Network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A core network may determine a paging policy for transmitting a page to a user equipment (UE). In some examples, a core network may indicate a paging policy to a UE via a network function, which may be a policy control function (PCF) or a session management function (SMF). The UE may indicate paging restriction information based on the paging policy to an access and mobility function (AMF) to allow the AMF to enforce the paging policy. In some other examples, the core network may indicate the paging policy directly to the AMF. In yet some other examples, the core network may instruct the SMF to implement the paging policy. The AMF or SMF may forward the paging notification to the UE or refrain from forwarding the paging notification to the UE according to the paging policy.

Description

Cross-referencing

[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of Greek patent application No. 20230100783, filed on September 28, 2023, entitled “NETWORK BASEDPAGING OPTIMIZATIONS FOR MULTI-ACCESS APPLICATIONS”, which has been assigned to the assignee of this application and is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] The following content relates to wireless communication, including network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications. Background Technology

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, message sending and receiving, broadcasting, and so on. These systems can support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple access systems include fourth-generation (4G) systems (such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-A Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems) and fifth-generation (5G) systems (which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems). These systems may employ technologies such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or Discrete Fourier Transform Extended Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple access communication system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication of communication devices, which may be referred to as User Equipment (UE). Summary of the Invention

[0004] The described technology relates to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses for network-based paging optimization supporting multi-access applications, including dual-booting and multiple universal subscriber identity modules (MUSIM) configurations. For example, the described technology provides a user equipment (UE) that communicates with a core network via a first access through a first network and via a second access through a second network. The core network can determine a paging policy for conveying one or more paging messages to the UE and can indicate the paging policy to network functions of the first network, the second network, or both. In some examples, the core network can indicate the paging policy to the UE via a network function of the first network (which may be a policy control function (PCF) or a session management function (SMF)), and the UE can indicate paging policy-based paging restriction information to the access and mobility function (AMF) of the first network to allow the AMF to implement the paging policy. In some other examples, the core network can directly indicate the paging policy to the AMF via a network function (e.g., PCF, SMF) to allow the AMF to implement the paging policy. In still other examples, the core network can instruct the SMF to implement the paging policy. In such examples, the PCF can instruct the SMF on the paging policy, or the SMF can have a paging policy configured locally. Based on the received paging policy, the AMF or SMF can determine whether to forward the paging notification to the UE or suppress the forwarding of the paging notification to the UE.

[0005] A method for wireless communication via a first network is described. The method may include: sending a paging policy associated with paging the UE to a UE from a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information including a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy; receiving a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the second network function; and applying the set of paging restrictions to the paging notification at the second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0006] A first network for wireless communication is described. The first network may include: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first network to: send a paging policy associated with paging the UE to a UE from a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receive paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information including a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy; receive a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the second network function; and apply the set of paging restrictions to the paging notification at the second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0007] Another first network for wireless communication is described. The first network may include: means for sending a paging policy associated with paging the UE to a UE from a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and also connected to a second network; means for receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information including a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy; means for receiving a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the second network function; and means for applying the set of paging restrictions to the paging notification at the second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to perform the following operations: sending a paging policy associated with paging the UE to a UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information including a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy; receiving a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the second network function; and applying the set of paging restrictions to the paging notification at the second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0009] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first network function may be PCF.

[0010] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, sending a paging policy may include operations, features, components, or instructions for sending a paging policy to a UE in accordance with one or more UE routing policy (URSP) rules.

[0011] In some examples of the methods, first network, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the UE may be a MUSIM UE or a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0012] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, sending a paging policy may include operations, features, components, or instructions for sending a paging policy to a UE during Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment in accordance with one or more Access Service Bootstrapping, Handover, and Split (ATSSS) rules.

[0013] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the UE may be a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0014] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first network function may be SMF.

[0015] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the second network function may be AMF.

[0016] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and non-transitory computer-readable media, the paging strategy includes a set of paging restrictions.

[0017] A method for wireless communication via a first network is described. The method may include: receiving, at a first network function of the first network, a paging policy associated with a paging UE, wherein the UE is connected to both the first network and the second network; receiving, at the first network function, a paging notification associated with paging the UE; and applying the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0018] A first network for wireless communication is described. The first network may include: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code such that the first network: receives, at a first network function of the first network, a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to the second network; receives, at the first network function, a paging notification associated with paging the UE; and applies the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0019] Another first network for wireless communication is described. The first network may include: means for receiving, at a first network function of the first network, a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first network and the second network; means for receiving, at the first network function, a paging notification associated with paging the UE; and means for applying the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0020] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: receive, at a first network function of a first network, a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks; receive, at the first network function, a paging notification associated with paging the UE; and apply the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0021] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first network function may be AMF.

[0022] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the second network function may be PCF.

[0023] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving a paging policy may include operations, features, components, or instructions for receiving a paging policy from a PCF during access and mobility (AM) policy association establishment, AM policy association modification, or both.

[0024] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the second network function may be SMF.

[0025] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving a paging policy may include operations, features, components, or instructions for receiving a paging policy from an SMF during PDU session establishment, PDU session modification, or both.

[0026] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, paging strategies include a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0027] In some examples of the methods, first network, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the UE may be a MUSIM UE or a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0028] The methods described herein, examples of the first network, and some examples of non-transitory computer-readable media may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for applying a set of paging restrictions to a paging notification based on a paging policy, wherein the set of paging restrictions applied includes a second set of paging restrictions that overwrite the paging restrictions indicated to the first network function before receiving the paging policy from the UE.

[0029] A method for wireless communication via a first network is described. The method may include: obtaining a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receiving a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the first network function; and applying the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to the second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0030] A first network for wireless communication is described. The first network may include: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first network to: obtain a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receive a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the first network function; and apply the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to the second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0031] Another first network for wireless communication is described. The first network may include: components for obtaining a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; components for receiving a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the first network function; and components for applying the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to the second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0032] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: obtain, at a first network function of a first network, a paging policy associated with a paging UE, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receive, at the first network function, a paging notification associated with paging the UE; and apply the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to the second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0033] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first network function may be SMF.

[0034] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving a paging policy may include operations, features, components, or instructions for receiving a paging policy from a PCF during PDU session establishment, PDU session modification, or both.

[0035] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the first network may be pre-configured with a paging strategy.

[0036] In some examples of the methods, first networks, and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, paging strategies include a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0037] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the second network function may be an AMF of the first network, and applying a paging policy may include operations, features, components, or instructions for: forwarding a portion of the paging policy to the second network function; and sending a paging notification to the second network function, wherein sending the paging notification may be based on selecting the second network function according to the paging policy.

[0038] In some examples of the methods described herein, the first network, and the nontransitory computer-readable medium, the second network function may be the SMF of the second network, and the application of the paging strategy may include operations, features, components, or instructions for: suppressing the forwarding of paging notifications to the AMF of the first network; and sending signaling to the second network function instructing the use of the AMF of the second network to paging the UE.

[0039] A method for wireless communication by a UE is described. The method may include: receiving a paging policy associated with paging the UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on the paging policy; and applying the set of paging restrictions based on the second network function to receive one or more paging messages from the first network or the second network.

[0040] A UE for wireless communication is described. The UE may include one or more memories storing processor-executable code and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be able to operate individually or jointly to execute the code so that the UE: receives a paging policy associated with paging the UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; sends a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on the paging policy; and applies the set of paging restrictions based on the second network function to receive one or more paging messages from the first network or the second network.

[0041] Another UE for wireless communication is described. The UE may include: components for receiving a paging policy associated with paging the UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and to a second network; components for sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on the paging policy; and components for applying the set of paging restrictions based on the second network function to receive one or more paging messages from the first network or the second network.

[0042] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: receive a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; send a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on the paging policy; and apply the set of paging restrictions based on the second network function to receive one or more paging messages from the first network or the second network.

[0043] In some examples of the methods, user equipment (UE), and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first network function may be PCF.

[0044] In some examples of the methods, user equipment (UE), and nontransitory computer-readable media described herein, the UE may be a MUSIM UE or a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0045] In some examples of the methods, user equipment (UE), and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the first network function may be SMF.

[0046] In some examples of the methods, user equipment (UE), and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the second network function may be an AMF. Attached Figure Description

[0047] Figure 1 An example of a network-based paging-optimized wireless communication system for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0048] Figure 2 An example of a network-based paging-optimized wireless communication system for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0049] Figure 3 An example of a process flow supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications is shown, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0050] Figure 4 An example of a process flow supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications is shown, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0051] Figure 5 An example of a process flow supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications is shown, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0052] Figure 6 An example of a process flow supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications is shown, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0053] Figure 7 An example of a process flow supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications is shown, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0054] Figure 8 An example of a process flow supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications is shown, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0055] Figure 9 and Figure 10 A block diagram of a device supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0056] Figure 11 A block diagram is shown of a communication manager that supports network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0057] Figure 12 A diagram is shown of a system including a device that supports network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0058] Figure 13 and Figure 14 A block diagram of a device supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown.

[0059] Figure 15 A block diagram is shown of a communication manager that supports network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0060] Figure 16 A diagram is shown of a system including a device that supports network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure.

[0061] Figures 17 to 20 A flowchart illustrating a method for network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Detailed Implementation

[0062] In some wireless communication systems, a User Equipment (UE) can communicate with one or more core networks via a first access network and a second access network. The UE can communicate with the first access network via the first access and with the second access network via the second access. In some cases, the first access can be a 3GPP access and the second access can be a non-3GPP access, and the UE can communicate with both the first and second access networks according to one or more Access Service Bootstrapping, Handover, and Split (ATSSS) rules. In other cases, both the first and second access can be 3GPP accesses, and the UE can communicate with both the first and second access networks according to dual-bootstrapping operations. In some examples, the UE can operate through one or both accesses in an idle or connected state. In some examples, the UE and the core network can perform paging (e.g., to establish a Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection) according to one or more paging policies (e.g., a separate paging policy). However, applying a separate paging policy to a dual-bootstrapping UE can lead to performance degradation. For example, the UE can operate with both the first and second accesses in an idle state and can monitor both accesses for paging signals instead of a single access, resulting in increased power consumption at the UE. Alternatively, the UE may receive paging through two idle access points instead of just one, thereby increasing signaling overhead.

[0063] Various aspects of this disclosure relate to network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications. The core network can determine a paging policy for communication between the core network and the UE based on one or more services at the UE. In some examples, the core network can instruct the paging policy to the UE via network functions (e.g., Policy Control Function (PCF), Session Management Function (SMF)). In such examples, the UE can instruct the Access and Mobility Function (AMF) to provide paging restriction information based on the paging policy, allowing the AMF to implement the paging policy. In other examples, the core network can instruct the AMF directly via network functions (e.g., PCF, SMF) to allow the AMF to implement the paging policy. In still other examples, the core network can instruct the SMF to implement the paging policy. In such examples, the PCF can instruct the SMF to instruct the SMF to implement the paging policy, or the SMF can be locally configured with a paging policy. Based on the received paging policy, the AMF or SMF can determine whether to forward a paging notification sent by the core network to the UE or suppress the forwarding of a paging notification sent by the core network to the UE.

[0064] The various aspects of this disclosure are first described in the context of a wireless communication system. These aspects are further illustrated and described with reference to process flow diagrams. The various aspects of this disclosure are further illustrated and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts relating to network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications.

[0065] Figure 1 An example of a network-based paging optimized wireless communication system 100 supporting one or more aspects of this disclosure is shown. The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an Advanced LTE (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating under other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0066] Network entity 105 may be distributed across a geographical area to form wireless communication system 100, and may include devices employing different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, mobility element, radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, etc. In some examples, network entity 105 and UE 115 may wirelessly communicate via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., radio frequency (RF) access links). For example, network entity 105 may support coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographical coverage area) within which UE 115 and network entity 105 may establish one or more communication links 125. Coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographical area within which network entity 105 and UE 115 may support the transmission of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0067] UE 115 can be distributed throughout the coverage area 110 of wireless communication system 100, and each UE 115 can be stationary or mobile, or stationary and mobile at different times. UE 115 can be devices in different forms or with different capabilities. Figure 1 Some example UE 115s are illustrated herein. The UE 115 described herein can be able to support various types of devices (such as, e.g., ...). Figure 1 It communicates with other UEs (115 or network entity 105) as shown.

[0068] As described herein, nodes of the wireless communication system 100 (which may be referred to as network nodes or wireless nodes) may be network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein), UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), network controller, apparatus, device, computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be UE 115. Alternatively, a node may be network entity 105. Furthermore, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second or third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be UE 115, the second node may be network entity 105, and the third node may be UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be UE 115, the second node may be network entity 105, and the third node may be network entity 105. In other aspects of this example, the first node, the second node, and the third node may be different from these examples. Similarly, references to UE 115, network entity 105, device, equipment, computing system, etc., may include disclosures of UE 115, network entity 105, device, equipment, computing system, etc., as nodes. For example, a disclosure that UE 115 is configured to receive information from network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0069] In some examples, network entity 105 may communicate with core network 130, communicate with each other, or both. For example, network entity 105 may communicate with core network 130 via one or more backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., according to S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocols). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via core network 130) via backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., according to X2, Xn, or other interface protocols). In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with each other via midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., according to midhaul interface protocol) or fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., according to fronthaul interface protocol) or any combination thereof. Backhaul communication link 120, midhaul communication link 162, or fronthaul communication link 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., electrical links, fiber optic links), one or more wireless links (e.g., radio links, wireless optical links), etc., or various combinations thereof. UE 115 can communicate with core network 130 via communication link 155.

