factors for the I-path and Q-path, respectively.

[0056] Considering the phase noise at the transmitting end, the equivalent transmitted baseband signal can be expressed as:

[0057]

[0058] Where μ T =cosφ T -j∈ T sinφ T ,ν T =∈ T cosφ T -jsinφ T θ T [n] represents the phase noise in the transmitter, ν T s * [n] represents the mirror interference term caused by I / Q imbalance.

[0059] Here is the phase noise θ T [n] is modeled as a block walk model, that is, assuming that within the k-th transport block, θ T [n] is a fixed value θ k θ between adjacent transport blocks k A random walk term Δθ differs by a Gaussian distribution k , can be represented as

[0060]

[0061] in Let Variance be the wandering term.

[0062] Next, consider the nonlinearity of the power amplifier at the transmitting end. Here, a memoryless polynomial model with three terms is used for modeling. The equivalent baseband signal output by the power amplifier can then be expressed as:

[0063]

[0064] As an example, assume b1 = 1.0108 + j0.0858, b3 = 0.0879 - j0.1583, and b5 = -1.0992 - j0.8991.

[0065] Since terahertz communication typically uses extremely high directional gain antennas at both the transmitting and receiving ends, the effective transmission path in the channel can be considered to be only one. Therefore, using a flat fading channel model, the received signal can be expressed as:

[0066] y[n]=hs PA [n]+w[n]

[0067] Where h is the channel fading factor. It is additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), which includes thermal noise and molecular absorption noise.

[0068] Similarly, assume ∈ R φ R These are the amplitude and phase imbalance factors of the I and Q paths at the receiving end, respectively, and the phase noise θ at the receiving end. R [n] also follows a block walk model, so the final equivalent baseband received signal can be expressed as:

[0069]

[0070] Where μ R =cosφ R +j∈ R sinφ R ,ν R =∈ R cosφ R -jsinφ R .

[0071] Figure 3 An example is shown of the signal constellation diagram obtained through linear equalization under the above signal model, where Figure 3 (a) and (b) correspond to QPSK modulation, while (c) and (d) correspond to 16QAM modulation. As an example of mild I / Q imbalance, in Figure 3 In (a) and (c), ∈ T =∈ R =∈=0.05, φ T =φ R =φ=0.5°. As an example of severe I / Q imbalance, in Figure 3 In (b) and (d), ∈ T =∈ R =∈=0.2,φ T =φ R =φ=2°. Furthermore, the phase noise parameter is:

[0072] like Figure 3 As shown, if a traditional linear equalization strategy is applied to a signal model that includes RF hardware mismatch effects, an irregular distortion of the signal constellation diagram is observed. This will lead to a degraded bit error rate performance.

[0073] In this regard, the first embodiment of this disclosure uses constellation-point-based channel estimation instead of linear equalization.

[0074] Assuming no channel noise (w[n] = 0), each constellation point s can be... i The received signal is written as y i =h(s i )s i Based on the signal model established above, the inventors of this disclosure noted that each constellation point s i The corresponding channel h(s) i The values ​​are generally different, which is why traditional linear equilibrium strategies cannot work effectively.

[0075] The following is for reference. Figure 4 To describe channel estimation according to a first embodiment of this disclosure. For example... Figure 4 As shown, the transmitter designs and generates a pilot sequence (S1) for channel estimation. In particular, the pilot sequence according to the first embodiment is associated with the modulation scheme to be used and contains information about all constellation points of the corresponding constellation diagram.

[0076] For a specific modulation scheme, let the set of constellation points in its constellation diagram be χ = {s1, s2, ..., s...}. M}, which contains a total of card(χ) = M constellation points. Figure 5 Constellation diagrams associated with modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM are schematically shown. It should be noted that the modulation schemes to which this disclosure applies are not limited to these, and may also include various modulation schemes such as MSK, 8PSK, and 256QAM.

[0077] In one example, the transmitter can generate a pilot sequence that includes all constellation points, i.e., s = [s1, s2, ..., s3]. M ] T .For example:

[0078] For BPSK, s BPSK = [1, -1] T ;

[0079] For QPSK,

[0080] For 16QAM,

[0081] The first embodiment mentions that the pilot sequence includes constellation points of the constellation diagram, but from the perspective of modulation, it can also be considered that this pilot sequence is a sequence obtained by modulating all 1s through all constellation points.

[0082] Accordingly, in order to estimate each constellation point s i The corresponding h(s) i A total of card(χ) channel estimations are required. However, based on the signal model mentioned above, it can be verified that the channels corresponding to two constellation points with opposite values ​​are the same, i.e.

[0083] h(s i )=h(-s i )

[0084] Based on this characteristic, a fundamental pilot sequence can be designed such that for each pair of constellation points with opposite numbers, the fundamental pilot sequence includes only one of the constellation points. Specifically, assuming in the constellation diagram, s i =-s i+M / 2 On the one hand, in order to estimate h(s) i The pilot sequence only needs to contain s. i and s i+M / 2 One of them is sufficient, that is, s = [s1, s2, ..., s M / 2 ] T On the other hand, in order to estimate h(s1), h(s2), ..., h(s... M / 2 The design of the pilot sequence must satisfy the requirement that for any two constellation points in the constellation diagram that are opposites of each other, one of the constellation points must be included in the pilot sequence.

[0085] For example, for BPSK, QPSK, and 16QAM, their corresponding basic pilot sequences can be designed as follows:

[0086] s BPSK =[1] T ,

[0087]

[0088]

[0089] The aforementioned basic pilot sequence actually includes Figure 5 The diagram shows half of the constellation points in the right half of the corresponding constellation diagram. However, the basic pilot sequence is not limited to this; for example, it may include half of the constellation points in the left half, upper half, lower half, etc.

[0090] By generating such a basic pilot sequence as a pilot sequence for channel estimation, in order to estimate each constellation point s i The corresponding h(s) i Therefore, it is only necessary to estimate the channel for half of the constellation points. The channel parameters to be estimated are h(s1), h(s2), ..., h(s...). M / 2 Therefore, the length of the transmitted pilot sequence can be shortened, and the workload of channel estimation at the receiver can also be reduced.

[0091] However, in some cases, it may be desirable for the pilot sequence generated by the transmitter to be long enough to improve the estimation accuracy of h(si) at lower signal-to-noise ratios. In such cases, the final pilot sequence can be generated by repeating the basic pilot sequence.

[0092] As the simplest repetition method, for example, n basic pilot sequences can be directly repeated and concatenated, resulting in the final pilot sequence [s]. T s T , ..., s T ] T , where n is the number of repetitions and s is the basic pilot sequence.

[0093] As another way of repetition, for example, the n basic pilot sequences can be inverted and concatenated, that is, the final pilot sequence is [s T , -s T , ..., s T , -s T ] T or [s] T s T ,...,-s T , -s T ] T In this way, the pilot sequence actually includes all the constellation points s. i and s i+M / 2 .

[0094] For example, when the number of repetitions n=2, the final pilot sequence obtained by using the alternating inversion repetition method can be:

[0095] s BPsK = [1, -1] T ,

[0096]

[0097]

[0098] Among them, for s BPSK Both 1 and -1 are used for estimating h(1), while for s QPSK Both 1+j and -1-j are used for estimating h(1+j), and so on.

[0099] In this generation method, the pilot sequence used for channel estimation can be characterized by the basic pilot sequence, the number of repetitions, and the repetition pattern. In particular, the example of directly using the basic pilot sequence as the final pilot sequence can be regarded as a special case with a repetition count of 1.

[0100] Back Figure 4 Before transmitting the generated pilot sequence, the transmitting end can indicate the pilot sequence to the receiving end (S2) to notify the configuration of the pilot sequence to be transmitted.

[0101] In one example, it can be achieved by using Figure 6 The signaling shown indicates the pilot sequence. For example... Figure 6 As shown, the signaling may include: an enable indication, using, for example, 1 bit to indicate whether to enable the pilot sequence specially designed according to this embodiment; a modulation method, used to indicate the corresponding basic pilot sequence; a repetition count, used to indicate the number of times the basic pilot sequence is repeated in the final pilot sequence; and a repetition mode, used to indicate the repetition mode of the basic pilot sequence, such as direct repetition, alternating inversion repetition, etc.

[0102] It should be understood that Figure 6 The signaling format described herein is merely exemplary and may not be limited to in practice. Existing control signaling can be used to transmit certain information for compatibility with existing control signaling. For example, existing downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), and sidelink control information (SCI) may include fields regarding modulation schemes (such as "modulation and coding scheme MSC"). The receiving end can be configured to determine the modulation scheme to be used by receiving this field. Furthermore, when certain information is pre-configured between the transmitter and receiver, it may not need to be transmitted to reduce the signaling transmission burden. For example, the basic pilot sequence and repetition pattern corresponding to each modulation scheme can be pre-configured between the transmitter and receiver. When a pilot sequence needs to be transmitted, the transmitter can only notify the receiver of the repetition count, thereby allowing the receiver to determine the pilot sequence to be received based on the received repetition count and the modulation scheme fields included in the DCI, UCI, and SCI.

[0103] Various indication mechanisms are possible, as long as the receiving end can receive the pilot sequence content.

[0104] Subsequently, the transmitting end can send a pilot sequence to the receiving end (S3). The transmitting end can upconvert the pilot sequence to, for example, the terahertz band to obtain a pilot signal, which is then transmitted through a directional antenna. The pilot signal is sometimes also called a reference signal, but traditional reference signals are constant-mode, that is, the amplitude is a constant value, while the pilot signal generated according to this embodiment can have a non-constant amplitude.

[0105] The receiver receives the pilot signal and performs channel estimation based on the received pilot sequence (S4). Specifically, in order to estimate h(s) i Assuming the received pilot sequence is obtained by repeating the basic pilot sequence, the receiver can target each constellation point s. i The average value is then calculated for the corresponding received symbols.

[0106] For example, with constellation point S i The vector formed by the corresponding received symbols is y. i , and s i+M / 2 The vector formed by the corresponding received symbols is y. i+M / 2 Then h(s) i It can be estimated as follows:

[0107]

[0108] The mean(·) operation represents the average operation.

[0109] The channel parameters h(s) obtained through the above channel estimation process i This can then be used for data demodulation. The transmitting end modulates the data signal using a modulation scheme associated with the pilot sequence and sends the modulated data signal to the receiving end.

[0110] For the received data symbol y, the receiver does not need to perform channel equalization; it can directly determine the relationship between y and... The distance is determined using the minimum distance criterion. i That is, the judgment can be expressed as

[0111]

[0112] Figure 7 A comparative example is given of the original decision region and the decision region using the minimum distance criterion under QPSK modulation. For example... Figure 7 As shown, although the constellation diagram is irregularly distorted due to RF hardware mismatch effects, data demodulation can still be reliably achieved using channel estimation according to this embodiment.

[0113] Figure 8Simulation results of the code-free bit error rate (BER) performance of the signal transmission method according to the first embodiment under QPSK and 16QAM modulation are shown, with the performance of conventional linear equalization used as a comparison. In the simulation, the I / Q imbalance parameter is ∈ T =∈ R =0.2, φ T =φ R =2°, phase noise parameters are The transport block size is 1000 symbols. QPSK uses a pilot sequence of length 8 (i.e., 4 repetitions) and 16QAM uses a pilot sequence of length 32 (i.e., 4 repetitions).

[0114] like Figure 8 As shown, for QPSK, due to the larger spacing between constellation points, the ability to resist RF hardware distortion effects is stronger, thus the performance gain obtained by using the signal transmission method according to the first embodiment is relatively small. However, for 16QAM, the constellation points are more dense, and since terahertz RF hardware distortion effects are prone to generating bit errors, a significant performance gain can be obtained by using the signal transmission method according to the first embodiment.

[0115] The electronic device and communication method according to the first embodiment of this disclosure will now be described.

[0116] Figure 9A and 9B An electronic device for transmitting the device according to the first embodiment and its communication method are illustrated respectively. Figure 9A A block diagram illustrating an electronic device 1000 at the transmitting end is shown. Depending on the specific communication scenario, the electronic device 1000 can be implemented as a base station or a UE. The electronic device 1000 can perform signal transmission to the electronic device 2000, which will be described below.

[0117] like Figure 9A As shown, the electronic device 1000 includes a processing circuit 1001, which includes at least a generating unit 1002 and a transmitting unit 1003. The processing circuit 1001 can be configured to perform... Figure 9B The communication method shown.

[0118] The generation unit 1002 of the processing circuit 1001 is configured to generate a pilot sequence based on a constellation diagram corresponding to the modulation scheme (i.e., perform...). Figure 9B (Step S1001 in the diagram). For each pair of opposite constellation points in the constellation diagram, the generated pilot sequence contains at least one of those constellation points. In one example, the pilot sequence can be generated by repeating a basic pilot sequence in a specific repetition pattern, wherein the basic pilot sequence contains one of each pair of opposite constellation points.

[0119] The transmitting unit 1003 is configured to transmit the pilot sequence generated by the generating unit 1002 to the receiving end for the receiving end to perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram (i.e., perform channel estimation). Figure 9B (Step S1002 in the process). The transmitting unit 1003 can upconvert the pilot sequence to a frequency band such as terahertz and transmit the pilot signal through a directional antenna.

[0120] Optionally, the processing circuit 1001 may further include an indication unit (not shown) to indicate the generated pilot sequence to the receiver before transmitting the pilot sequence. In one example, if a basic pilot sequence and its repetition pattern have been pre-configured for the receiver, the indication unit sends information to the receiver regarding the number of repetitions of the basic pilot sequence. In another example, the indication unit sends information to the receiver regarding the modulation scheme, the repetition pattern of the basic pilot sequence, and the number of repetitions. However, the indication unit is not necessary, and the receiver can determine the associated pilot sequence solely through the information about the modulation scheme contained in control information (such as UCI, DCI, SCI).

[0121] Electronic device 1000 may also include, for example, a communication unit 1005. Communication unit 1005 may be configured to communicate with a receiving end (e.g., electronic device 2000 described below) under the control of processing circuitry 1001, such as terahertz communication. In one example, communication unit 1005 may be implemented as a transceiver, including communication components such as an antenna array and / or a radio frequency link. Communication unit 1005 is drawn with dashed lines because it may also be located outside electronic device 1000.

[0122] The electronic device 1000 may also include a memory 1006. The memory 1006 can store various data and instructions, such as programs and data for the operation of the electronic device 1000, various data generated by the processing circuit 1001, etc. The memory 1006 is drawn with dashed lines because it may be located inside the processing circuit 1001 or outside the electronic device 1000.

[0123] Figure 10A and 10B An electronic device for receiving the receiver according to the first embodiment and its communication method are illustrated respectively. Figure 10A A block diagram of a receiving electronic device 2000 is shown. Depending on the specific communication scenario, the electronic device 2000 can be implemented as a base station or a UE. The electronic device 2000 can perform signal transmission with the electronic device 1000 described above.

[0124] like Figure 10AAs shown, the electronic device 2000 includes a processing circuit 2001, which includes at least a receiving unit 2002 and a channel estimation unit 2003. The processing circuit 2001 can be configured to perform... Figure 10B The communication method shown.

[0125] The receiving unit 2002 of the processing circuit 2001 is configured to receive a pilot sequence from the transmitting end (i.e., perform...). Figure 10B (Step S2001 in the diagram). For each pair of constellation points with opposite numbers in the constellation diagram corresponding to the modulation scheme, the pilot sequence contains at least one of the constellation points. In one example, the pilot sequence can be viewed as one or more repetitions of a basic pilot sequence containing half of the constellation points of the constellation diagram.

[0126] The channel estimation unit 2003 is configured to perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point of the constellation diagram based on the received signal of the pilot sequence (i.e., perform...). Figure 10B (Step S2002 in the process). For each pair of constellation points with opposite numbers, the channel estimation unit 2003 may perform channel estimation only once to obtain the common channel parameters for this pair of constellation points. If the received pilots include a repeating fundamental pilot sequence, the channel estimation unit 2003 may improve the estimation accuracy by taking an average.

[0127] Optionally, the processing circuit 2001 may also include an indication receiving unit (not shown). The indication receiving unit can receive an indication about the pilot sequence, thereby knowing the content of the pilot sequence to be received next.

[0128] Electronic device 2000 may also include, for example, a communication unit 2005. Communication unit 2005 may be configured to communicate with a transmitting end (e.g., electronic device 1000 described above) under the control of processing circuitry 2001, such as terahertz communication. In one example, communication unit 2005 may be implemented as a transceiver, including communication components such as an antenna array and / or a radio frequency link. Communication unit 2005 is drawn with dashed lines because it may also be located outside electronic device 2000.