[0070] One or more network entities in network entity 105 described herein may include or be referred to as base station 140 (e.g., transceiver base station, radio base station, NR base station, access point, radio transceiver, node B, eNodeB (eNB), next-generation node B or gigabit node B (any of which may be referred to as gNB), 5G NB, next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), home node B, home evolution node B, or other suitable terms). In some examples, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture that may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single network entity 105 (e.g., a single RAN node, such as base station 140).

[0071] In some examples, network entity 105 may be implemented in a decomposed architecture (e.g., a decomposed base station architecture, a decomposed RAN architecture) that can be configured to utilize protocol stacks physically or logically distributed across two or more network entities 105, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, network entity 105 may include one or more of the following: a central unit (CU) 160, a distributed unit (DU) 165, a radio unit (RU) 170, a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 175 (e.g., a near real-time RIC, a non-real-time RIC), a service management and orchestration (SMO) 180 system, or any combination thereof. 170 may also be referred to as a radio headend, intelligent radio headend, remote radio headend (RRH), remote radio unit (RRU), or transmit / receive point (TRP). One or more components of network entity 105 in a decomposed RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of network entity 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more network entities 105 in a decomposed RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., virtual CU (VCU), virtual DU (VDU), virtual RU (VRU)).

[0072] The functional splitting among CU 160, DU 165, and RU 170 is flexible and can support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, and any combination thereof) are performed at CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170. For example, a protocol stack functional splitting can be used between CU 160 and DU 165, allowing CU 160 to support one or more layers of the protocol stack, and DU 165 to support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, CU 160 can host higher protocol layer (e.g., Layer 3 (L3), Layer 2 (L2)) functionalities and signaling (e.g., RRC, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). CU 160 can connect to one or more DU 165 or RU 170, and one or more DU 165 or RU 170 can host lower protocol layers, such as Layer 1 (L1) (e.g., Physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., Radio Link Control (RLC) layer, Medium Access Control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and each can be at least partially controlled by CU 160. Additionally or alternatively, a protocol stack functional split can be employed between DU 165 and RU 170, such that DU 165 can support one or more layers of the protocol stack, and RU 170 can support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. DU 165 can support one or more different cells (e.g., via one or more RU 170). In some cases, functional decomposition between CU 160 and DU 165, or between DU 165 and RU 170, can be performed within the protocol layer (e.g., some functions of the protocol layer can be performed by one of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer can be performed by different of CU 160, DU 165, or RU 170). CU 160 can be further functionally decomposed into CU control plane (CU-CP) functions and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. CU 160 can be connected to one or more DU 165 via midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u), and DU 165 can be connected to one or more RU 170 via fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, the midhaul communication link 162 or the fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented based on the interfaces (e.g., channels) between the layers of the protocol stack, which are supported by the corresponding network entities 105 communicating via such communication links.

[0073] In a wireless communication system (e.g., wireless communication system 100), the infrastructure and spectrum resources for radio access can support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, thereby providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more network entities 105 (e.g., IAB node 104) may be partially controlled by each other. One or more IAB nodes 104 may be referred to as donor entities or IAB donors. One or more DU 165s or one or more RU 170s may be partially controlled by one or more CU 160s associated with donor network entity 105 (e.g., donor base station 140). One or more donor network entities 105 (e.g., IAB donors) may communicate with one or more additional network entities 105 (e.g., IAB node 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link 120). IAB node 104 may include an IAB mobile terminal (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by a DU 165 of a coupled IAB donor. The IAB-MT may include a separate set of antennas for relaying communication with UE 115, or may share the same antennas (e.g., those of RU 170) for access to IAB node 104 via DU 165 (e.g., referred to as a virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, IAB node 104 may include a DU 165 that supports communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node 104, UE 115) within a relay chain or configuration (e.g., downstream) of the access network. In such cases, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., one or more IAB nodes 104 or components of IAB node 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0074] In the context of applying the techniques described herein to a decomposed RAN architecture, one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture can be configured to support network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by UE 115 or network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) may additionally or alternatively be performed by one or more components of the decomposed RAN architecture (e.g., IAB node 104, DU 165, CU 160, RU 170, RIC 175, SMO 180).

[0075] UE 115 may include or be referred to as a mobile device, wireless device, remote device, handheld device, or subscriber device, or any other suitable term, wherein "device" may also be referred to as a cell, station, terminal, or client, etc. UE 115 may also include or be referred to as a personal electronic device, such as a cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet computer, laptop computer, or personal computer. In some examples, UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, Internet of Things (IoT) device, Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, etc., which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances or vehicles, meters, etc.

[0076] The UE 115 described herein can communicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 that sometimes act as relays, network entities 105, and network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, etc. Figure 1 As shown.

[0077] UE 115 and network entity 105 can wirelessly communicate with each other via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term "carrier" can refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting communication link 125. For example, a carrier for communication link 125 may include a portion of the RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth portion (BWP)) operating according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each physical layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling coordinating carrier operation, user data, or other signaling. Wireless communication system 100 can support communication with UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. Depending on the carrier aggregation configuration, UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers. Carrier aggregation can be used in conjunction with both frequency division duplex (FDD) component carriers and time division duplex (TDD) component carriers. Communication between network entity 105 and other devices can refer to communication between these devices and any part of network entity 105 (e.g., entity, sub-entity). For example, the terms “send,” “receive,” or “communicate” when referring to network entity 105 can refer to any part of the RAN’s network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, CU160, DU 165, RU 170) communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities 105).

[0078] In some examples, such as in carrier aggregation configurations, a carrier may also have acquisition signaling or control signaling to coordinate the operation of other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) Absolute RF Channel Number (EARFCN)) and may be identified according to a channel grating used for discovery by UE 115. A carrier may operate in standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection can be performed by UE 115 via that carrier, or the carrier may operate in non-standalone mode, in which case different carriers (e.g., the same or different radio access technologies) are used to anchor the connection.

[0079] The communication link 125 shown in the wireless communication system 100 may include downlink transmission (e.g., forward link transmission) from network entity 105 to UE 115, uplink transmission (e.g., return link transmission) from UE 115 to network entity 105, or both, as well as other transmission configurations. A carrier may carry downlink communication or uplink communication (e.g., in FDD mode), or may be configured to carry both downlink and uplink communication (e.g., in TDD mode).

[0080] A carrier may be associated with a specific bandwidth of the RF spectrum, and in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as the carrier or the “system bandwidth” of the wireless communication system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one bandwidth in a set of bandwidths for a particular radio access technology (e.g., 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, or 80 MHz). Devices of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., network entity 105, UE 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communication using a specific carrier bandwidth, or may be configured to support communication using one carrier bandwidth in a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may include network entity 105 or UE 115 that supports concurrent communication using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured to operate using a portion (e.g., subband, BWP) or all of the carrier bandwidth.

[0081] The signal waveform transmitted via a carrier may include multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform extended OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM, a resource element may refer to a resource of one symbol period (e.g., the duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, where the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the decoding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively high number of resource elements (e.g., in the transmission duration) and a relatively high modulation scheme order correspond to a relatively high communication rate. Wireless communication resources may refer to a combination of RF spectrum resources, temporal resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers or beams), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity used for communication with UE 115.

[0082] The time interval for network entity 105 or UE 115 can be expressed as a multiple of a basic time unit, such as the sampling period. seconds, in response This can represent the supported subcarrier spacing, and The supported Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) size can be represented. Time intervals for communication resources can be organized according to radio frames, each with a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame can be identified by a System Frame Number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0083] Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or time slots, and each subframe or time slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may (e.g., in the time domain) be divided into subframes, and each subframe may also be divided into a number of time slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of time slots, and the number of time slots may depend on the subcarrier spacing. Each time slot may include a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix appended to each symbol period). In some wireless communication systems 100, time slots may be further divided into multiple micro-time slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., The duration of a symbol period is associated with a (number) sampling period. The duration of a symbol period can depend on the subcarrier spacing or the operating frequency band.

[0084] A subframe, time slot, micro-time slot, or symbol can be the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., in the time domain) and can be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the duration of the TTI (e.g., the number of symbol periods in the TTI) can be variable. Additionally or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 can be dynamically selected (e.g., in a burst of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0085] Depending on the technology, carriers can be used to multiplex physical channels for communication. For example, one or more of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques can be used to multiplex physical control channels and physical data channels for signaling via a downlink carrier. The control region (e.g., control resource set (CORESET)) of the physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth of the carrier or a subset of that bandwidth. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESET) can be configured for a set of UEs 115. For example, one or more UEs in UE 115 may monitor or search for control regions to obtain control information based on one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or more control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a concatenated manner. The aggregation level of control channel candidates may refer to the amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with coded information for a control information format having a given payload size. The search space set may include: a common search space set configured to transmit control information to multiple UEs 115, and a UE-specific search space set used to transmit control information to a specific UE 115.

[0086] Network entity 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells (e.g., macro cells, small cells, hotspots, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof). The term "cell" may refer to a logical communication entity used to communicate with network entity 105 (e.g., using a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier used to distinguish adjacent cells (e.g., Physical Cell Identifier (PCID), Virtual Cell Identifier (VCID), or other cell identifier). In some examples, a cell may also refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) in which a logical communication entity operates. Depending on various factors such as the capabilities of network entity 105, the extent of such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., structures, subsets of structures) to larger areas. For example, a cell may be or may include buildings, subsets of buildings, or external space between or overlapping coverage areas 110, etc.

[0087] Macro cells typically cover a relatively large geographical area (e.g., a radius of several kilometers) and allow unrestricted access to UE 115 that has a service subscription with a network provider supporting the macro cell. In contrast, small cells may be associated with a lower-power network entity 105 (e.g., a lower-power base station 140) and may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to UE 115 that has a service subscription with a network provider, or restricted access to UE 115 associated with a small cell (e.g., UE 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), or UE 115 associated with a user in a home or office). Network entity 105 may support one or more cells and may also use one or more component carriers to support communication via one or more cells.

[0088] In some examples, a carrier can support multiple cells and can be configured with different cells based on different protocol types that can provide access for different types of devices (e.g., MTC, Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)).

[0089] In some examples, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) may be mobile, and thus provide communication coverage to mobile coverage areas 110. In some examples, different coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may overlap, but the different coverage areas 110 may be supported by the same network entity 105. In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities 105. The wireless communication system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of network entities 105 use the same or different radio access technologies to provide coverage for various coverage areas 110.

[0090] The wireless communication system 100 can support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network entities 105 (e.g., base station 140) can have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities 105 can be approximately time-aligned. For asynchronous operation, network entities 105 can have different frame timings, and in some examples, transmissions from different network entities 105 may not be time-aligned. The techniques described herein can be used for both synchronous and asynchronous operation.

[0091] Some UE 115s can be configured to operate in reduced-power modes, such as half-duplex communication (e.g., a mode that supports unidirectional communication via transmission or reception but does not involve concurrent transmission and reception). In some examples, half-duplex communication can be performed at reduced peak rates. Other power-saving techniques for UE 115s include: entering a power-saving deep sleep mode when not engaged in active communication, operating with limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communication), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UE 115s can be configured to operate using a narrowband protocol type associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., a set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a carrier's guard band, or outside a carrier.

[0092] Wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communication or low-latency communication, or various combinations thereof. For example, wireless communication system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). UE 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communication may include private or group communication and may be supported by one or more services, such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritizing services, and such services may be used for public safety or general business applications. The terms “ultra-reliable,” “low-latency,” and “ultra-reliable low-latency” are used interchangeably herein.

[0093] In some examples, UE 115 may be configured to support direct communication with other UE 115s via device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135 (e.g., according to peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocols). In some examples, one or more UE 115s performing D2D communication in a group may be within the coverage area 110 of network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communication configured (e.g., scheduled by network entity 105). In some examples, one or more UE 115s in such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of network entity 105, or may otherwise be unable or not configured to receive transmissions from network entity 105. In some examples, the group of UE 115s communicating via D2D communication may support a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to each of the other UE 115s in the group. In some examples, network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources used for D2D communication. In other examples, D2D communication may be performed between UEs 115 without involving network entity 105.

[0094] In some systems, the D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel (such as a sidelink communication channel) between vehicles (e.g., UE 115). In some examples, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2X) communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, or a combination of these. Vehicles may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal control, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to the V2X system. In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure (such as roadside units), or communicate with the network via one or more network nodes (e.g., network entity 105, base station 140, RU 170) using vehicle-to-network (V2N) communication, or both.

[0095] Core network 130 provides user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. Core network 130 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), access and mobility management function (AMF)) for managing access and mobility, and at least one user plane entity (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or user plane function (UPF)) for routing packets or interconnecting to external networks. The control plane entity manages non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management of UE 115 served by network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140) associated with core network 130. User IP packets can be transferred through user plane entities, which provide IP address allocation and other functions. User plane entities can connect to one or more network operator IP services 150. IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, intranets, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or packet-switched streaming services.

[0096] Wireless communication system 100 can operate using one or more frequency bands in the range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Generally, the area from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is referred to as the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) band or decimeter band because the wavelength range is approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features (which may be referred to as clusters), but these waves are sufficient to penetrate structures so that macrocells can provide service to UE 115 located indoors. Compared to communication using smaller frequencies and longer wavelengths in the lower frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portions of the spectrum below 300 MHz, communication using UHF waves can be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than 100 km).

[0097] The wireless communication system 100 can also operate in the Ultra High Frequency (SHF) band (also known as the centimeter band) in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz or in the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band (e.g., 30 GHz to 300 GHz) (also known as the millimeter band) using the spectrum. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 can support millimeter-wave (mmW) communication between the UE 115 and the network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU170), and the EHF antennas of the corresponding devices can be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques facilitate the use of antenna arrays within the device. However, compared to SHF or UHF transmission, EHF transmission may experience even greater attenuation and a shorter range. The techniques disclosed herein can be adopted for transmission across one or more different frequency bands, and the frequency band usage specified across these frequency bands may vary by country or regulatory authority.

[0098] Wireless communication system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, wireless communication system 100 may employ licensed assisted access (LAA), LTE unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology using unlicensed frequency bands (such as the 5 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band). When operating with unlicensed RF spectrum, devices such as network entity 105 and UE 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operation using unlicensed frequency bands may be based on carrier aggregation configurations combined with component carriers operating with licensed frequency bands (e.g., LAA). Operation using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmission, uplink transmission, P2P transmission, or D2D transmission, etc.

[0099] Network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) or UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas that can be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication, or beamforming. The antennas of network entity 105 or UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which can support MIMO operation or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly (such as an antenna tower). In some examples, the antennas or antenna arrays associated with network entity 105 may be located at different geographical locations. Network entity 105 may include an antenna array having a collection of multiple rows and columns of antenna ports that network entity 105 can use to support beamforming for communication with UE 115. Similarly, UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that can support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna panel may support RF beamforming for signals transmitted via the antenna ports.

[0100] Network entity 105 or UE 115 can use MIMO communication to leverage multipath signal propagation and improve spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. This technique is known as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals can be transmitted, for example, by a transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Similarly, the multiple signals can be received by a receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals can be referred to as a separate spatial stream and can carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers can be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include: single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device; and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), where multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

[0101] Beamforming (also known as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that can be used at a transmitting or receiving device (e.g., network entity 105, UE 115) to shape or guide an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting and receiving devices. Beamforming can be achieved by combining signals transmitted via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along a specific orientation relative to the antenna array experience constructive interference, while other signals experience destructive interference. Adjustments to the signals transmitted via the antenna elements may include applying amplitude shifts, phase shifts, or both to the signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of these antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a specific orientation (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting or receiving device or relative to some other orientation).

[0102] Network entity 105 or UE 115 may use beam scanning technology as part of beamforming operations. For example, network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to perform beamforming operations for directional communication with UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted multiple times by network entity 105 along different directions. For example, network entity 105 may transmit signals according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different transmission directions. Transmission along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device (such as network entity 105) or by a receiving device (such as UE 115)) the beam direction for later transmission or reception by network entity 105.

[0103] Some signals (such as data signals associated with a specific receiving device) may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., transmitting network entity 105, transmitting UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., the direction associated with the receiving device (such as receiving network entity 105 or receiving UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmission along a single beam direction may be determined based on the signals transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, UE 115 may receive one or more signals transmitted by network entity 105 along different directions and may report to network entity 105 an indication of signals received by UE 115 with the highest signal quality or other acceptable signal quality.

[0104] In some examples, transmissions performed by a device (e.g., network entity 105 or UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital pre-decoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from network entity 105 to UE 115). UE 115 may report feedback indicating pre-decoding weights for one or more beam directions, and this feedback may correspond to a set of beams configured across the system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. Network entity 105 may transmit reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS)) that may or may not be pre-decoded. UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a pre-decoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., multi-panel codebook, linear combination codebook, port selection codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted by network entity 105 (e.g., base station 140, RU 170) along one or more directions, UE 115 may use similar techniques to transmit signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., to identify the beam direction used by UE 115 for subsequent transmission or reception), or to transmit signals along a single direction (e.g., to transmit data to a receiving device).

[0105] A receiving device (e.g., UE 115) may perform reception operations according to multiple reception configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals (such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) from a transmitting device (e.g., network entity 105). For example, the receiving device may perform reception according to multiple reception directions by: receiving via different antenna subarrays; processing the received signal according to different antenna subarrays; receiving according to different sets of reception beamforming weights (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array; or processing the received signal according to different sets of reception beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array. Any of these operations may be referred to as “listening” according to different reception configurations or reception directions. In some examples, the receiving device may use a single reception configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when a data signal is received). A single receiver configuration can be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receiver configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have the highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or other acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

[0106] The wireless communication system 100 can be a packet-based network operating according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communication at the bearer or PDCP layer can be IP-based. The RLC layer performs packet segmentation and reassembly for transmission via logical channels. The MAC layer performs priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels to transport channels. The MAC layer can also use error detection, error correction, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, the RRC layer provides the establishment, configuration, and maintenance of RRC connections between the UE 115 and network entity 105 or core network 130 that support user plane data radio bearers. The PHY layer maps transport channels to physical channels.

[0107] UE 115 and network entity 105 can support data retransmission to increase the likelihood of successful data reception. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) feedback is a technique used to increase the likelihood of correctly receiving data via communication links (e.g., communication link 125, D2D communication link 135). HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)), forward error correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)). HARQ can improve throughput at the MAC layer under poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio conditions). In some examples, the device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device can provide HARQ feedback in a specific time slot for data received via a previous symbol in that time slot. In some other examples, the device may provide HARQ feedback in subsequent time slots or according to a different time interval.

[0108] In some examples, portions of core network 130 and network entity 105 may include a first network and a second network. UE 115 can communicate with the first network via a first access and with the second network via a second access. Core network 130 may determine a paging policy for communication between core network 130 and UE 115 based on one or more services at the UE. For example, core network 130 may determine to send paging to UE 115 via a first access (e.g., terrestrial access, New Radio (NR) link) based on scheduled low-latency traffic between core network 130 and UE. Core network 130 may use either the first network or the second network to communicate the paging policy. For example, core network 130 may indicate the paging policy to UE 115 via a network function of the first network, which may be a PCF or SMF. In such examples, UE 115 may indicate paging restriction information to the AMF of the first network based on the received paging policy to allow the AMF to enforce the paging policy. In some other examples, core network 130 may directly instruct the AMF of the paging policy via network functions (e.g., PCF, SMF) to allow the AMF to implement the paging policy. In still other examples, core network 130 may instruct the SMF to implement the paging policy. In such examples, the PCF may instruct the SMF of the paging policy, or the SMF may have a paging policy configured locally. Based on the received paging policy, the AMF or SMF may determine whether to forward the paging notification sent by core network 130 to UE 115 or to suppress the forwarding of the paging notification sent by core network 130 to UE 115.

[0109] Figure 2 An example of a network-based paging-optimized wireless communication system 200 supporting multiple access applications is shown, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. The wireless communication system 200 may include a UE 115-a that can communicate with a data network 205. The data network 205 may be as described in reference... Figure 1An example of the described core network 130. UE 115-a can communicate with data network 205 through a first network 210-a, a second network 210-b, or at least both. In some examples, both the first network 210-a and the second network 210-b can be a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). In such examples, UE 115-a can communicate with the first network 210-a according to a first subscription and with the second network according to a second subscription. In some other examples, the first network 210-a can be a PLMN, and the second network 210-b can be a Standalone Non-Public Network (SNPN). In such other examples, the PLMN and SNPN can be managed by the same operator or two partner operators. UE 115-a can communicate with the primary access 215-a of the first network 210-a and the secondary access 215-b of the second network 210-b.

[0110] UE 115-a can operate according to the Connection Management (CM) state. For example, UE 115-a can operate in RRC Connected Mode, RRC Inactive Mode, RRC Idle Mode, or any combination thereof. In some examples, UE 115-a can operate in Idle Mode via both Primary Access 215-a and Secondary Access 215-b. In such examples, UE 115-a can monitor or receive data messages from data network 205 without via Primary Access 215-a and Secondary Access 215-b. However, UE 115-a can monitor Primary Access 215-a, Secondary Access 215-b, or both, in response to paging messages (e.g., paging) from data network 205. Data network 205 can send paging messages to UE 115-a via First Network 210-a, Secondary Network 210-b, or both. The first network 210-a and the second network 210-b may receive paging from the data network 205 and may determine whether to forward the paging to UE 115-a or not, based on one or more paging policies. Based on receiving a paging from the data network 205, UE 115-a may trigger a service request and may begin communicating data with the data network 205. In some examples, this may include operation via both the primary access 215-a and the secondary access 215-b in connected mode.

[0111] In some examples, primary access 215-a can be a 3GPP access, and secondary access 215-b can be a non-3GPP access. In such examples, UE 115-a, first network 210-a, and second network 210-b can implement rules (e.g., ATSSS rules) to support communication with data network 205 via 3GPP and non-3GPP access. In some examples, the rules may include one or more paging policies. To communicate via more multiple accesses, UE 115-a, data network 205, or both can establish a Multi-Access Protocol Data Unit (MA-PDU) session. The MA PDU session can be established within first network 210-a and second network 210-b, or it can span (e.g., include) first network 210-a and second network 210-b. Primary access 215-a and secondary access 215-b can operate according to the same RAT or different RATs. For example, both primary access 215-a and secondary access 215-b can be NR accesses. Alternatively, the primary access 215-a can be a non-terrestrial network (NTN), and the secondary access 215-b can be an LTE network.

[0112] In some other examples, both primary access 215-a and secondary access 215-b can be 3GPP accesses. In these other examples, UE 115-a, the first network 210-a, and the second network 210-b can implement dual bootstrapping technology and ATSSS rules to support communication with data network 205 via two different 3GPP accesses. In some examples, the rules may include one or more paging policies. To communicate via more multiple 3GPP accesses, UE 115-a, data network 205, or both can establish a dual 3GPP access (D3A) PDU session. The D3A PDU session can be established within the first network 210-a and the second network 210-b, or it can span (e.g., include) both the first network 210-a and the second network 210-b.

[0113] Alternatively, UE 115-a may support MUSIM operation. For example, UE 115-a may communicate with data network 205 via a first Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) (e.g., primary access 215-a) and a second SIM (e.g., secondary access 215-b). In some examples where UE 115-a supports MUSIM operation, UE 115-a may not support ATSSS rules, and therefore UE 115-a, the first network 210-a, and the second network 210-b may not communicate with data network 205 according to ATSSS rules. Instead, UE 115-a may indicate information associated with paging restrictions at UE 115-a to data network 205 during a service request or registration request. Paging restriction information can indicate that all paging of UE 115-a is restricted, all paging of UE 115-a except for voice services (e.g., IMS voice) is restricted, all paging of UE 115-a except for certain PDU sessions is restricted, or any combination thereof.

[0114] A paging policy may include one or more paging rules (e.g., paging restrictions) associated with paging UE 115-a, and may indicate whether paging restrictions are applied. The paging restrictions included in the paging policy may be associated with different UE capabilities. For example, a paging policy may include one or more paging rules associated with MUSIM services. For example, a paging policy may indicate that paging for MUSIM services is not restricted, or that all paging for MUSIM services is restricted. Additionally or alternatively, a paging policy may indicate that all MUSIM services are paging through a first SIM or a second SIM. Additionally or alternatively, a paging policy may indicate that services for a first PDU session are paging through the first SIM and services for a second PDU session are paging through the second SIM.

[0115] In some examples, the paging policy may also include one or more paging rules associated with the D3A PDU session service. For example, the paging policy may instruct that paging for the D3A PDU session service is not restricted or that all paging is restricted. Additionally or alternatively, the paging policy may instruct that all D3A PDU session services be paged via primary access 215-a, secondary access 215-b, or either primary access 215-a or secondary access 215-b. The paging policy may further instruct that primary access 215-a has a higher priority than secondary access 215-b, or vice versa. Additionally or alternatively, the paging policy may instruct that services for the first D3A PDU session be paged via primary access 215-a, services for the second D3A PDU session be paged via secondary access 215-b, and services for the third D3A PDU session be paged via either primary access 215-a or secondary access 215-b.

[0116] Additionally or alternatively, the paging policy may instruct paging of D3A PDU sessions via a first access point (which may be primary access point 215-a or secondary access point 215-b) or via a second access point (which may be secondary access point 215-b or primary access point 215-a). In some examples, primary access point 215-a and secondary access point 215-b may change throughout the lifecycle of the D3A PDU session. For example, at a first point in time, the first access point may be primary access point 215-a, and the second access point may be secondary access point 215-b. At a second point in time, both the first and second access points may be secondary access point 215-b. In some examples, the first access point may be associated with a first network 210-a and a first RAT, and the second access point may be associated with a second network 210-b and a second RAT.

[0117] The first network 210-a may consist of multiple network functions. For example, the first network 210-a may include a primary access 215-a, an AMF 220-a, an SMF 225-a, a PCF 230-a, and a UPF 235-a. The UE 115-a may communicate with the AMF 220-a via interface 240-a (e.g., a 5G N1 interface). The AMF 220-a may communicate with the primary access 215-a via interface 245-a (e.g., a 5G N2 interface). The UE 115-a may communicate with the UPF 235-a via interface 250-a (e.g., a 5G N3 interface) using the primary access 215-a. The SMF 225-a may communicate with the UPF 235-a via interface 255-a (e.g., a 5G N4 interface). UPF235-a can communicate with data network 205 via interface 260 (e.g., 5G N6 interface). SMF 225-a can communicate with PCF 230-a via interface 265-a (e.g., 5G N7 interface). AMF 220-a and SMF 225-a can communicate via interface 270-a (e.g., 5G N11 interface).