[0129] The electronic device 2000 may also include a memory 2006. The memory 2006 can store various data and instructions, such as programs and data for the operation of the electronic device 2000, various data generated by the processing circuit 2001, etc. The memory 2006 is drawn with dashed lines because it may be located inside the processing circuit 2001 or outside the electronic device 2000.

[0130] [Second Embodiment]

[0131] According to a second embodiment of this disclosure, a scenario is considered where there is compensation / pre-distortion for RF hardware mismatch at the transmitting end.

[0132] Although the transmitting end has the capability to compensate for RF hardware mismatches, residual distortion may still exist. The receiving end can also compensate for RF hardware mismatches through signal processing to eliminate signal distortion caused by hardware mismatches, but this may not eliminate residual distortion generated at the transmitting end. Furthermore, depending on channel quality, signals will suffer from some degree of channel noise during wireless transmission. Both residual distortion and channel noise in the received signal can affect signal demodulation.

[0133] In existing signal transmission systems, the impact of residual distortion and channel noise caused by RF hardware mismatch at the transmitting end on signal demodulation is unknown, making it impossible to optimize transmission effectively.

[0134] Therefore, the second embodiment of this disclosure provides a mechanism for optimizing transmission parameters using metrics that measure residual distortion and channel noise.

[0135] The following describes the signal model. For the transmitting end, with predistortion / compensation circuitry, its transmitted signal model can be expressed as follows:

[0136] s PA [n] = s[n] + wt[n]

[0137] in Residual distortion at the transmitting end can be modeled as AWGN.

[0138] At this time, the signal model received by the receiver is

[0139]

[0140] It can be further defined As the equivalent coefficients for channel coefficients and phase noise, and ignoring the influence of phase noise on the noise term, equation (3) above can be written as follows:

[0141]

[0142] in It is a useful signal item. It is a mirror interference item. It is the residual distortion term. "μw[n]+νw * [n]” is the channel noise term. It can be modeled as AWGN.

[0143] The receiver can compensate for the IQ imbalance according to the above formula (4), that is, take As the compensated signal, The compensation coefficient is used to express the compensated signal as follows:

[0144]

[0145] In Equation (5), the right-hand side represents the useful signal term, the residual distortion term, and the channel noise term, respectively.

[0146] The equivalent channel can be further defined based on the above formula.

[0147]

[0148] To estimate the compensation coefficient 'a' and the equivalent channel 'b', the transmitter can send a pilot sequence PS1 of length N. If the received signal y[n], the pilot sequence PS1, and the AWGN term are all written in N-dimensional column vector form, then we have

[0149]

[0150] By employing the maximum likelihood estimation method, the receiver can obtain estimates of a and b.

[0151]

[0152] in This represents a pseudo-inverse operation. In the joint estimation of a and b in this stage, since both parameters need to be estimated simultaneously, a relatively long pilot sequence PS1 is required to ensure estimation accuracy.

[0153] On the other hand, after the joint estimation of a and b, it is also necessary to track the changes in the equivalent channel b caused by phase noise (which is different from channel noise) in real time. However, since the compensation coefficient a is not affected by phase noise, only periodic updates to the estimate of b are needed in a short period of time. The transmitter can additionally send a pilot sequence PS2 of length P for updating b, and the update of the b estimate can be expressed as follows:

[0154]

[0155] Since only one parameter, b, needs to be estimated here, the corresponding pilot sequence length P can be a value smaller than N. Meanwhile, due to the strong time-varying nature of the phase noise, the insertion period of the pilot sequence PS2 used to track the phase noise (i.e., update b) is shorter than the insertion period of the pilot sequence PS1 used for joint estimation of a and b. For example, one PS2 is inserted for each transmission block, such as... Figure 11 As shown in the image.

[0156] In one example, pilot sequence PS1 can be carried by channel state information reference signal (cSI-RS), demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc., and pilot sequence PS2 can be carried by CSI-RS, DMRS, phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS), etc. According to the second embodiment, both pilot sequences PS1 and PS2 are constant modulus sequences.

[0157] As described above, during signal transmission, factors affecting communication performance include both channel noise and signal distortion caused by residual hardware mismatch at the transmitting end. Therefore, according to the second embodiment of this disclosure, the distortion-to-noise ratio (DNR) is defined as an indicator to measure the weight between the distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitting end and the channel noise component. For example, DNR can be defined as the ratio of residual distortion power to channel noise power in the received signal.

[0158] Based on the signal model above, a method for calculating DNR is presented.

[0159] The received residual distortion power can be expressed as Channel noise power can be expressed as right The estimate can be approximately given by the following formula.

[0160]

[0161] Furthermore, the total power of channel noise and residual distortion can be estimated as follows:

[0162]

[0163] The final estimate of DNR can be obtained from the following formula.

[0164]

[0165] In the above formula, s can be selected as the pilot signal PS1 used for joint estimation of a and b to improve the accuracy of DNR estimation. Although the above illustrates one method for estimating DNR, this disclosure is not limited thereto. Various methods can be used to estimate DNR, as long as they can measure the relative strength of residual distortion and channel noise.

[0166] The receiver can feed back the estimated DNR to the transmitter. Depending on the pre-configuration, the receiver can encode the DNR into a binary indicator. When the estimated DNR is low (e.g., below a certain threshold, such as DNR≤1), it only needs to feed back a low DNR indicator, such as bit "0". When the estimated DNR is high (e.g., above a certain threshold, such as DNR>1), it can feed back a high DNR indicator, such as bit "1".

[0167] Alternatively, the receiver can quantize the DNR into a series of discrete values ​​to provide more accurate feedback on the DNR.

[0168] Furthermore, simulations have verified that in the illustrated DNR calculation method, the DNR estimation error is larger when the DNR is low, and smaller when the DNR is high. Therefore, the receiver can also represent the DNR as 0 when it is below a certain threshold (e.g., DNR≤1), and represent it as a specific quantized value when the DNR is above a certain threshold (e.g., DNR>1).

[0169] The transmitter can adjust transmission parameters to improve communication performance, at least based on the DNR feedback from the receiver. Specifically, a high DNR indicates that signal distortion caused by RF hardware mismatch at the transmitter is dominant. In this case, increasing the transmit power will not improve communication performance, but the probability of false decisions can be reduced by decreasing the modulation order or coding efficiency, or residual distortion can be reduced by recalibrating the transmitter's compensation. A low DNR indicates that channel noise is dominant. In this case, in addition to decreasing the modulation order or coding efficiency, increasing the transmit power can improve system performance.

[0170] In addition to the DNR from the receiver, the transmitter can also take channel quality into account. For example, when the channel quality is good, the transmitter may not need to adjust the transmission parameters because the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal may be sufficient to support demodulation. However, when the channel quality is poor, the transmitter needs to adjust and optimize the transmission parameters with reference to the DNR, such as reducing the modulation order or coding efficiency.

[0171] Next, refer to Figure 12 This describes a signaling flowchart based on DNR adjustment of transmission parameters according to the second embodiment.

[0172] like Figure 12 As shown, firstly, in S11, the transmitting end sends a measurement request to the receiving end to request the receiving end to measure the DNR. Subsequently, in S12, the transmitting end sends a pilot signal to the receiving end. For estimation accuracy, this pilot signal includes a relatively long pilot sequence. Optionally, this pilot signal can also be used simultaneously to estimate channel quality.

[0173] In S13, in response to receiving a request to measure DNR, the receiver estimates DNR based on the received pilot signal, for example, using the DNR estimation method described above. Optionally, the receiver may also estimate channel quality based on the pilot signal to obtain, for example, a channel quality indication (CQI).

[0174] In S14, the receiver feeds back the estimated DNR and optional CQI to the transmitter, while in S15, the transmitter adjusts transmission parameters, such as modulation order, coding efficiency, and transmit power, based on the DNR and / or CQI. The transmitter can then use the adjusted transmission parameters to transmit data to achieve signal transmission, for example, in the terahertz band.

[0175] This disclosure verifies the performance of the signal transmission method according to the second embodiment through simulation.

[0176] First, consider the performance of joint estimation. Use the IQ imbalance parameter ∈ T =∈ R =0.1, φ T =φ R =2°, phase noise parameter The residual hardware mismatch parameter σ at the transmitting end t =0.1. The simulation of the mean square error (MSE) of the joint estimate of a and b is as follows: Figure 13A As shown, the estimation accuracy is significantly improved with the increase of the pilot sequence length. The transmitter can determine the appropriate pilot length according to the channel quality to ensure the estimation accuracy.

[0177] Furthermore, the estimated compensation coefficients are used. Compensation for I / Q imbalance at the receiver is performed, and the image rejection ratio (IRR) after compensation is simulated. IRR is defined as the ratio of the power of the useful data signal to the power of the image interference. The simulation results of IRR are as follows: Figure 13B As shown in the figure, it can be seen that increasing the pilot sequence length can improve the response to... The estimation accuracy is improved, and the IRR will also increase accordingly. With changes in signal-to-noise ratio and pilot length, the compensated IRR can provide a gain of 10-30 dB compared to the uncompensated IRR.

[0178] Next, considering the MSE update of the equivalent channel b during the phase tracking stage, the simulation results are as follows: Figure 13C As shown, the MSE estimated by the equivalent b remains stable as the transport block index changes, and still decreases as the pilot length increases.

[0179] Finally, the simulation of the normalized MSE (NMSE) of the DNR estimate is as follows: Figure 13D As shown in the diagram, the estimation accuracy is higher when the DNR is higher, and lower when the DNR is lower. Therefore, a feedback threshold (e.g., 1 dB) can be set as described above. When the estimated DNR is lower than this feedback threshold, a low DNR indication is fed back to the transmitter, and when the estimated DNR is higher than this feedback threshold, a high DNR indication or a specific DNR quantization value is fed back to the transmitter.

[0180] The electronic device and communication method according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure will now be described.

[0181] Figure 14A and 14B An electronic device for transmitting the device according to the second embodiment and its communication method are illustrated respectively. Figure 14A A block diagram of an electronic device 3000 at the transmitting end is shown. Depending on the specific communication scenario, the electronic device 3000 can be implemented as a base station or a UE. The electronic device 3000 can perform signal transmission to the electronic device 4000 described below.

[0182] like Figure 14A As shown, the electronic device 3000 includes a processing circuit 3001, which includes at least a pilot sequence transmitting unit 3002, a receiving unit 3003, and an adjustment unit 3004. The processing circuit 3001 can be configured to perform... Figure 14B The communication method shown.

[0183] The pilot sequence transmitting unit 3002 of the processing circuit 3001 is configured to transmit a pilot sequence for estimating DNR to the receiving end (i.e., perform...). Figure 14B (Step S3001 in the process). The pilot sequence can be transmitted using a reference signal such as CSI-RS or DMRS, and preferably has a relatively long length. In addition, the pilot sequence transmitting unit 3002 can also transmit a pilot sequence for phase tracking, which can be shorter in length than the pilot sequence for estimating DNR, but its period can be even shorter.

[0184] The receiving unit 3003 is configured to receive information about the DNR from the receiving end, wherein the DNR indicates the ratio between the distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitting end and the channel noise component in the received signal of the pilot sequence (i.e., the ratio of the distortion component to the channel noise component). Figure 14B (Step S3002 in the process). DNR can be a binary indicator indicating high or low, a quantization value, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the receiving unit 3003 can also receive a channel quality indicator (CQI) fed back by the receiving end, which is estimated by the receiving end based on the received signal of the pilot sequence transmitted by the pilot sequence transmitting unit 3002.

[0185] The adjustment unit 3004 is configured to adjust the transmission parameters used to send data signals to the receiving end based on the received DNR (i.e., perform...). Figure 14B(Step S3003 in the example). In one example, when the DNR is low, the adjustment unit 3004 increases the transmit power, decreases the modulation order, or decreases the coding efficiency; when the DNR is high, the adjustment unit 3004 can decrease the modulation order or decrease the coding efficiency. In another example, the adjustment unit 3004 can also perform the adjustment of transmission parameters only when the channel quality is poor.

[0186] Electronic device 3000 may also include, for example, a communication unit 3005. Communication unit 3005 may be configured to communicate with a receiving end (e.g., electronic device 4000 described below) under the control of processing circuitry 3001, such as terahertz communication. In one example, communication unit 3005 may be implemented as a transceiver, including communication components such as an antenna array and / or a radio frequency link. Communication unit 3005 is drawn with dashed lines because it may also be located outside electronic device 3000.

[0187] The electronic device 3000 may also include a memory 3006. The memory 3006 can store various data and instructions, such as programs and data for the operation of the electronic device 3000, various data generated by the processing circuit 3001, etc. The memory 3006 is drawn with dashed lines because it may be located inside the processing circuit 3001 or outside the electronic device 3000.

[0188] Figure 15A and 15B An electronic device for receiving the receiver and its communication method according to the second embodiment are illustrated respectively. Figure 15A A block diagram of an electronic device 4000 as a receiver according to this disclosure is illustrated. Depending on the specific communication scenario, the electronic device 4000 can be implemented as a base station or a UE. The electronic device 4000 can perform signal transmission with the electronic device 3000 described above.

[0189] like Figure 15A As shown, the electronic device 4000 includes a processing circuit 4001, which includes at least a pilot sequence receiving unit 4002, an estimation unit 4003, and a feedback unit 4004. The processing circuit 4001 can be configured to perform... Figure 15B The communication method shown.

[0190] The pilot sequence receiving unit 4002 of the processing circuit 4001 is configured to receive a pilot sequence from the transmitting end (i.e., perform...). Figure 15B (Step S4001 in the example). In one example, the pilot sequence receiving unit 4002 receives a pilot sequence in response to a measurement request from the transmitting end. The pilot sequence may be carried by CSI-RS or DMRS, etc.

[0191] The estimation unit 4003 is configured to estimate the DNR (i.e., perform) based on the received signal from the pilot sequence. Figure 15B (Step S4002 in the process). Additionally, the estimation unit 4003 can also estimate the channel quality based on the received signal of the pilot sequence.

[0192] Feedback unit 4004 is configured to feed back information about DNR to the transmitter (i.e., perform...). Figure 15B Step S4003 in the process allows the transmitter to adjust transmission parameters. The DNR can be encoded in various forms, such as a binary indicator indicating high or low, a specific quantization value, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the feedback unit 4004 can feed back the CQI, which indicates channel quality, along with the DNR to the transmitter.

[0193] Electronic device 4000 may also include, for example, a communication unit 4005. Communication unit 4005 may be configured to communicate with a transmitting end (e.g., electronic device 3000 described above) under the control of processing circuitry 4001, such as terahertz communication. In one example, communication unit 4005 may be implemented as a transceiver, including communication components such as an antenna array and / or a radio frequency link. Communication unit 4005 is drawn with dashed lines because it may also be located outside electronic device 4000.

[0194] The electronic device 4000 may also include a memory 4006. The memory 4006 can store various data and instructions, such as programs and data for the operation of the electronic device 4000, various data generated by the processing circuit 4001, etc. The memory 4006 is drawn with dashed lines because it may be located inside the processing circuit 4001 or outside the electronic device 4000.

[0195] It should be understood that the various units of the electronic devices 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 described in the above embodiments are merely logical modules divided according to their specific functions, and are not intended to limit the specific implementation methods. In actual implementation, the above units can be implemented as independent physical entities, or they can be implemented by a single entity (e.g., a processor (CPU or DSP, etc.), integrated circuit, etc.).

[0196] Processing circuits 1001, 2001, 3001, and 4001 can refer to various implementations of digital circuit systems, analog circuit systems, or mixed-signal (a combination of analog and digital signals) circuit systems that perform functions in a computing system. Processing circuits can include, for example, circuits such as integrated circuits (ICs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), portions or circuits of a single processor core, an entire processor core, a single processor, programmable hardware devices such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and / or systems comprising multiple processors.

[0197] Furthermore, the memories 1006, 2006, 3006, and 4006 can be volatile memories and / or non-volatile memories. For example, the memories can include, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), and flash memory.

[0198] [Exemplary Implementation of this Disclosure]

[0199] Based on the embodiments of this disclosure, various implementations of the concepts of this disclosure are conceivable, including but not limited to:

[0200] 1) An electronic device for transmitting, comprising: a processing circuit configured to: generate a pilot sequence based on a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme, such that for each pair of opposite constellation points in the constellation diagram, the pilot sequence includes at least one constellation point; and transmit the pilot sequence to a receiving end for the receiving end to perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram.