[0118] Similarly, the second network 210-b may consist of multiple network functions. For example, the second network 210-b may include secondary access 215-b, AMF 220-b, SMF 225-b, PCF 230-b, and UPF 235-b. UE 115-a may communicate with AMF 220-b via interface 240-b (e.g., 5G N1 interface). AMF 220-b may communicate with secondary access 215-b via interface 245-b (e.g., 5G N2 interface). UE 115-a may communicate with UPF 235-b via secondary access 215-b via interface 250-b (e.g., 5G N3 interface). SMF 225-b may communicate with UPF 235-b via interface 255-b (e.g., 5G N4 interface). The SMF225-b can communicate with the PCF 230-b via interface 265-b (e.g., 5G N7 interface). The AMF 220-b and SMF 225-b can communicate via interface 270-b (e.g., 5G N11 interface).

[0119] The UPF 235-a of the first network 210-a can communicate with the UPF 235-b of the second network 210-b via interface 275 (e.g., a 5G N9 interface). The SMF 225-a of the first network 210-a can communicate with the SMF 225-b of the second network 210-b via interface 280 (e.g., a 5G N16 interface).

[0120] In some examples, the first network 210-a and the second network 210-b can implement paging policies to control paging between the data network 205 and the UE 115-a. The data network 205 can determine the paging policy based on the current service or application at the UE 115-a. For example, if the data network 205 communicates with the UE 115-a using a low-latency PDU session, the data network 205 can determine to use the primary access 215-a (which may be an NR access) to page the UE 115-a. Similarly, if the data network 205 communicates with the UE 115-a through a network slice used for latency-tolerant services, the data network 205 can determine to use the secondary access 215-b (which may be a satellite access) to page the UE 115-a.

[0121] In some examples, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to UE 115-a via first network 210-a. In some cases, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to PCF 230-a of the first network, and PCF 230-a may indicate a paging policy to UE 115-a via UE Routing Policy (URSP) rules. In some other cases, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to SMF 225-a of the first network, and SMF 225-a may indicate a paging policy to UE 115-a via ATSSS rules during PDU session establishment or PDU session modification. Additionally or alternatively, data network 205 may indicate paging restriction information for each access (e.g., separate paging restriction information may be indicated for each of primary access 215-a and secondary access 215-b). UE 115-a can convert a paging policy into a first set of paging restrictions and can indicate the first set of paging restrictions to AMF 220-a. UE 115-a can also convert a paging policy into a second set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy, and UE 115-a can send the second set of paging restrictions to AMF 220-b. The second set of paging restrictions can be the same as or different from the first set of paging restrictions. In such an example, AMF 220-a can implement the first set of paging restrictions, and AMF 220-b can implement the second set of paging restrictions.

[0122] Similarly, in some other examples, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to AMF 220-a of the first network 210-a. In such examples, AMF 220-a may implement the paging policy. In some cases, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to PCF 230-a of the first network, and PCF 230-a may indicate a paging policy to AMF 220-a. In some other cases, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to SMF 225-a of the first network, and SMF 225-a may indicate a paging policy to AMF 220-a during PDU session establishment or PDU session modification. Additionally or alternatively, data network 205 may indicate paging restriction information for each access to AMF 220-a (e.g., separate paging restriction information may be indicated for each of primary access 215-a and secondary access 215-b).

[0123] In some other examples, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to SMF 225-a of first network 210-a. In such examples, SMF 225-a may enforce the paging policy. In some cases, data network 205 may indicate a paging policy to PCF 230-a of the first network, and PCF 230-a may indicate the paging policy to SMF 225-a during PDU session establishment or PDU session modification. In some other cases, the SMF may be configured with a paging policy (e.g., locally).

[0124] In some examples, the paging policy may be a first paging policy associated with a first network 210-a. Data network 205 may also determine a second paging policy associated with a second network 210-b and may indicate the second paging policy to or via the second network 210-b to UE 115-a. For example, the data network may indicate the second paging policy to PCF 230-b or SMF 225-b of the second network. PCF 230-b or SMF 225-b may indicate the second paging policy to UE 115-a, which may then translate the second paging policy into a second set of paging restrictions. UE 115-a may send the second set of paging restrictions to AMF 220-b, and AMF 220-b may enforce the second set of paging restrictions. Alternatively or additionally, PCF 230-b or SMF 225-b may directly indicate the paging policy to AMF 220-b. If UE 115-a receives a second paging policy after the first paging policy, UE 115-a may override the paging restrictions included in the first paging policy with the paging restrictions included in the second paging policy. Similarly, if UE 115-a receives a first paging policy after the second paging policy, UE 115-a may override the paging restrictions included in the second paging policy with the paging restrictions included in the first paging policy.

[0125] Figure 3 An example of a process flow 300 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Process flow 300 can be implemented as described in the reference. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200, or those implemented therein, are used. For example, in... Figure 3 In the example, UE 115-b can communicate with the core network via a first network 305-a and a second network 305-b, which can be described herein (including references). Figure 1 Examples of the corresponding devices described herein. In the following description of process flow 300, the operations between UE 115-b, the first network 305-a, and the second network 305-b may be performed in a different order than in the example shown, or the operations between UE 115-b, the first network 305-a, and the second network 305-b may be performed at different times and in different orders. Some operations may also be omitted from process flow 300, and other operations may be added to process flow 300.

[0126] In some examples, the first network 305-a may include AMF 310-a, PCF 315-a, SMF 320-a, and UPF325, and the second network may include AMF 310-b, PCF 315-b, and SMF 320-b, which may be referenced herein. Figure 2 Example of the described device. UE 115-b can communicate with AMF 310-a, AMF 310-b, PCF 315-a, PCF 315-b, SMF320-a, and SMF 320-b. Additionally, UE 115-b can communicate with UPF 325 via at least one of AMF 310-a, AMF 310-b, SMF 320-a, and SMF 320-b. UE 115-b can be a MUSIM UE or a D3A UE.

[0127] In some examples, UE 115-b can determine the initial paging restrictions to be applied to communication between UE 115-b and the core network. UE 115-b can indicate the initial paging restrictions to AMF 310-a during device registration.

[0128] UE 115-b can receive instructions on paging policies from the network functions of the first network 305-a or the network functions of the second network 305-b. For example, at 330-a, UE 115-b can receive instructions on a first paging policy from PCF 315-a. Similarly, at 330-b, UE 115-b can receive instructions on a second paging policy from PCF 315-b. In some examples, PCF 315-a can indicate the first paging policy to UE 115-b during URSP rule provisioning, where the first paging policy is included in the URSP rules.

[0129] In some examples, at 335-a, PCF 315-a can send an instruction for the first paging policy to SMF 320-a. Similarly, at 335-b, PCF 315-b can send an instruction for the first paging policy to SMF 320-b.

[0130] At 340-a, UE 115-b can receive an indication of a first paging policy from SMF 320-a. SMF 320-a can indicate the first paging policy to UE 115-b via ATSSS rules during PDU session establishment or modification. Therefore, for UE 115-b to receive the first paging policy from SMF 320-a, UE 115-b must be ATSSS-enabled and may not be a MUSIM UE. In some examples, SMF 320-a can receive an indication of the first paging policy from PCF 315-a at 335-a. In some other examples, SMF 320-a may be configured with a first paging policy (e.g., locally). Similarly, at 340-b, UE 115-b can receive an indication of a second paging policy from SMF 320-b.

[0131] At 345, UE 115-b can convert a first paging policy received from PCF 315-a or SMF 320-a into a first set of paging restrictions. If UE 115-b receives a second paging policy from PCF 315-b or SMF 320-b, the UE can convert the second paging policy into a second set of paging restrictions. In some examples where UE 115-b receives multiple indications for paging policies, UE 115-b can use the most recently received indication to override any previously received paging policy. For example, if UE 115-a receives a first indication from PCF 315-a at 330-a, and then receives a second indication from SMF 320-a at 340-a after the first indication, UE 115-a can use the second indication received in 335-a to override the first indication received in 330-a.

[0132] At 350-a, UE 115-b can send a first set of paging restrictions to AMF 310-a. At 350-b, UE 115-b can send paging restrictions to AMF 310-b. In some examples, UE 115-b can send a second set of paging restrictions to AMF 310-b based on input from PCF 315-b (e.g., a second paging policy). In some other examples, UE 115-b can send a first set of paging restrictions to AMF 310-b based on input from PCF 315-a (e.g., a first paging policy).

[0133] UPF 325 can receive indications of mobility termination data for UE 115-b. UPF 325 can generate a paging message indicating that downlink data has been received for transmission to UE 115-b. At 355, UPF 325 can send indications of the paging message to SMF320-a.

[0134] At 360, SMF 320-a can forward paging messages to AMF 310-a. The paging message can instruct AMF310-a to page UE 115-b to exit idle mode, thereby enabling communication with the core network via the first network 305-a.

[0135] Additionally, at 365, SMF 320-a can send signaling to the second network 305-b instructing the second network 305-b to page UE 115-b. In some examples, SMF 320-a can send signaling to SMF 320-b of the second network 305-b. SMF 320-a can send signaling at 365 before, after, or concurrently with forwarding the paging message to AMF 310-a at 360.

[0136] At 370, SMF 320-b can send a paging message to AMF 310-b based on signaling received from SMF 320-a. The paging message can instruct AMF 310-b to page UE 115-b to exit idle mode, thereby enabling communication with the core network via the second network 305-b.

[0137] At position 375, AMF 310-b can send an indication of communication failure to SMF 320-b. In some examples, AMF310-b can determine to suppress paging to UE 115-b based on paging restrictions received from UE 115-b. For example, based on a first set of paging restrictions received from UE 115-b, AMF 310-b may not send paging to UE 115-b. Therefore, AMF310-b can send signaling to SMF 320-b indicating communication failure with UE 115-b.

[0138] At 380, SMF 320-b can send a signaling message to SMF 320-a indicating that the second network 305-b has not paged UE 115-b.

[0139] At 385, AMF 310-a can page UE 115-b. In some examples, AMF 310-a can page UE 115-b based on a first set of paging restrictions sent by UE 115-b to AMF 310-a. AMF 310-a can continue to page UE 115-b based on the first set of paging restrictions until AMF 310-a receives a second set of paging restrictions from UE 115-b after receiving the first set of paging restrictions.

[0140] Receiving a paging from AMF 310-a can trigger a service request at UE 115-b to send to UPF 325, allowing UE 115-b to begin communicating data with the core network.

[0141] Figure 4 An example of a process flow 400 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Process flow 400 can be implemented as described in the reference. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200, or those implemented therein, are used. For example, in... Figure 4 In the example, UE 115-c can communicate with the core network via a first network 405-a and a second network 405-b, which can be described herein (including references). Figure 1 Examples of the corresponding devices described herein. In the following description of process flow 400, the operations between UE 115-c, the first network 405-a, and the second network 405-b may be performed in a different order than in the example shown, or the operations between UE 115-c, the first network 405-a, and the second network 405-b may be performed at different times and in different orders. Some operations may also be omitted from process flow 400, and other operations may be added to process flow 400.

[0142] In some examples, the first network 405-a may include AMF 410-a, PCF 415-a, SMF 420-a, and UPF425, and the second network may include AMF 410-b, PCF 415-b, and SMF 420-b, which may be referenced herein. Figure 2Example of the described device. UE 115-c can communicate with AMF 410-a, AMF 410-b, PCF 415-a, PCF 415-b, SMF420-a, and SMF 420-b. Additionally, UE 115-c can communicate with UPF 425 via at least one of AMF 410-a, AMF 410-b, SMF 420-a, and SMF 420-b. UE 115-c can be a MUSIM UE or a D3A UE.

[0143] In some examples, UE 115-c can receive instructions on paging policies from network functions of either the first network 405-a or the second network 405-b. For example, at 430-a, UE 115-c can receive instructions on a first paging policy from PCF 415-a. Similarly, at 430-b, UE 115-c can receive instructions on a second paging policy from PCF 415-b. Additionally or alternatively, at 435-a, UE 115-c can receive instructions on a first paging policy from SMF 420-a, and at 435-b, UE 115-c can receive instructions on a second paging policy from SMF 420-b.

[0144] AMF 410-a can receive instructions on a paging policy from the network functions of the first network 405-a. For example, at 440-a, AMF 410-a can receive instructions on a first paging policy from PCF 415-a. AMF 410-a can perform an Access and Mobility (AM) policy association procedure with PCF 415-a, during which AMF 410-a can indicate network support for MUSIM operation, D3A operation, or both (e.g., the capability of UE 115-c). PCF 415-a can provide the first paging policy to AMF 410-a based on the instructions received from AMF 410-a during AM policy association. Similarly, at 440-b, AMF 410-b can receive instructions on a second paging policy from PCF 415-b. AMF 410-a and AMF 410-b can store a first paging policy and a second paging policy, respectively. If AMF 410-a or AMF 410-b receives any paging restriction information from UE 115-c before receiving a corresponding indication for the first or second paging restriction, AMF 410-a or AMF 410-b can override the paging restriction information with the corresponding first or second paging policy.

[0145] Additionally or alternatively, at 445-a, AMF 410-a may receive an indication of a first paging policy from SMF 420-a. SMF 420-a may indicate the first paging policy to AMF 410-a during PDU session establishment or PDU session modification. AMF 410-a may store each paging policy received from SMF 420-a associated with a given PDU session ID. In some examples, SMF 420-a may receive an indication of the first paging policy from PCF 415-a. In some other examples, SMF 420-a may be configured with the first paging policy (e.g., locally). Similarly, at 445-b, AMF 410-b may receive an indication of a second paging policy from SMF 420-b.