[0201] 2) The electronic device as described in 1), wherein generating the pilot sequence includes: generating a basic pilot sequence, wherein for each pair of constellation points with opposite numbers in the constellation diagram, the basic pilot sequence contains only one constellation point; and generating the pilot sequence by repeating the basic pilot sequence one or more times in a predetermined repetition manner.

[0202] 3) The electronic device as described in 2) further comprises the processing circuit being configured to: indicate the pilot sequence to the receiving end before transmitting the pilot sequence.

[0203] 4) The electronic device as described in 3), wherein, when the basic pilot sequence and its repetition mode have been pre-configured for the receiving end, the receiving end is instructed that the pilot sequence includes sending information about the number of repetitions of the basic pilot sequence.

[0204] 5) The electronic device as described in 1), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: modulate the data signal using the modulation method; and send the modulated data signal to the receiving end.

[0205] 6) The electronic device as described in 5) further comprises the processing circuit being configured to transmit a modulated data signal to the receiving end using the terahertz frequency band.

[0206] 7) An electronic device for receiving end, comprising: processing circuitry configured to: receive a pilot sequence from a transmitting end, wherein for each pair of opposite constellation points in a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme, the pilot sequence includes at least one constellation point; and perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram based on the received signal of the pilot sequence.

[0207] 8) The electronic device as described in 7), wherein the pilot sequence comprises a basic pilot sequence repeated once or more in a predetermined repetition manner, wherein for each pair of opposite constellation points in the constellation diagram, the basic pilot sequence contains only one constellation point.

[0208] 9) The electronic device as described in 8) further wherein the processing circuit is configured to receive an indication of the pilot sequence from a transmitting end before receiving the pilot sequence.

[0209] 10) The electronic device as described in 9), wherein, when the basic pilot sequence and its repetition pattern have been pre-configured to the receiving end, receiving an indication of the pilot sequence includes receiving information about the number of repetitions of the basic pilot sequence.

[0210] 11) The electronic device as described in 7), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: receive a data signal modulated using the modulation method from the transmitting end; and demodulate the data signal based on the result of channel estimation.

[0211] 12) The electronic device as described in 11), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to receive the data signal using a terahertz frequency band.

[0212] 13) The electronic device as described in 11), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to demodulate the data signal using a minimum distance criterion based on the channel estimation result, without channel equalization.

[0213] 14) An electronic device for transmitting, comprising: processing circuitry configured to: transmit a pilot sequence to a receiver; receive information from the receiver regarding a distortion-to-noise ratio (DNR), the DNR indicating the ratio between a distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitting end and a channel noise component in a received signal of the pilot sequence; and adjust transmission parameters for transmitting a data signal to the receiver, at least based on the DNR.

[0214] 15) The electronic device as described in 14), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to send a measurement request for the DNR to the receiving end before transmitting the pilot sequence.

[0215] 16) An electronic device as described in 14), wherein the information regarding DNR includes at least one of the following: a binary indication of whether the DNR is high or low, and a quantized value of the DNR.

[0216] 17) The electronic device as described in 14), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: when the DNR is lower than a predetermined threshold, adjust the transmission parameters including at least one of increasing the transmit power, decreasing the modulation order, and decreasing the coding efficiency; when the DNR is higher than the predetermined threshold, adjust the transmission parameters including at least one of decreasing the modulation order and decreasing the coding efficiency.

[0217] 18) The electronic device as described in 14), wherein the pilot sequence is a first pilot sequence, and the processing circuit is further configured to: transmit a second pilot sequence for phase tracking, wherein the length of the first pilot sequence is greater than that of the second pilot sequence.

[0218] 19) The electronic device as described in 14) further wherein the processing circuit is configured to transmit a data signal in the terahertz band using adjusted transmission parameters.

[0219] 20) An electronic device for receiving end, comprising: a processing circuit configured to: receive a pilot sequence from a transmitting end; estimate a distortion-to-noise ratio (DNR) based on a received signal of the pilot sequence, the DNR indicating the ratio between a distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitting end and a channel noise component in the received signal of the pilot sequence; and feed back information about the DNR to the transmitting end.

[0220] 21) The electronic device as described in 20), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: receive a measurement request for the DNR from a transmitting end; and estimate the DNR in response to the measurement request.

[0221] 22) The electronic device as described in 20), wherein the information regarding DNR includes at least one of the following: a binary indication of whether the DNR is high or low, and a quantized value of the DNR.

[0222] 23) The electronic device as described in 20), wherein the pilot sequence is a first pilot sequence, and the processing circuit is further configured to receive a second pilot sequence for phase tracking, wherein the length of the first pilot sequence is greater than that of the second pilot sequence.

[0223] 24) The electronic device as described in 20), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: estimate the channel quality based on the received signal of the pilot sequence; and feed back the information about the channel quality together with the information about the DNR to the transmitting end.

[0224] 25) The electronic device as described in 20), wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: perform a joint estimation of the channel coefficient and the compensation coefficient for hardware mismatch at the receiving end based on the received signal of the pilot sequence.

[0225] 26) A communication method, comprising: generating a pilot sequence based on a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme, such that for each pair of constellation points in the constellation diagram that are opposite numbers to each other, the pilot sequence includes at least one constellation point; and transmitting the pilot sequence to a receiving end for the receiving end to perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram.

[0226] 27) A communication method, comprising: receiving a pilot sequence from a transmitter, wherein for each pair of opposite constellation points in a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme, the pilot sequence includes at least one constellation point; and performing channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram based on a received signal of the pilot sequence.

[0227] 28) A communication method comprising: transmitting a pilot sequence to a receiver; receiving information from the receiver regarding a distortion-to-noise ratio (DNR), the DNR indicating the ratio between a distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitter and a channel noise component in a received signal of the pilot sequence; and adjusting transmission parameters for transmitting a data signal to the receiver, at least based on the DNR.

[0228] 29) A communication method, comprising: receiving a pilot sequence from a transmitter; estimating a distortion-to-noise ratio (DNR) based on a received signal of the pilot sequence, the DNR indicating the ratio between a distortion component caused by hardware mismatch at the transmitter and a channel noise component in the received signal of the pilot sequence; and feeding back information about the DNR to the transmitter.

[0229] 30) A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing executable instructions, which, when executed, implement the communication method as described in any one of 26)-29).

[0230] [Application Examples of this Disclosure]

[0231] The technology described in this disclosure can be applied to a variety of products.

[0232] For example, electronic devices 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 according to embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented as various base stations or installed in base stations, or implemented as various user equipment or installed in various user equipment.

[0233] The communication methods according to embodiments of this disclosure can be implemented by various base stations or user equipment; the methods and operations according to embodiments of this disclosure can be embodied as computer-executable instructions, stored in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, and can be executed by various base stations or user equipment to achieve one or more of the functions described above.

[0234] The techniques according to embodiments of this disclosure can be used to create various computer program products that can be used in various base stations or user equipment to achieve one or more of the functions described above.

[0235] The base station described in this disclosure can be implemented as any type of base station, preferably such as macro gNB and ng-eNB as defined in the 3GPP 5G NR standard. A gNB can be a gNB covering a cell smaller than a macro cell, such as a pico gNB, micro gNB, and femtocell gNB. Alternatively, the base station can be implemented as any other type of base station, such as a NodeB, eNodeB, and Base Transceiver Station (BTS). The base station may also include: a main body configured to control wireless communication and one or more remote radio heads (RRHs), wireless relay stations, drone towers, control nodes in automated factories, etc., located at locations different from the main body.

[0236] User equipment can be implemented as a mobile terminal (such as a smartphone, tablet PC, laptop PC, portable gaming terminal, portable / dongle-type mobile router, and digital camera device) or an in-vehicle terminal (such as a car navigation device). User equipment can also be implemented as a terminal performing machine-to-machine (M2M) communication (also known as a machine-type communication (MTC) terminal), a drone, a sensor and actuator in an automated factory, etc. Furthermore, user equipment can be a wireless communication module (such as an integrated circuit module comprising a single chip) installed on each of the aforementioned terminals.

[0237] The following is a brief introduction to examples of base stations and user equipment to which the technologies disclosed herein can be applied.

[0238] It should be understood that the term "base station" as used in this disclosure has the full breadth of its usual meaning and includes at least a wireless communication station used as part of a wireless communication system or radio system to facilitate communication. Examples of base stations may include, but are not limited to, the following: one or both of a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and a Base Station Controller (BSC) in a GSM communication system; one or both of a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and a NodeB in a 3G communication system; an eNB in ​​4G LTE and LTE-A systems; and gNB and ng-eNB in ​​5G communication systems. In D2D, M2M, and V2V communication scenarios, a logical entity that has control functions over communication may also be referred to as a base station. In cognitive radio communication scenarios, a logical entity that plays a role in spectrum coordination may also be referred to as a base station. In automated factories, a logical entity that provides network control functions may be referred to as a base station.