[0146] In some examples, because AMF 410-a and AMF 410-b receive their respective paging policies directly from the network functions of the first network 405-a and the second network 405-b, the paging policy may include additional information. For example, in addition to paging restriction information, the first paging policy may also indicate the number of paging retries that AMF 410-a should attempt before declaring a communication failure between the first network 405-a and UE 115-c.

[0147] The UPF 425 can receive indications for mobility termination data used by UE 115-c. The UPF 425 can generate a paging message indicating that downlink data is available for transmission to UE 115-c. At 450, the UPF 425 can send indications for the paging message to the SMF 320-a.

[0148] At 455, SMF 420-a can forward paging messages to AMF 410-a. The paging message can instruct AMF410-a to page UE 115-c to exit idle mode, thereby enabling communication with the core network via the first network 405-a.

[0149] Additionally, at 460, SMF 420-a can send signaling to the second network 405-b instructing the second network 405-b to page UE 115-c. In some examples, SMF 420-a can send signaling to SMF 420-b of the second network 405-b. SMF 420-a can send signaling at 460 before, after, or concurrently with forwarding the paging message to AMF 410-a at 455.

[0150] At 465, SMF 420-b can send a paging message to AMF 410-b based on signaling received from SMF 420-a. The paging message can instruct AMF 410-b to page UE 115-c to exit idle mode, thereby enabling communication with the core network via the second network 405-b.

[0151] At 470, AMF 410-b can send an indication of communication failure to SMF 420-b. In some examples, AMF 410-b can determine to suppress paging to UE 115-c based on the paging policy received from PCF 415-b or SMF 420-b. For example, based on receiving a second paging policy, AMF 410-b may not send paging to UE 115-c. Additionally or alternatively, AMF 410-b can determine communication failure based on the number of failed paging attempts. Therefore, AMF 410-b can send signaling to SMF 420-b indicating communication failure with UE 115-c. At 475, SMF 420-b can send signaling to SMF 420-a indicating that the second network 405-b did not page UE 115-c.

[0152] At 480, AMF 410-a can page UE 115-c. In some examples, AMF 410-a can page UE 115-c according to a first paging policy sent to AMF 410-a. AMF 410-a can continue to page UE 115-c according to the first paging policy until AMF 410-a receives a second paging policy after receiving the first paging policy. Receiving a paging from AMF 410-a can satisfy a trigger at UE 115-c to send a service request to UPF 425, allowing UE 115-c to begin communicating data with the core network.

[0153] Figure 5 An example of a process flow 500 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Process flow 500 can be implemented as described in the reference. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200, or those implemented therein, are used. For example, in... Figure 5 In the example, UE 115-d can communicate with the core network via a first network 505-a and a second network 505-b, which can be described herein (including references). Figure 1Examples of the corresponding devices described herein. In the following description of process flow 500, the operations between UE 115-d, the first network 505-a, and the second network 505-b may be performed in a different order than in the example shown, or the operations between UE 115-d, the first network 505-a, and the second network 505-b may be performed at different times and in different orders. Some operations may also be omitted from process flow 500, and other operations may be added to process flow 500.

[0154] In some examples, the first network 505-a may include AMF 510-a, PCF 515-a, SMF 520-a, and UPF525, and the second network may include AMF 510-b, PCF 515-b, and SMF 520-b, which may be referenced herein. Figure 2 Example of the described device. UE 115-d can communicate with AMF 510-a, AMF 510-b, PCF 515-a, PCF 515-b, SMF520-a, and SMF 520-b. Additionally, UE 115-d can communicate with UPF 525 via at least one of AMF 510-a, AMF 510-b, SMF 520-a, and SMF 520-b. UE 115-d can be a MUSIM UE or a D3A UE.

[0155] SMF 520-a can receive instructions on paging policies from the network functions of the first network 505-a. For example, at 530-a, SMF 520-a can receive instructions on a first paging policy from PCF 515-a. PCF 515-a can send the instructions as part of (e.g., included therein) policy and charging control rules during PDU session establishment or modification. Similarly, at 530-b, SMF 520-b can receive instructions on a second paging policy from PCF 515-b. SMF 520-a and SMF 520-b can store the first and second paging policies locally, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, SMF 520-a, SMF 520-b, or both, can be locally configured with the corresponding first or second paging policy. In such examples, the SMF 520-b can override the locally configured paging policy with the appropriate first or second paging policy received from the AMF 510-a or AMF 510-b.

[0156] At 535-a, SMF 520-a can send a portion of the paging policy to AMF 510-a. For example, SMF 520-a can indicate a portion of a first paging policy to AMF 510-a during PDU session establishment or PDU session modification. AMF 510-a can store each paging policy received from SMF 520-a associated with a given PDU session ID. Similarly, at 535-b, AMF 510-b can receive an indication of a second paging policy from SMF 520-b.

[0157] In some examples, UE 115-d can also receive instructions on paging policies from network functions of the first network 505-a or from network functions of the second network 505-b. For example, at 540-a, UE 115-d can receive instructions on a first paging policy from PCF 515-a. Similarly, at 540-b, UE 115-d can receive instructions on a second paging policy from PCF 515-b. Additionally or alternatively, at 545-a, UE 115-d can receive instructions on a first paging policy from SMF 520-a, and at 545-b, UE 115-d can receive instructions on a second paging policy from SMF 520-b.

[0158] In some examples, because SMF 520-a and SMF 520-b receive their respective paging policies directly from the network functions of the first network 505-a and the second network 505-b, or because SMF 520-a and SMF 520-b can be locally configured with their respective paging policies, the paging policy may include additional information. For example, in addition to paging restriction information, the first paging policy may also indicate the number of paging retries that SMF 520-a should attempt before declaring a communication failure between the first network 505-a and UE 115-d.

[0159] UPF 525 can receive indications for mobility termination data used by UE 115-d. UPF 425 can generate a paging message indicating that downlink data is available for UE 115-d. At 550, UPF 525 can send indications for paging messages to SMF520-a.

[0160] At 555, SMF 520-a can determine whether to signal to AMF 510-a in the first network or to SMF 520-b in the second network to page UE 115-d. In some examples, SMF 520-a can select AMF 510-a for paging based on a first paging policy or a second paging policy. Based on the selection of AMF 510-a, at 560, SMF 520-a can forward the paging message to AMF 510-a. The paging message can instruct AMF 510-a to page UE 115-d to exit idle mode, thereby enabling communication with the core network through the first network 505-a.

[0161] In some other examples, at 565, SMF 520-a may send signaling to the second network 505-b instructing the second network 505-b to page UE 115-d. In some examples, SMF 520-a may send signaling to SMF 520-b of the second network 505-b. SMF 520-a may send signaling at 565 before, after, or concurrently with forwarding the paging message to AMF 510-a at 560. Additionally or alternatively, SMF 520-a may send signaling to SMF 520-b at 565, but may not forward the paging message to AMF 510-a at 560 according to the first paging policy.

[0162] At 570, SMF 520-b can send a paging message to AMF 510-b based on signaling received from SMF 520-a. The paging message can instruct AMF 510-b to page UE 115-d to exit idle mode, thereby enabling communication with the core network via the second network 505-b.

[0163] At 575, AMF 510-b can send an indication of communication failure to SMF 520-b. In some examples, AMF 510-b can determine to suppress paging to UE 115-d based on the paging policy received from PCF 515-b or SMF 520-b. For example, based on receiving a second paging policy, AMF 510-b may not send paging to UE 115-d. Additionally or alternatively, AMF 510-b can determine communication failure based on the number of failed paging attempts. Therefore, AMF 510-b can send signaling to SMF 520-b indicating communication failure with UE 115-d. At 580, SMF 520-b can send signaling to SMF 520-a indicating that the second network 505-b did not page UE 115-d.

[0164] At 585, AMF 510-a can page UE 115-d. In some examples, AMF 510-a can page UE 115-d according to a first paging policy sent to AMF 510-a. AMF 510-a can continue to page UE 115-d according to the first paging policy until AMF 510-a receives a second paging policy after receiving the first paging policy. Receiving a paging from AMF 510-a can satisfy a trigger at UE 115-d to send a service request to UPF 525, allowing UE 115-d to begin communicating data with the core network.

[0165] Figure 6 An example of a process flow 600 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Process flow 600 can be implemented as described in the reference. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200, or those implemented therein, are used. For example, in... Figure 6 In the example, UE 115-e can communicate with core network 605 via a first network 610, which may include a first network function (NF) 615 and a second NF 620, which may be described herein (including references). Figure 1 and Figure 2 Examples of the corresponding devices described herein. In the following description of process flow 600, the operations between UE 115-e, core network 605, first NF 615 and second NF 620 may be performed in a different order than in the example shown, or the operations between UE 115-e, core network 605, first NF 615 and second NF 620 may be performed at different times and in different orders. Some operations may also be omitted from process flow 600, and other operations may be added to process flow 600.

[0166] At point 625, the first NF 615 of the first network 610 can send a paging policy associated with paging UE 115-e to UE 115-e. UE 115-e can be connected to the first network 610 and also to a second network. In some examples, the first NF 615 can be the PCF of the first network 610, and UE 115-e can be a D3A UE or a MUSIM UE. In such examples, the first NF 615 can send the paging policy to UE 115-e according to one or more URSP rules.

[0167] In some other examples, the first NF 615 may be the SMF of the first network 610, and the UE 115-e may be a D3A UE. In such other examples, the first NF 615 may send paging policies to the UE 115-e according to one or more ATSSS rules during PDU session establishment or PDU session modification.

[0168] At 630, the second NF 620 can receive paging restriction information from UE 115-e. The paging restriction information may include a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy. In some examples, the second NF 620 may be the AMF of the first network 610.

[0169] At 635, the second NF 620 can receive a paging notification associated with paging UE 115-e. In some examples, the core network 605 can send the paging notification to the second NF 620. At 640, the second NF 620 can apply a set of paging restrictions to the paging notification. In some examples, by applying the set of paging restrictions, the second NF 620 can determine whether to paging UE 115-e or not. For example, at 645, if the paging notification is not restricted according to the paging restriction information, the second NF 620 can page UE 115-e. Additionally or alternatively, at 650, if the paging notification is restricted according to the paging restriction information, the second NF 620 can suppress paging UE 115-e or paging of UE 115-e.

[0170] Figure 7 An example of a process flow 700 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Process flow 700 can be implemented as described in the reference. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200, or those implemented therein, are used. For example, in... Figure 7 In the example, UE 115-f can communicate with core network 705 via a first network 710, which may include a first NF 715 and a second NF 720, which may be as described herein (including references). Figure 1 and Figure 2 Examples of the corresponding devices described herein. In the following description of process flow 700, the operations between UE 115-f, core network 705, first NF 715 and second NF 720 may be performed in a different order than in the example shown, or the operations between UE 115-f, core network 705, first NF 715 and second NF 720 may be performed at different times and in different orders. Some operations may also be omitted from process flow 700, and other operations may be added to process flow 700.

[0171] At 725, the first NF 715 of the first network 710 can receive the paging policy associated with the paging UE 115-f from the second NF 720. The UE can be connected to both the first network 710 and the second network. In some examples, the first NF 715 can be the AMF of the first network 710, and the second NF 720 can be the PCF of the first network 710. In such examples, the first NF 715 can receive the paging policy from the PCF during AM policy association establishment, AM policy association modification, or both. In some other examples, the first NF 715 can be the AMF of the first network 710, and the second NF 720 can be the SMF of the first network 710. In such other examples, the first NF 715 can receive the paging policy from the SMF during PDU session establishment, PDU session modification, or both. The paging policy may include a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0172] At 730, the first NF 715 can receive a paging notification associated with paging UE 115-f from the core network 705. In some examples, UE 115-f may be a MUSIM UE or a D3A UE. At 735, the first NF 715 can apply a paging policy to the paging notification. In some examples, by applying the paging policy, the first NF 715 may determine whether to paging UE 115-f or not. For example, at 740, if the paging notification is not restricted according to paging restriction information, the first NF 715 may page UE 115-f. Additionally or alternatively, at 745, if the paging notification is restricted according to a paging policy, the first NF 715 may suppress paging UE 115-f or paging of UE 115-f.

[0173] Figure 8 An example of a process flow 800 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Process flow 800 can be implemented as described in the reference. Figure 1 and Figure 2 The described aspects of wireless communication system 100 and wireless communication system 200, or those implemented therein, are used. For example, in... Figure 8 In the example, the UE can communicate with the core network 805 via the first NF 810 and the second NF 815, which can be described herein (including references). Figure 1 and Figure 2Examples of the corresponding devices described herein. In the following description of process flow 800, the operations between core network 805, first NF 810 and second NF 815 may be performed in a different order than in the example shown, or the operations between core network 805, first NF 810 and second NF 815 may be performed at different times and in different orders. Some operations may also be omitted from process flow 800, and other operations may be added to process flow 800.

[0174] At 820, the first NF 810 can obtain the paging policy associated with the paging UE. In some examples, the UE can be connected to a first network and a second network. The UE can be a D3A UE or a MUSIM UE, and the first NF 810 can be the SMF of the first network. The paging policy may include a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0175] In some examples, the first NF 810 can receive instructions on the paging policy from the second NF 815. In such examples, the second NF can be the PCF of the first network and can send the paging policy to the first NF 810 during PDU session establishment, PDU session modification, or both. In some other examples, the first NF 810 may be pre-configured with a paging policy.

[0176] At point 825, the first NF 810 can receive a paging notification associated with the paging UE from the core network 805. At point 830, the first NF 810 can apply a paging policy to the paging notification. By applying the paging policy, the first NF 810 can determine whether to use the first network to page the UE or to use the second network to page the UE.