[0239] First application example of base stations

[0240] Figure 16 This is a block diagram illustrating a first example of a schematic configuration of a base station to which the technologies of this disclosure can be applied. Figure 16 In this implementation, the base station can be a gNB 1400. The gNB 1400 includes multiple antennas 1410 and a base station device 1420. The base station device 1420 and each antenna 1410 can be connected to each other via RF cables. In one implementation, the gNB 1400 (or base station device 1420) here can correspond to any of the aforementioned electronic devices 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000.

[0241] Antenna 1410 includes multiple antenna elements, such as multiple antenna arrays for massive MIMO. Antenna 1410 can, for example, be arranged as an antenna array matrix and used by base station equipment 1420 to transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, multiple antennas 1410 can be compatible with multiple frequency bands used by gNB 1400.

[0242] The base station equipment 1420 includes a controller 1421, a memory 1422, a network interface 1423, and a wireless communication interface 1425.

[0243] The controller 1421 can be, for example, a CPU or a DSP, and operates various higher-level functions of the base station device 1420. For example, the controller 1421 may include any one of the processing circuits 1001, 2001, 3001, and 4001 described above, performing... Figure 9B , 10BThe communication methods described in 14B or 15B, or the various components of control electronic devices 1000, 2000, 3000, or 4000. For example, controller 1421 generates data packets based on data in signals processed by wireless communication interface 1425, and transmits the generated packets via network interface 1423. Controller 1421 can bundle data from multiple baseband processors to generate bundled packets and transmit the generated bundled packets. Controller 1421 may have logical functions for performing controls such as radio resource control, radio bearer control, mobility management, admission control, and scheduling. This control can be performed in conjunction with nearby gNBs or core network nodes. Memory 1422 includes RAM and ROM, and stores programs executed by controller 1421 and various types of control data (such as terminal lists, transmission power data, and scheduling data).

[0244] Network interface 1423 is a communication interface for connecting base station equipment 1420 to core network 1424 (e.g., a 5G core network). Controller 1421 can communicate with core network nodes or other gNBs via network interface 1423. In this case, gNB 1400 and core network nodes or other gNBs can be connected to each other via logical interfaces (such as NG and Xn interfaces). Network interface 1423 can also be a wired communication interface or a wireless communication interface for wireless backhaul. If network interface 1423 is a wireless communication interface, it can use a higher frequency band for wireless communication compared to the frequency band used by wireless communication interface 1425.

[0245] Wireless communication interface 1425 supports any cellular communication scheme (such as 5G NR) and provides wireless connectivity to terminals located in the cell of gNB 1400 via antenna 1410. Wireless communication interface 1425 typically includes, for example, a baseband (BB) processor 1426 and RF circuitry 1427. BB processor 1426 can perform, for example, encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, and multiplexing / demultiplexing, and performs various types of signal processing at each layer (e.g., physical layer, MAC layer, RLC layer, PDCP layer, SDAP layer). Instead of controller 1421, BB processor 1426 may have some or all of the above-described logical functions. BB processor 1426 may be a memory storing communication control programs, or a module including a processor and associated circuitry configured to execute programs. Update programs can change the functionality of BB processor 1426. The module may be a card or blade inserted into a slot in base station equipment 1420. Alternatively, the module may be a chip mounted on a card or blade. Meanwhile, the RF circuit 1427 may include, for example, a mixer, a filter, and an amplifier, and transmits and receives wireless signals via the antenna 1410. Although Figure 16An example of an RF circuit 1427 connected to an antenna 1410 is shown, but this disclosure is not limited to the illustration, and an RF circuit 1427 can be connected to multiple antennas 1410 simultaneously.

[0246] like Figure 16 As shown, the wireless communication interface 1425 may include multiple BB processors 1426. For example, the multiple BB processors 1426 may be compatible with multiple frequency bands used by the gNB 1400. Figure 16 As shown, the wireless communication interface 1425 may include multiple RF circuits 1427. For example, the multiple RF circuits 1427 may be compatible with multiple antenna elements. Although Figure 16 An example is shown in which the wireless communication interface 1425 includes multiple BB processors 1426 and multiple RF circuits 1427, but the wireless communication interface 1425 may also include a single BB processor 1426 or a single RF circuit 1427.

[0247] exist Figure 16 In the gNB 1400 shown, one or more units (e.g., transmitting unit 1003, receiving unit 2002, receiving unit 3003, etc.) included in the processing circuitry 1001, 2001, 3001, or 4001 may be implemented in the wireless communication interface 1425. Alternatively, at least a portion of these components may be implemented in the controller 1421. For example, the gNB 1400 may include a portion (e.g., BB processor 1426) or the entirety of the wireless communication interface 1425, and / or a module including the controller 1421, and one or more components may be implemented in the module. In this case, the module may store and execute a program that allows the processor to function as one or more components (in other words, a program that allows the processor to perform the operation of one or more components). As another example, a program that allows the processor to function as one or more components may be installed in the gNB 1400, and the wireless communication interface 1425 (e.g., BB processor 1426) and / or the controller 1421 may execute the program. As described above, the gNB 1400, base station equipment 1420, or module may be provided as an apparatus comprising one or more components, and a program for allowing the processor to function as one or more components may be provided. Additionally, a readable medium in which the program is recorded may be provided.

[0248] Second application example of base stations

[0249] Figure 17 This is a block diagram illustrating a second example of a schematic configuration of a base station to which the techniques of this disclosure can be applied. Figure 17In the diagram, the base station is shown as gNB 1530. gNB 1530 includes multiple antennas 1540, base station equipment 1550, and RRH 1560. RRH 1560 and each antenna 1540 can be connected to each other via RF cables. Base station equipment 1550 and RRH 1560 can be connected to each other via high-speed lines such as fiber optic cables. In one implementation, gNB 1530 (or base station equipment 1550) here may correspond to any of the aforementioned electronic devices 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000.

[0250] Antenna 1540 includes multiple antenna elements, such as multiple antenna arrays for massive MIMO. Antenna 1540 can, for example, be arranged as an antenna array matrix and used by base station equipment 1550 to transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, multiple antennas 1540 can be compatible with multiple frequency bands used by gNB 1530.

[0251] Base station equipment 1550 includes a controller 1551, a memory 1552, a network interface 1553, a wireless communication interface 1555, and a connection interface 1557. The controller 1551, memory 1552, and network interface 1553 are related to a reference... Figure 16 The controller 1421, memory 1422 and network interface 1423 described are the same.

[0252] The wireless communication interface 1555 supports any cellular communication scheme (such as 5G NR) and provides wireless communication to terminals located in the sector corresponding to RRH 1560 via RRH 1560 and antenna 1540. The wireless communication interface 1555 may typically include, for example, a BB processor 1556. In addition to the BB processor 1556 being connected to the RF circuitry 1564 of RRH 1560 via connection interface 1557, the BB processor 1556 is connected to the reference... Figure 16 The BB processor 1426 is described as identical. Figure 17 As shown, the wireless communication interface 1555 may include multiple BB processors 1556. For example, the multiple BB processors 1556 may be compatible with multiple frequency bands used by the gNB 1530. Although Figure 17 An example is shown in which the wireless communication interface 1555 includes multiple BB processors 1556, but the wireless communication interface 1555 may also include a single BB processor 1556.

[0253] Connection interface 1557 is an interface for connecting base station device 1550 (wireless communication interface 1555) to RRH 1560. Connection interface 1557 may also be a communication module for communication in the aforementioned high-speed line connecting base station device 1550 (wireless communication interface 1555) to RRH 1560.

[0254] The RRH 1560 includes a connectivity interface 1561 and a wireless communication interface 1563.

[0255] Connection interface 1561 is an interface for connecting RRH 1560 (wireless communication interface 1563) to base station equipment 1550. Connection interface 1561 can also be a communication module for communication in the aforementioned high-speed line.