[0177] In some examples, the second NF 815 may be the AMF of the first network. In other examples, at 835, the first NF 810 may forward a portion of the paging policy (e.g., a partial paging policy) to the second NF 815 to allow the second NF 815 to control paging between the core network 805 and the UE. At 840, the first NF 810 may select the second NF 815 for paging according to the paging policy and may send a paging notification to the second NF 815. In some other examples, the second NF 815 may be the SMF of the second network. In such other examples, at 845, the first NF 810 may suppress the forwarding of paging notifications to the AMF of the first network. Instead, at 850, the first NF 810 may send signaling to the second NF 815 instructing the use of the AMF of the second network to paging the UE.

[0178] Figure 9A block diagram 900 of a device 905 supporting network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 905 may be an example of aspects of a first network as described herein. Device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communication manager 920. Device 905, or one or more components of device 905 (e.g., receiver 910, transmitter 915, and communication manager 920), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to individually or jointly support or implement the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0179] Receiver 910 may provide components for acquiring (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). The information may be passed to other components of device 905. In some examples, receiver 910 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 910 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0180] Transmitter 915 may provide components for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of device 905. For example, transmitter 915 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 915 and receiver 910 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled to a modem.

[0181] The communication manager 920, receiver 910, transmitter 915, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of components used to perform various aspects of network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications as described herein. For example, the communication manager 920, receiver 910, transmitter 915, or various combinations thereof, or components thereof, may be able to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0182] In some examples, the communication manager 920, receiver 910, transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communication management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, or other programmable logic device, microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic unit, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, configured as or otherwise individually or collectively to support components for performing the functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled to said at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in at least one memory are executed individually or collectively by one or more processors).

[0183] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 920, receiver 910, transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code executed by at least one processor (e.g., as communication management software or firmware). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functionality of the communication manager 920, receiver 910, transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by (e.g., a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices configured, individually or collectively, as components for performing the functions described herein).

[0184] In some examples, the communication manager 920 may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with the receiver 910, transmitter 915, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, the communication manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, transmit information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, transmitter 915, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0185] The communication manager 920 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network to a UE, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information comprising a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy. The communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a second network function. The communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a set of paging restrictions to a paging notification at a second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0186] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 920 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. The communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging of the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0187] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 920 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for obtaining a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. The communication manager 920 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to a second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0188] By including or configuring a communication manager 920 according to an example as described herein, device 905 (e.g., at least one processor that controls or otherwise couples to receiver 910, transmitter 915, communication manager 920, or a combination thereof) can support techniques for reducing power consumption and utilizing communication resources more efficiently.

[0189] Figure 10 A block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 supporting network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1005 may be an example of device 905 as described herein or aspects of a first network. Device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communication manager 1020. Device 1005, or one or more components of device 1005 (e.g., receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, and communication manager 1020), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to support the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0190] Receiver 1010 may provide components for acquiring (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information (such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units)) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). The information may be passed to other components of device 1005. In some examples, receiver 1010 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, receiver 1010 may support acquiring information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0191] Transmitter 1015 may provide components for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, transmitting) information generated by other components of device 1005. For example, transmitter 1015 may output information associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack), such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units). In some examples, transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally or alternatively, transmitter 1015 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 1015 and receiver 1010 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled to a modem.

[0192] Device 1005 or its various components may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications as described herein. For example, communication manager 1020 may include paging information component 1025, restriction information component 1030, notification component 1035, paging component 1040, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 1020 may be examples of aspects of communication manager 920 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 1020 or its various components may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, communication manager 1020 may receive information from receiver 1010, transmit information to transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with receiver 1010, transmitter 1015, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0193] The communication manager 1020 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. The paging information component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for sending a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network to a UE, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The restriction information component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information comprising a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy. The notification component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a second network function. The paging component 1040 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for applying a set of paging restrictions to a paging notification at a second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0194] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1020 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. The paging information component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The notification component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. The paging component 1040 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging of the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0195] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1020 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. The paging information component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for obtaining a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The notification component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. The paging component 1040 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to a second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0196] Figure 11 A block diagram 1100 is shown of a communication manager 1120 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. The communication manager 1120 may be an example of a communication manager 920, a communication manager 1020, or aspects thereof as described herein. The communication manager 1120 or its various components may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of network-based paging optimization for dual-boot and MUSIM applications as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1120 may include a paging information component 1125, a restriction information component 1130, a notification component 1135, a paging component 1140, a policy association component 1145, a paging suppression component 1150, a signaling component 1155, a routing component 1160, a PDU session component 1165, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or its components or sub-components (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate directly or indirectly with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0197] Communication manager 1120 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Paging information component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for sending a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network to a UE, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. Restriction information component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving paging restriction information from a UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information including a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy. Notification component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a second network function. Paging component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for applying a set of paging restrictions to a paging notification at a second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0198] In some examples, the first network function is a policy control function.

[0199] In some examples, in order to support the transmission of paging policies, routing component 1160 can be configured or operated to support components for transmitting paging policies to the UE according to one or more UE routing policy rules.

[0200] In some examples, the UE is a Multiple Universal Subscriber Identity Module (MUSIM) UE or a Dual 3GPP Access UE.

[0201] In some examples, in order to support the transmission of paging policies, the paging information component 1125 can be configured or operated to support components for transmitting paging policies to the UE during Protocol Data Unit session establishment in accordance with one or more access service bootstrapping, handover and splitting rules.

[0202] In some examples, the UE is a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0203] In some examples, the primary network function is session management.

[0204] In some examples, the second network function is access and mobility functions.

[0205] In some examples, the paging strategy includes a set of paging restrictions.

[0206] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1120 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. In some examples, the paging information component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. In some examples, the notification component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. In some examples, the paging component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging of the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0207] In some examples, the primary network function is access and mobility functionality.

[0208] In some examples, the second network function is a policy control function.

[0209] In some examples, in order to support receiving paging policies, the policy association component 1145 can be configured or operated to support components for receiving paging policies from policy control functions during access and mobility policy association establishment, access and mobility policy association modification, or both.

[0210] In some examples, the second network function is a session management function.

[0211] In some examples, in order to support receiving paging policies, the PDU session component 1165 can be configured or operated to support components for receiving paging policies from session management functions during Protocol Data Unit session establishment, Protocol Data Unit session modification, or both.

[0212] In some examples, paging strategies include a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0213] In some examples, the UE is a Multiple Universal Subscriber Identity Module (MUSIM) UE or a Dual 3GPP Access UE.

[0214] In some examples, the restriction information component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or able to operate to support a component for applying a set of paging restrictions to a paging notification based on a paging policy, wherein the set of paging restrictions to be applied includes a second set that overrides the paging restrictions indicated to the first network function prior to receiving the paging policy from the UE.

[0215] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1120 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. In some examples, the paging information component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for obtaining a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. In some examples, the notification component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. In some examples, the paging component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support means for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to a second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0216] In some examples, the primary network function is session management.

[0217] In some examples, in order to support receiving paging policies, PDU session component 1165 can be configured or operated to support components for receiving paging policies from policy control functions during Protocol Data Unit session establishment, Protocol Data Unit session modification, or both.

[0218] In some examples, the first network is pre-configured with a paging policy.

[0219] In some examples, paging strategies include a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0220] In some examples, the second network function is an access and mobility function of the first network, and to support the application of paging policies, the paging information component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for forwarding a portion of the paging policy to the second network function. In some examples, the second network function is an access and mobility function of the first network, and to support the application of paging policies, the paging component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending paging notifications to the second network function, wherein sending the paging notification is based on selecting the second network function according to the paging policy.

[0221] In some examples, the second network function is a session management function of the second network, and to support the application of paging policies, the paging suppression component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for suppressing the forwarding of paging notifications to the access and mobility functions of the first network. In some examples, the second network function is a session management function of the second network, and to support the application of paging policies, the signaling component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending signaling to the second network function instructing the use of the access and mobility functions of the second network to paging the UE.

[0222] Figure 12 A diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 supporting network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1205 may be an example of device 905, device 1005, or a first network as described herein, or may include components thereof. Device 1205 may include components for bidirectional voice and data communication, including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communication manager 1220, a transceiver 1210, an antenna 1215, at least one memory 1225, code 1230, and at least one processor 1235. These components may communicate electronically or be coupled in other ways (e.g., operational ground, communication ground, functional ground, electronic ground, electrical ground) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1240).

[0223] Transceiver 1210 may support bidirectional communication via a wired link, a wireless link, or both, as described herein. In some examples, transceiver 1210 may include a wired transceiver and be capable of bidirectional communication with another wired transceiver. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, transceiver 1210 may include a wireless transceiver and be capable of bidirectional communication with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, device 1205 may include one or more antennas 1215 that are capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently). Transceiver 1210 may also include a modem for: modulating a signal; providing the modulated signal for transmission (e.g., via one or more antennas 1215, via a wired transmitter); receiving the modulated signal (e.g., from one or more antennas 1215, from a wired receiver); and demodulating the signal. In some embodiments, transceiver 1210 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1215 configured to support various receive or acquire operations, or one or more interfaces coupled to one or more antennas 1215 configured to support various transmit or output operations, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, transceiver 1210 may include one or more processors or one or more memory components or configured to be coupled to said one or more processors or one or more memory components, said one or more processors or memory components being operable to perform or support operations based on received or acquired information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other output, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, transceiver 1210, or transceiver 1210 and one or more antennas 1215, or transceiver 1210 and one or more antennas 1215 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., at least one processor 1235, at least one memory 1225, or both) may be included in a chip or chip assembly mounted in device 1205. In some examples, transceiver 1210 may be able to operate to support communication via one or more communication links (e.g., communication link 125, backhaul communication link 120, midhaul communication link 162, and fronthaul communication link 168).

[0224] At least one memory 1225 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. At least one memory 1225 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 1230 including instructions that, when executed by one or more of at least one processor 1235, cause device 1205 to perform the various functions described herein. Code 1230 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 1230 may not be directly executable by one of the at least one processor 1235, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, at least one memory 1225 may also include a BIOS, among other things, that controls basic hardware or software operation, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, at least one processor 1235 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 1225 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein (e.g., as part of a processing system).

[0225] At least one processor 1235 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, ASICs, CPUs, FPGAs, microcontrollers, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic units, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, at least one processor 1235 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1235. At least one processor 1235 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., one or more memories in at least one memory 1225) to cause device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications). For example, device 1205 or components of device 1205 may include at least one processor 1235 and at least one memory 1225 coupled to one or more of the at least one processor 1235, wherein at least one processor 1235 and at least one memory 1225 are configured to perform the various functions described herein. At least one processor 1235 may be an example of a cloud computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as an operating system, virtual machine, or container instance) that can (e.g., by executing code 1230) host functions for performing the functions of device 1205. At least one processor 1235 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in device 1205 (such as within one or more memories of at least one memory 1225). In some examples, at least one processor 1235 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 1225 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled to one or more of the multiple memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 1235 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system of machines (such as a series of machines), circuits (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include at least one processor 1235) and memory circuitry (which may include at least one memory 1225)) or components that receive or acquire input and process the input to produce, generate, or acquire a set of outputs. The processing system can be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Thus, at least one processor 1235 or a processing system including at least one processor 1235 can be configured, configured to, or operated to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein.Furthermore, as described herein, “configured to,” “capable of being configured to,” and “capable of operating to” are used interchangeably and may be associated with the ability to perform one or more of the functions described herein when executing code stored in at least one memory 1225 or otherwise.

[0226] In some examples, bus 1240 may support communication at the protocol layer of the protocol stack (e.g., within a protocol layer). In some examples, bus 1240 may support communication associated with logical channels of the protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of the protocol stack), which may include communication performed within components of device 1205, or communication performed between different components of device 1205 that are co-addressable or may be located in different locations (e.g., where device 1205 may refer to a system in which one or more of communication manager 1220, transceiver 1210, at least one memory 1225, code 1230 and at least one processor 1235 may be located in one component of different components or partitioned between different components).

[0227] In some examples, the communication manager 1220 can manage (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links) various aspects of communication with the core network 130. For example, the communication manager 1220 can manage the transfer of data communication between client devices (such as one or more UEs 115). In some examples, the communication manager 1220 can manage communication with other network entities 105 and may include a controller or scheduler for coordinating other network entities 105 to control communication with UE 115. In some examples, the communication manager 1220 may support an X2 interface within LTE / LTE-A wireless communication network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.

[0228] The communication manager 1220 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network to a UE, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information comprising a set of paging restrictions based on the paging policy. The communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a second network function. The communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a set of paging restrictions to a paging notification at a second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0229] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1220 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. The communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging of the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0230] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1220 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for obtaining a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging notification associated with a paging UE at a first network function. The communication manager 1220 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to a second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0231] By including or configuring a communication manager 1220 according to an example as described herein, device 1205 can support techniques for reducing latency and improving the user experience associated with lower power consumption and more efficient use of communication resources.

[0232] In some examples, the communication manager 1220 may be configured to use or otherwise coordinate with the transceiver 1210, one or more antennas 1215 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). Although the communication manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1220 may be supported or performed by the transceiver 1210, one or more processors in at least one processor 1235, one or more memories in at least one memory 1225, code 1230, or any combination thereof (e.g., by a processing system including at least a portion of at least one processor 1235, at least one memory 1225, code 1230, or any combination thereof). For example, code 1230 may include instructions that can be executed by one or more processors of at least one processor 1235 to cause device 1205 to perform various aspects of network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications as described herein, or at least one processor 1235 and at least one memory 1225 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations individually or jointly.