[0256] Wireless communication interface 1563 transmits and receives wireless signals via antenna 1540. Wireless communication interface 1563 typically includes, for example, RF circuitry 1564. RF circuitry 1564 may include, for example, a mixer, filter, and amplifier, and transmits and receives wireless signals via antenna 1540. Although Figure 17 An example of an RF circuit 1564 connected to an antenna 1540 is shown, but this disclosure is not limited to the illustration, and an RF circuit 1564 can be connected to multiple antennas 1540 simultaneously.

[0257] like Figure 17 As shown, the wireless communication interface 1563 may include multiple RF circuits 1564. For example, the multiple RF circuits 1564 may support multiple antenna elements. Although Figure 17 An example is shown in which the wireless communication interface 1563 includes multiple RF circuits 1564, but the wireless communication interface 1563 may also include a single RF circuit 1564.

[0258] exist Figure 17In the gNB 1500 shown, one or more units (e.g., transmitting unit 1003, receiving unit 2002, receiving unit 3003, etc.) included in processing circuitry 1001, 2001, 3001, or 4001 may be implemented in the wireless communication interface 1525. Alternatively, at least a portion of these components may be implemented in the controller 1521. For example, the gNB 1500 may include a portion (e.g., BB processor 1526) or the entirety of the wireless communication interface 1525, and / or a module including the controller 1521, and one or more components may be implemented in the module. In this case, the module may store and execute a program that allows the processor to function as one or more components (in other words, a program that allows the processor to perform the operation of one or more components). As another example, a program that allows the processor to function as one or more components may be installed in the gNB 1500, and the wireless communication interface 1525 (e.g., BB processor 1526) and / or the controller 1521 may execute the program. As described above, the gNB 1500, base station equipment 1520, or module may be provided as an apparatus comprising one or more components, and a program for allowing the processor to function as one or more components may be provided. Additionally, a readable medium in which the program is recorded may be provided.

[0259] First application example of user equipment

[0260] Figure 18 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a smartphone 1600 to which the technologies of this disclosure can be applied. In one example, the smartphone 1600 can be implemented as any of electronic devices 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000.

[0261] The smartphone 1600 includes a processor 1601, a memory 1602, a storage device 1603, an external connection interface 1604, a camera device 1606, a sensor 1607, a microphone 1608, an input device 1609, a display device 1610, a speaker 1611, a wireless communication interface 1612, one or more antenna switches 1615, one or more antennas 1616, a bus 1617, a battery 1618, and an auxiliary controller 1619.

[0262] Processor 1601 may be, for example, a CPU or a System-on-a-Chip (SoC), and controls the application layer and additional layer functions of smartphone 1600. Processor 1601 may include or act as any of the processing circuitry 1001, 2001, 3001, 4001 described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Memory 1602 includes RAM and ROM, and stores data and programs executed by processor 1601. Storage device 1603 may include storage media such as semiconductor memory and hard disk. External connection interface 1604 is an interface for connecting external devices, such as memory cards and Universal Serial Bus (USB) devices, to smartphone 1600.

[0263] The camera device 1606 includes an image sensor (such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)) and generates captured images. The sensor 1607 may include a set of sensors, such as a measurement sensor, a gyroscope sensor, a magnetometer sensor, and an accelerometer sensor. The microphone 1608 converts sound input to the smartphone 1600 into an audio signal. The input device 1609 includes, for example, a touch sensor, keypad, keyboard, buttons, or switches configured to detect touches on the screen of the display device 1610 and receive operations or information input from the user. The display device 1610 includes a screen (such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) and an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display) and displays the output image of the smartphone 1600. The speaker 1611 converts the audio signal output from the smartphone 1600 into sound.

[0264] The wireless communication interface 1612 supports any cellular communication scheme (such as 4G LTE or 5G NR, etc.) and performs wireless communication. The wireless communication interface 1612 typically includes, for example, a BB processor 1613 and RF circuitry 1614. The BB processor 1613 can perform, for example, encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, and multiplexing / demultiplexing, and performs various types of signal processing for wireless communication. Meanwhile, the RF circuitry 1614 can include, for example, a mixer, filters, and amplifiers, and transmits and receives wireless signals via antenna 1616. The wireless communication interface 1612 can be a single chip module on which the BB processor 1613 and RF circuitry 1614 are integrated. Figure 18 As shown, the wireless communication interface 1612 may include multiple BB processors 1613 and multiple RF circuits 1614. Although Figure 18 An example is shown in which the wireless communication interface 1612 includes multiple BB processors 1613 and multiple RF circuits 1614, but the wireless communication interface 1612 may also include a single BB processor 1613 or a single RF circuit 1614.

[0265] In addition to cellular communication schemes, wireless communication interface 1612 can support other types of wireless communication schemes, such as short-range wireless communication schemes, near-field communication schemes, and wireless local area network (LAN) schemes. In this case, wireless communication interface 1612 may include a BB processor 1613 and RF circuitry 1614 for each wireless communication scheme.

[0266] Each of the antenna switches 1615 switches the connection destination of the antenna 1616 among multiple circuits (e.g., circuits for different wireless communication schemes) included in the wireless communication interface 1612.

[0267] Antenna 1616 includes multiple antenna elements, such as multiple antenna arrays for massive MIMO. Antenna 1616 may, for example, be arranged as an antenna array matrix and used for transmitting and receiving wireless signals through wireless communication interface 1612. Smartphone 1600 may include one or more antenna panels (not shown).

[0268] Furthermore, the smartphone 1600 may include an antenna 1616 for each wireless communication scheme. In this case, the antenna switch 1615 can be omitted from the configuration of the smartphone 1600.

[0269] Bus 1617 connects processor 1601, memory 1602, storage device 1603, external connection interface 1604, camera device 1606, sensor 1607, microphone 1608, input device 1609, display device 1610, speaker 1611, wireless communication interface 1612, and auxiliary controller 1619 to each other. Battery 1618 supplies power to... Figure 18 The various blocks of the smartphone 1600 shown are powered, and the feeders are partially shown as dashed lines in the figure. The auxiliary controller 1619 operates the minimum necessary functions of the smartphone 1600, for example, in sleep mode.

[0270] exist Figure 18In the smartphone 1600 shown, one or more units (e.g., transmitting unit 1003, receiving unit 2002, receiving unit 3003, etc.) included in the processing circuitry 1001, 2001, 3001, or 4001 may be implemented in the wireless communication interface 1612. Alternatively, at least a portion of these components may be implemented in the processor 1601 or the auxiliary controller 1619. As an example, the smartphone 1600 includes a portion (e.g., BB processor 1613) or the entirety of the wireless communication interface 1612, and / or a module including the processor 1601 and / or the auxiliary controller 1619, and one or more components may be implemented in the module. In this case, the module may store and execute a program that allows the processor to perform the functions of one or more components (in other words, a program that allows the processor to perform the operations of one or more components). As another example, a program for allowing the processor to function as one or more components may be installed in the smartphone 1600, and the wireless communication interface 1612 (e.g., BB processor 1613), processor 1601, and / or auxiliary controller 1619 may execute the program. As described above, the smartphone 1600 or module may be provided as an apparatus including one or more components, and a program for allowing the processor to function as one or more components may be provided. Additionally, a readable medium in which the program is recorded may be provided.

[0271] Second application example of user equipment

[0272] Figure 19 This is a block diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a car navigation device 1720 to which the techniques of this disclosure can be applied. The car navigation device 1720 includes a processor 1721, a memory 1722, a Global Positioning System (GPS) module 1724, a sensor 1725, a data interface 1726, a content player 1727, a storage medium interface 1728, an input device 1729, a display device 1730, a speaker 1731, a wireless communication interface 1733, one or more antenna switches 1736, one or more antennas 1737, and a battery 1738. In one example, the car navigation device 1720 can be implemented as any of the electronic devices 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 described in this disclosure.

[0273] The processor 1721 can be, for example, a CPU or a SoC, and controls the navigation functions and other functions of the car navigation device 1720. The memory 1722 includes RAM and ROM, and stores data and programs executed by the processor 1721.

[0274] GPS module 1724 uses GPS signals received from GPS satellites to measure the location (such as latitude, longitude, and altitude) of car navigation device 1720. Sensor 1725 may include a set of sensors, such as a gyroscope sensor, a geomagnetic sensor, and an air pressure sensor. Data interface 1726 is connected to, for example, an in-vehicle network 1741 via a terminal not shown, and acquires data generated by the vehicle (such as vehicle speed data).