[0233] Figure 13A block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 supporting network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1305 may be an example of various aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. Device 1305 may include a receiver 1310, a transmitter 1315, and a communication manager 1320. Device 1305, or one or more components of device 1305 (e.g., receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, and communication manager 1320), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to individually or jointly support or implement the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0234] Receiver 1310 may provide components for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications). The information may be passed to other components of device 1305. Receiver 1310 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of antennas.

[0235] Transmitter 1315 may provide components for transmitting signals generated by other components of device 1305. For example, transmitter 1315 may transmit information associated with various information channels, such as control channels, data channels, and information channels related to network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, including packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 1315 may be co-located with receiver 1310 in a transceiver module. Transmitter 1315 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0236] The communication manager 1320, receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, or various combinations thereof, or various components thereof, may be examples of components used to perform various aspects of network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1320, receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, or various combinations thereof, or components thereof, may be able to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0237] In some examples, the communication manager 1320, receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communication management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of the following: a processor, digital signal processor (DSP), central processing unit (CPU), application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic component, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, configured as or otherwise individually or collectively to support components for performing the functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled to said at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., instructions stored in at least one memory are executed individually or collectively by one or more processors).

[0238] Additionally or alternatively, the communication manager 1320, receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code executed by at least one processor (e.g., as communication management software or firmware). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functionality of the communication manager 1320, receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by (e.g., a general-purpose processor, DSP, CPU, ASIC, FPGA, microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices configured as or otherwise individually or collectively to support components for performing the functions described in this disclosure).

[0239] In some examples, the communication manager 1320 may be configured to use or otherwise coordinate with the receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, the communication manager 1320 may receive information from the receiver 1310, transmit information to the transmitter 1315, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0240] The communication manager 1320 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1320 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 1320 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on a paging policy. The communication manager 1320 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a set of paging restrictions based on a second network function to receive one or more paging messages from either the first or second network.

[0241] By including or configuring a communication manager 1320 according to an example as described herein, device 1305 (e.g., at least one processor that controls or is otherwise coupled to receiver 1310, transmitter 1315, communication manager 1320, or a combination thereof) can support techniques for reducing power consumption and utilizing communication resources more efficiently.

[0242] Figure 14 A block diagram 1400 of a device 1405 supporting network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1405 may be an example of aspects of device 1305 or UE 115 as described herein. Device 1405 may include a receiver 1410, a transmitter 1415, and a communication manager 1420. Device 1405, or one or more components of device 1405 (e.g., receiver 1410, transmitter 1415, and communication manager 1420), may include at least one processor that may be coupled to at least one memory to support the described techniques. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0243] Receiver 1410 may provide components for receiving information (such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof) associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications). The information may be passed to other components of device 1405. Receiver 1410 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of antennas.

[0244] Transmitter 1415 may provide components for transmitting signals generated by other components of device 1405. For example, transmitter 1415 may transmit information associated with various information channels, such as control channels, data channels, and information channels related to network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, including packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof. In some examples, transmitter 1415 may be co-located with receiver 1410 in a transceiver module. Transmitter 1415 may utilize a single antenna or a collection of multiple antennas.

[0245] Device 1405 or its various components may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications as described herein. For example, communication manager 1420 may include paging information manager 1425, restriction information manager 1430, paging manager 1435, or any combination thereof. Communication manager 1420 may be examples of aspects of communication manager 1320 as described herein. In some examples, communication manager 1420 or its various components may be configured to use or otherwise cooperate with receiver 1410, transmitter 1415, or both to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, acquiring, monitoring, outputting, transmitting). For example, communication manager 1420 may receive information from receiver 1410, transmit information to transmitter 1415, or be integrated in combination with receiver 1410, transmitter 1415, or both to acquire information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0246] Communication manager 1420 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Paging information manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. Restriction information manager 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on a paging policy. Paging manager 1435 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a set of paging restrictions based on a second network function to receive one or more paging messages from the first or second network.

[0247] Figure 15A block diagram 1500 is shown of a communication manager 1520 supporting network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications according to one or more aspects of this disclosure. The communication manager 1520 may be an example of a communication manager 1320, a communication manager 1420, or aspects thereof as described herein. The communication manager 1520 or its various components may be examples of parts for performing various aspects of network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications as described herein. For example, the communication manager 1520 may include a paging information manager 1525, a restriction information manager 1530, a paging manager 1535, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or its components or sub-components (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate directly or indirectly with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0248] Communication manager 1520 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. Paging information manager 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. Restriction information manager 1530 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on a paging policy. Paging manager 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a set of paging restrictions based on a second network function to receive one or more paging messages from the first or second network.

[0249] In some examples, the first network function is a policy control function.

[0250] In some examples, the UE is a Multiple Universal Subscriber Identity Module (MUSIM) UE or a Dual 3GPP Access UE.

[0251] In some examples, the primary network function is session management.

[0252] In some examples, the second network function is access and mobility functions.

[0253] Figure 16A diagram of a system 1600 including a device 1605 supporting network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications, according to one or more aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Device 1605 may be an example of device 1305, device 1405, or UE 115 as described herein, or may include components thereof. Device 1605 may communicate with one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, or any combination thereof (e.g., wirelessly). Device 1605 may include components for bidirectional voice and data communication, including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communication manager 1620, an input / output (I / O) controller 1610, a transceiver 1615, an antenna 1625, at least one memory 1630, code 1635, and at least one processor 1640. These components may communicate electronically via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1645) or be coupled in other ways (e.g., operational ground, communication ground, functional ground, electronic ground, electrical ground).

[0254] I / O controller 1610 manages the input and output signals of device 1605. I / O controller 1610 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into device 1605. In some cases, I / O controller 1610 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I / O controller 1610 may utilize an operating system such as iOS. ® ANDROID ® MS-DOS ® MS-WINDOWS ® OS / 2 ® UNIX ® LINUX ® Alternatively, the I / O controller 1610 may represent or interact with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touchscreen, or similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1610 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as at least one processor 1640. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1605 via the I / O controller 1610 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1610.

[0255] In some cases, device 1605 may include a single antenna 1625. However, in other cases, device 1605 may have more than one antenna 1625, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. Transceiver 1615 may communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas 1625, wired or wireless links, as described herein. For example, transceiver 1615 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. Transceiver 1615 may also include a modem for: modulating packets; providing the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1625 for transmission; and demodulating packets received from one or more antennas 1625. Transceiver 1615, or transceiver 1615 and one or more antennas 1625, may be an example of transmitter 1315, transmitter 1415, receiver 1310, receiver 1410, or any combination thereof or components thereof as described herein.

[0256] At least one memory 1630 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). At least one memory 1630 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 1635, including instructions that, when executed by at least one processor 1640, cause device 1605 to perform the various functions described herein. Code 1635 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, code 1635 may not be directly executable by at least one processor 1640, but may enable a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein. In some cases, among other things, at least one memory 1630 may also include a basic I / O system (BIOS) that controls basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0257] At least one processor 1640 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, at least one processor 1640 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into at least one processor 1640. At least one processor 1640 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in memory (e.g., at least one memory 1630) to cause device 1605 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks that support network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications). For example, device 1605 or components of device 1605 may include at least one processor 1640 and at least one memory 1630 coupled to or coupled to at least one processor 1640, wherein at least one processor 1640 and at least one memory 1630 are configured to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 1640 may include multiple processors, and at least one memory 1630 may include multiple memories. One or more of a plurality of processors may be coupled to one or more of a plurality of memories, which may be configured individually or collectively to perform the various functions described herein. In some examples, at least one processor 1640 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system of machines (such as a series of machines), circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include at least one processor 1640) and memory circuitry (which may include at least one memory 1630)) or components that receive or receive input and process the input to produce, generate or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Thus, at least one processor 1640 or a processing system including at least one processor 1640 may be configured, capable of being configured, or operable to cause device 1605 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Furthermore, as described herein, “configured to,” “capable of being configured,” and “operable to” are used interchangeably and may be associated with the ability to perform one or more of the functions described herein when executing code stored in at least one memory 1630 or otherwise.

[0258] The communication manager 1620 may support wireless communication according to examples disclosed herein. For example, the communication manager 1620 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for receiving a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. The communication manager 1620 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on a paging policy. The communication manager 1620 may be capable of, configured to, or operable to support components for applying a set of paging restrictions based on a second network function to receive one or more paging messages from either the first or second network.

[0259] By including or configuring a communication manager 1620 according to an example as described herein, device 1605 can support techniques for reducing latency and improving the user experience associated with lower power consumption and more efficient use of communication resources.

[0260] In some examples, the communication manager 1620 may be configured to use or otherwise coordinate with the transceiver 1615, one or more antennas 1625, or any combination thereof to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting). Although the communication manager 1620 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communication manager 1620 may be supported by or executed by at least one processor 1640, at least one memory 1630, code 1635, or any combination thereof. For example, code 1635 may include instructions that can be executed by at least one processor 1640 to cause the device 1605 to perform various aspects of network-based paging optimizations for multi-access applications as described herein, or at least one processor 1640 and at least one memory 1630 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations individually or jointly.

[0261] Figure 17 A flowchart illustrating a method 1700 for network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Operation of method 1700 may be implemented by a first network or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1700 may be implemented by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 12 The first network described is used to perform this function. In some examples, the first network can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the first network to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the first network can use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0262] At 1705, the method may include sending a paging policy associated with the paging UE to the UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and also connected to a second network. In some examples, the first network function may be a PCF or an SMF. The operation of block 1705 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1705 may be provided by reference to [reference]. Figure 11 The paging information component 1125 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0263] At 1710, the method may include receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information including a set of paging restrictions based on a paging policy. In some examples, the second network function may be an AMF. Operation of block 1710 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1710 may be provided by reference to [reference]. Figure 11 The described restriction information component 1130 is used to perform this.

[0264] At 1715, the method may include receiving a paging notification associated with the paging UE at a second network function. Operation of block 1715 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1715 may be derived from references... Figure 11 The notification component 1135 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0265] At 1720, the method may include applying a set of paging restrictions to a paging notification at a second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification based on paging restriction information; and suppressing paging of the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification based on paging restriction information. Operation of block 1720 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1720 may be derived from references... Figure 11 The paging component 1140 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0266] Figure 18 A flowchart illustrating a method 1800 for network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Operation of method 1800 may be implemented by a first network or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1800 may be implemented by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 12 The first network described is used to perform this function. In some examples, the first network can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the first network to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the first network can use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0267] At 1805, the method may include receiving, at a first network function of the first network, a paging policy associated with the paging UE from a second network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. In some examples, the first network function may be an AMF, and the second network function may be a PCF or an SMF. Operation of block 1805 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1805 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 11 The paging information component 1125 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0268] At 1810, the method may include receiving a paging notification associated with the paging UE at a first network function. Operation of block 1810 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1810 may be derived from references... Figure 11 The notification component 1135 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0269] At 1815, the method may include applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging of the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy. The operation of block 1815 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1815 may be derived from references... Figure 11 The paging component 1140 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0270] Figure 19 A flowchart illustrating a method 1900 for network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Operation of method 1900 may be implemented by a first network or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 1900 may be implemented by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 12 The first network described is used to perform this function. In some examples, the first network can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the first network to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the first network can use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0271] At 1905, the method may include obtaining a paging policy associated with the paging UE at a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first and second networks. In some examples, the first network function may be an SMF. Operation of block 1905 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of operation of 1905 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 11 The paging information component 1125 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0272] At 1910, the method may include receiving a paging notification associated with the paging UE at a first network function. Operation of block 1910 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1910 may be derived from references... Figure 11 The notification component 1135 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0273] At 1915, the method may include applying a paging policy to a paging notification at a first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: forwarding the paging notification to a second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy. The operation of block 1915 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 1915 may be derived from references... Figure 11 The paging component 1140 described herein shall be used to perform this action.

[0274] Figure 20 A flowchart illustrating a method 2000 for network-based paging optimization for multi-access applications, according to various aspects of this disclosure, is shown. Operation of method 2000 can be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, operation of method 2000 can be performed by, as referenced... Figures 1 to 8 and Figures 13 to 16 The UE 115 described herein is used to perform this function. In some examples, the UE can execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described function. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the described function.

[0275] At block 2005, the method may include receiving a paging policy associated with the paging UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and also connected to a second network. In some examples, the first network function may be a PCF or an SMF. The operation of block 2005 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 2005 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 15 The paging information manager 1525 described is used to execute this.

[0276] At 2010, the method may include sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based on a paging policy. In some examples, the second network function may be an AMF. The operation of box 2010 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 2010 may be provided by reference to [reference]. Figure 15 The described restriction information manager 1530 is used to execute this.

[0277] At 2015, the method may include applying a set of paging restrictions based on a second network function to receive one or more paging messages from a first or second network. The operation of box 2015 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation of 2015 may be provided by reference to [reference needed]. Figure 15 The paging manager 1535 described is used to execute this.

[0278] The following provides an overview of the various aspects of this disclosure.

[0279] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication via a first network, the method comprising: sending a paging policy associated with paging the UE from a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receiving paging restriction information from the UE at a second network function of the first network, the paging restriction information comprising a set of paging restrictions at least in part based on the paging policy; receiving a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the second network function; and applying the set of paging restrictions to the paging notification at the second network function, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions comprises: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information.

[0280] Aspect 2: According to the method of aspect 1, the first network function is PCF.