[0275] Content player 1727 reproduces content stored on storage media (such as CDs and DVDs), which is inserted into storage media interface 1728. Input device 1729 includes, for example, a touch sensor, button, or switch configured to detect touch on the screen of display device 1730, and receives operations or information input from the user. Display device 1730 includes a screen such as an LCD or OLED display and displays images or reproduced content for navigation functions. Speaker 1731 outputs sound for navigation functions or reproduced content.

[0276] The wireless communication interface 1733 supports any cellular communication scheme (such as 4G LTE or 5G NR) and performs wireless communication. The wireless communication interface 1733 typically includes, for example, a BB processor 1734 and RF circuitry 1735. The BB processor 1734 can perform, for example, encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, and multiplexing / demultiplexing, and performs various types of signal processing for wireless communication. Meanwhile, the RF circuitry 1735 can include, for example, a mixer, filter, and amplifier, and transmits and receives wireless signals via antenna 1737. The wireless communication interface 1733 can also be a chip module on which the BB processor 1734 and RF circuitry 1735 are integrated. Figure 19 As shown, the wireless communication interface 1733 may include multiple BB processors 1734 and multiple RF circuits 1735. Although Figure 19 An example is shown in which the wireless communication interface 1733 includes multiple BB processors 1734 and multiple RF circuits 1735, but the wireless communication interface 1733 may also include a single BB processor 1734 or a single RF circuit 1735.

[0277] In addition to cellular communication schemes, the wireless communication interface 1733 can support other types of wireless communication schemes, such as short-range wireless communication schemes, near-field communication schemes, and wireless LAN schemes. In this case, for each wireless communication scheme, the wireless communication interface 1733 may include a BB processor 1734 and an RF circuit 1735.

[0278] Each of the antenna switches 1736 switches the connection destination of the antenna 1737 among multiple circuits (such as circuits for different wireless communication schemes) included in the wireless communication interface 1733.

[0279] Antenna 1737 includes multiple antenna elements, such as multiple antenna arrays for massive MIMO. Antenna 1737 may, for example, be arranged as an antenna array matrix and used for transmitting and receiving wireless signals through wireless communication interface 1733.

[0280] Furthermore, the car navigation device 1720 may include an antenna 1737 for each wireless communication scheme. In this case, the antenna switch 1736 can be omitted from the configuration of the car navigation device 1720.

[0281] Battery 1738 via feeder to Figure 19 The various blocks of the car navigation device 1720 shown are powered, and the feeders are partially shown as dashed lines in the figure. Battery 1738 accumulates the power supplied from the vehicle.

[0282] exist Figure 19 In the car navigation device 1720 shown, one or more units (e.g., transmitting unit 1003, receiving unit 2002, receiving unit 3003, etc.) included in the processing circuitry 1001, 2001, 3001, or 4001 may be implemented in the wireless communication interface 1733. Alternatively, at least a portion of these components may be implemented in the processor 1721. As an example, the car navigation device 1720 includes a portion (e.g., BB processor 1734) or the entirety of the wireless communication interface 1733, and / or a module including the processor 1721, and one or more components may be implemented in the module. In this case, the module may store a program that allows the processor to function as one or more components (in other words, a program that allows the processor to perform the operation of one or more components), and may execute the program. As another example, a program that allows the processor to function as one or more components may be installed in the car navigation device 1720, and the wireless communication interface 1733 (e.g., BB processor 1734) and / or the processor 1721 may execute the program. As described above, the car navigation device 1720 or module may be provided as an apparatus comprising one or more components, and a program for allowing the processor to function as one or more components may be provided. Additionally, a readable medium in which the program is recorded may be provided.

[0283] The technology disclosed herein can also be implemented as an in-vehicle system (or vehicle) 1740 including one or more blocks of an automotive navigation device 1720, an in-vehicle network 1741, and a vehicle module 1742. The vehicle module 1742 generates vehicle data (such as vehicle speed, engine speed, and fault information) and outputs the generated data to the in-vehicle network 1741.

[0284] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings; however, the present disclosure is by no means limited to the examples described above. Various changes and modifications can be made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims, and it should be understood that such changes and modifications naturally fall within the technical scope of the present disclosure.

[0285] For example, the multiple functions included in one unit in the above embodiments can be implemented by separate devices. Alternatively, the multiple functions implemented by multiple units in the above embodiments can be implemented by separate devices respectively. In addition, one of the above functions can be implemented by multiple units. Needless to say, such a configuration is included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0286] In this specification, the steps described in the flowchart include not only processes executed sequentially in the stated order, but also processes executed in parallel or individually, rather than necessarily sequentially. Furthermore, even within the steps of sequential processing, needless to say, the order can be appropriately altered.

[0287] While this disclosure and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof used in embodiments of this disclosure are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Without further limitation, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element.

Claims

1. An electronic device for transmitting data, comprising: The processing circuit is configured as follows: Based on a constellation diagram corresponding to the modulation scheme, a pilot sequence is generated, wherein the constellation diagram has constellation points. The constellation diagram contains pairs of constellation points, and each pair of constellation points includes constellation points s that are opposite numbers to each other. i and -s i The generation of pilot sequences includes: Generate a basic pilot sequence. For each pair of constellation points with opposite numbers in the constellation diagram, the basic pilot sequence contains only one of the constellation points. The pilot sequence is generated by repeating the basic pilot sequence one or more times in a predetermined repetition pattern; The pilot sequence is sent to the receiving end so that the receiving end can perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram.

2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: Before transmitting the pilot sequence, the receiving end is instructed to transmit the pilot sequence.

3. The electronic device as claimed in claim 2, wherein, If the basic pilot sequence and its repetition pattern have been pre-configured for the receiving end, the receiving end is instructed that the pilot sequence includes sending information about the number of repetitions of the basic pilot sequence.

4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: The data signal is modulated using the modulation method described above; It sends modulated data signals to the receiving end.

5. The electronic device of claim 4, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: The modulated data signal is transmitted to the receiving end using the terahertz frequency band.

6. An electronic device for receiving, comprising: The processing circuit is configured as follows: Receive pilot sequences generated from a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme from the transmitter, wherein the constellation diagram contains constellation points. The constellation diagram contains pairs of constellation points, and each pair of constellation points includes constellation points s that are opposite numbers to each other. i and -s i The pilot sequence includes a basic pilot sequence that is repeated once or more in a predetermined repetition pattern. For each pair of opposite constellation points in the constellation diagram, the basic pilot sequence contains only one of the constellation points. Based on the received signal of the pilot sequence, channel estimation is performed associated with each constellation point of the constellation diagram.

7. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: Before receiving the pilot sequence, an indication about the pilot sequence is received from the transmitting end.

8. The electronic device as claimed in claim 7, wherein, When the basic pilot sequence and its repetition pattern have been pre-configured to the receiver, receiving an indication of the pilot sequence includes receiving information about the number of repetitions of the basic pilot sequence.

9. The electronic device of claim 6, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: Receive data signals modulated using the modulation method from the transmitting end; Based on the channel estimation results, the data signal is demodulated.

10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: The data signal is received using the terahertz frequency band.

11. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the processing circuit is further configured to: Based on the channel estimation results, the data signal is demodulated using the minimum distance criterion without the need for channel equalization.

12. A communication method, comprising: Based on a constellation diagram corresponding to the modulation scheme, a pilot sequence is generated, wherein the constellation diagram has constellation points. The constellation diagram contains pairs of constellation points, and each pair of constellation points includes constellation points s that are opposite numbers to each other. i and -s i The generation of pilot sequences includes: Generate a basic pilot sequence. For each pair of constellation points with opposite numbers in the constellation diagram, the basic pilot sequence contains only one of the constellation points. The pilot sequence is generated by repeating the basic pilot sequence one or more times in a predetermined repetition pattern; The pilot sequence is sent to the receiving end so that the receiving end can perform channel estimation associated with each constellation point in the constellation diagram.

13. A communication method, comprising: Receive pilot sequences generated from a constellation diagram corresponding to a modulation scheme from the transmitter, wherein the constellation diagram contains constellation points. The constellation diagram contains pairs of constellation points, and each pair of constellation points includes constellation points s that are opposite numbers to each other. i and -s i The pilot sequence includes a basic pilot sequence that is repeated once or more in a predetermined repetition pattern, and for each pair of opposite constellation points in the constellation diagram, the pilot sequence includes only one of the constellation points. Based on the received signal of the pilot sequence, channel estimation is performed associated with each constellation point of the constellation diagram.

14. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing executable instructions that, when executed, implement the communication method as described in claim 12 or 13.

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