[0281] Aspect 3: According to the method of aspect 2, sending the paging policy further includes: sending the paging policy to the UE according to one or more URSP rules.

[0282] Aspect 4: The method according to any one of Aspects 2 to 3, wherein the UE is a MUSIM UE or a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0283] Aspect 5: According to the method of aspect 4, sending the paging policy further includes: sending the paging policy to the UE according to one or more ATSSS rules during PDU session establishment.

[0284] Aspect 6: The method according to any one of Aspects 4 to 5, wherein the UE is a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0285] Aspect 7: The method according to aspect 1, wherein the first network function is SMF.

[0286] Aspect 8: The method according to any one of Aspects 6 to 7, wherein the second network function is AMF.

[0287] Aspect 9: The method according to any one of Aspects 6 to 8, wherein the paging strategy includes the set of paging restrictions.

[0288] Aspect 10: A method for wireless communication via a first network, the method comprising: receiving, at a first network function of the first network, a paging policy associated with a paging UE from a second network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to the second network; receiving, at the first network function, a paging notification associated with paging the UE; and applying the paging policy at the first network function to the paging notification, wherein applying the paging policy comprises: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing paging the UE for the paging notification while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0289] Aspect 11: The method according to aspect 10, wherein the first network function is AMF.

[0290] Aspect 12: The method according to any one of Aspects 10 and 11, wherein the second network function is PCF.

[0291] Aspect 13: The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 12, wherein receiving the paging policy further comprises: receiving the paging policy from the PCF during AM policy association establishment, AM policy association modification, or both.

[0292] Aspect 14: The method according to aspect 10, wherein the second network function is SMF.

[0293] Aspect 15: The method according to aspect 14, wherein receiving the paging policy further includes: receiving the paging policy from the SMF during PDU session establishment, PDU session modification, or both.

[0294] Aspect 16: The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 15, wherein the paging strategy includes a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0295] Aspect 17: The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 16, wherein the UE is a MUSIM UE or a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0296] Aspect 18: The method according to any one of Aspects 10 to 17, the method further comprising: applying a set of paging restrictions to the paging notification based at least in part on the paging policy, wherein the set of paging restrictions to which the paging restrictions are applied includes a second set of paging restrictions that overwrite the paging restrictions indicated to the first network function prior to receiving the paging policy from the UE.

[0297] Aspect 19: A method for wireless communication via a first network, the method comprising: obtaining a paging policy associated with a paging UE at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; receiving a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the first network function; and applying the paging policy to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy comprises: forwarding the paging notification to a second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; and suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function while restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy.

[0298] Aspect 20: The method according to aspect 19, wherein the first network function is SMF.

[0299] Aspect 21: The method according to aspect 20, wherein receiving the paging policy further includes: receiving the paging policy from the PCF during PDU session establishment, PDU session modification, or both.

[0300] Aspect 22: The method according to any one of aspects 20 to 21, wherein the first network is pre-configured with the paging strategy.

[0301] Aspect 23: The method according to any one of Aspects 19 to 22, wherein the paging strategy includes a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

[0302] Aspect 24: The method according to any one of Aspects 19 to 23, wherein the second network function is the AMF of the first network, and applying the paging policy further includes: forwarding a portion of the paging policy to the second network function; and sending the paging notification to the second network function, wherein sending the paging notification is at least in part based on selecting the second network function according to the paging policy.

[0303] Aspect 25: The method according to any one of Aspects 19 to 23, wherein the second network function is the SMF of the second network, and applying the paging strategy further includes: suppressing the forwarding of the paging notification to the AMF of the first network; and sending signaling to the second network function instructing the use of the AMF of the second network to paging the UE.

[0304] Aspect 26: A method for wireless communication by a UE, the method comprising: receiving a paging policy associated with paging the UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; sending a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is based at least in part on the paging policy; and applying the set of paging restrictions, at least in part on the second network function, to receive one or more paging messages from the first network or the second network.

[0305] Aspect 27: The UE according to aspect 26, wherein the first network function is PCF.

[0306] Aspect 28: The UE according to aspect 27, wherein the UE is a MUSIM UE or a dual 3GPP access UE.

[0307] Aspect 29: The UE according to aspect 26, wherein the first network function is SMF.

[0308] Aspect 30: The UE according to any one of Aspects 26 to 29, wherein the second network function is AMF.

[0309] Aspect 31: A first network for wireless communication, the first network comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the first network to perform a method according to any one of aspects 1 to 9.

[0310] Aspect 32: A first network for wireless communication, the first network including at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 9.

[0311] Aspect 33: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code including instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 9.

[0312] Aspect 34: A first network for wireless communication, the first network comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the first network to perform a method according to any one of aspects 10 to 18.

[0313] Aspect 35: A first network for wireless communication, the first network including at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 10 to 18.

[0314] Aspect 36: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code including instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 10 to 18.

[0315] Aspect 37: A first network for wireless communication, the first network comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the first network to perform a method according to any one of aspects 19 to 25.

[0316] Aspect 38: A first network for wireless communication, the first network including at least one component for performing the method according to any one of aspects 19 to 25.

[0317] Aspect 39: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code including instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 19 to 25.

[0318] Aspect 40: A UE for wireless communication, the UE comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the UE to perform a method according to any one of Aspects 26 to 30.

[0319] Aspect 41: A UE for wireless communication, the UE comprising at least one component for performing a method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30.

[0320] Aspect 42: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code including instructions executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 26 to 30.

[0321] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible specific implementations, and the operations and steps can be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other specific implementations are also possible. Furthermore, aspects from two or more of these methods can be combined.

[0322] While aspects of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR systems may be described for illustrative purposes, and the terms LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR may be used in most of the description, the techniques described herein are also applicable to networks other than LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the techniques described are applicable to a variety of other wireless communication systems, such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0323] The information and signals described herein can be represented using any of a variety of different techniques and skills. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips mentioned throughout the description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0324] The various exemplary blocks and components described herein can be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, DSP, ASIC, CPU, FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic unit, discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof, designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in alternative embodiments, a processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors cooperating with a DSP core, or any other such configuration). Any function or operation described herein that can be performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors capable of performing the described functions or operations individually or jointly.

[0325] The functions described herein can be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions can be stored as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium or transmitted using one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and specific implementations are within the scope of this disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described herein can be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or any combination of these. Features implementing the functions can also be physically located in various locations, including portions distributed such that the functions are implemented in different physical locations.

[0326] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media, encompassing any medium that facilitates the transfer of a computer program from one location to another. Non-transitory storage media can be any available medium accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compressed optical disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage devices, magnetic disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code components in the form of instructions or data structures, and accessible by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Furthermore, any connection is appropriately referred to as computer-readable media. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included within the definition of computer-readable media. As used herein, disks and optical discs include CDs, laser discs, optical discs, digital multifunction discs (DVDs), floppy disks, and Blu-ray discs. Disks can magnetically reproduce data, and optical discs can optically reproduce data using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any function or operation described herein that can be performed by memory can be performed by multiple memories capable of performing the described function or operation individually or jointly.

[0327] As used herein, the word "or" in a list of items (e.g., a list of items accompanied by phrases such as "at least one of" or "one or more of") in the claims indicates an inclusive list, such that a list of at least one of, for example, A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Furthermore, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as "based on condition A" could be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of this disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "at least partially based on".

[0328] As used herein, including in claims, the article “a” preceding a noun is open-ended and is understood to refer to “at least one” or “one or more” of those nouns. Therefore, the terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” are interchangeable. For example, where a claim enumerates “components” performing one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “component” having a characteristic or performing a function may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent references to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “the” can refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” can be understood to mean “one or more components,” and subsequent reference to “the component” in a claim can be understood as equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components.” Similarly, subsequent references to a component introduced with the terms “the” or “the” as “one or more components” can refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, reference to "the one or more components" in the subsequent claims can be understood as equivalent to reference to "at least one of the one or more components".

[0329] The term "determine" encompasses a variety of actions, and therefore, "determine" can include calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, lookup (such as by searching in a table, database, or other data structure), identification, and similar actions. Furthermore, "determine" can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory), etc. Moreover, "determine" can include parsing, obtaining, selecting, choosing, building, and other similar actions.

[0330] In the accompanying drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference numerals. Furthermore, various components of the same type can be distinguished by adding a dash after the reference numerals and a second reference numeral for differentiation between similar components. If only the first reference numeral is used in the description, the description applies to any of the similar components having the same first reference numeral, regardless of the second or other subsequent reference numerals.

[0331] The description herein, illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, describes an example configuration and does not represent all achievable examples or those within the scope of the claims. The term "example" as used herein means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," not "preferred" or "advantageous over other examples." The detailed description includes specific details used to provide an understanding of the described techniques. However, these techniques can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concept of the described examples.

[0332] The description herein is provided to enable those skilled in the art to implement or use this disclosure. Various modifications to this disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but should be granted the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A first network, the first network comprising: One or more memories, wherein the one or more memories store processor-executable code; and One or more processors, said one or more processors coupled to said one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute said code to enable the first network: A paging policy associated with paging the UE is sent from a first network function of the first network to a user equipment (UE), wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to the second network; At a second network function of the first network, paging restriction information is received from the UE, the paging restriction information including a set of paging restrictions based at least in part on the paging policy; Receive a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the second network function; as well as At the second network function, the set of paging restrictions is applied to the paging notification, wherein applying the set of paging restrictions includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging restriction information; And suppress paging the UE for the paging notification when the paging notification is restricted according to the paging restriction information.

2. The first network according to claim 1, wherein the function of the first network is a policy control function.

3. The first network of claim 2, wherein, in order to send the paging strategy, the one or more processors are capable of further operating individually or jointly to execute the code to cause the first network to: The paging policy is sent to the UE according to one or more UE routing policy rules.

4. The first network according to claim 2, wherein the UE is a Multiple Universal Subscriber Identity Module (MUSIM) UE or a Dual 3GPP Access UE.

5. The first network of claim 4, wherein, in order to send the paging strategy, the one or more processors are individually or jointly capable of further operating to execute the code to cause the first network to: During the establishment of a protocol data unit session, the paging policy is sent to the UE according to one or more access service guidance, handover, and splitting rules.

6. The first network according to claim 4, wherein the UE is a dual 3GPP access UE.

7. The first network according to claim 1, wherein the first network function is a session management function.

8. The first network according to claim 1, wherein the second network function is an access and mobility function.

9. The first network of claim 1, wherein the paging strategy includes the set of paging restrictions.

10. A first network, the first network comprising: One or more memories, wherein the one or more memories store processor-executable code; and One or more processors, said one or more processors coupled to said one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute said code to enable the first network: At a first network function of the first network, a paging policy associated with a paging user equipment (UE) is received from a second network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to both the first network and the second network; Receive a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the first network function; as well as The paging policy is applied to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes: paging the UE without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; And suppress paging the UE for the paging notification when the paging notification is restricted according to the paging policy.

11. The first network according to claim 10, wherein the first network function is an access and mobility function.

12. The first network according to claim 10, wherein the second network function is a policy control function.

13. The first network of claim 12, wherein, in order to receive the paging strategy, the one or more processors are individually or jointly capable of further operating to execute the code to cause the first network to: The paging policy is received from the policy control function during the establishment, modification, or both of the access and mobility policy association.

14. The first network according to claim 10, wherein the second network function is a session management function.

15. The first network of claim 14, wherein, in order to receive the paging policy, the one or more processors are individually or jointly capable of further operating to execute the code to cause the first network to: The paging policy is received from the session management function during Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment, PDU session modification, or both.

16. The first network of claim 10, wherein the paging strategy comprises a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

17. The first network according to claim 10, wherein the UE is a Multiple Universal Subscriber Identity Module (MUSIM) UE or a Dual 3GPP Access UE.

18. The first network of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or jointly further operable to execute the code to cause the first network to: The paging restrictions are applied to the paging notification based at least in part on the paging policy, wherein the set of paging restrictions to which the paging restrictions are applied includes a second set of paging restrictions that override the paging restrictions indicated to the first network function before the paging policy is received from the UE.

19. A first network, the first network comprising: One or more memories, wherein the one or more memories store processor-executable code; and One or more processors, said one or more processors coupled to said one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute said code to enable the first network: A paging policy associated with a paging user equipment (UE) is obtained at a first network function of the first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to the second network; Receive a paging notification associated with paging the UE at the first network function; as well as The paging policy is applied to the paging notification at the first network function, wherein applying the paging policy includes forwarding the paging notification to the second network function without restricting the paging notification according to the paging policy; And, when the paging notification is restricted according to the paging policy, the forwarding of the paging notification to the second network function is suppressed.

20. The first network according to claim 19, wherein the first network function is a session management function.

21. The first network of claim 20, wherein, in order to receive the paging policy, the one or more processors are individually or jointly capable of further operating to execute the code to cause the first network to: The paging policy is received from the policy control function during Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session establishment, PDU session modification, or both.

22. The first network of claim 20, wherein the first network is pre-configured with the paging strategy.

23. The first network of claim 19, wherein the paging strategy comprises a set of paging restrictions, an indication of the number of paging repetitions, or any combination thereof.

24. The first network of claim 19, wherein the second network function is the access and mobility function of the first network, and in order to apply the paging strategy, the one or more processors are capable of individually or jointly further operating to execute the code to enable the first network to: Forward a portion of the paging strategy to the second network function; and The paging notification is sent to the second network function, wherein sending the paging notification is based at least in part on selecting the second network function according to the paging policy.

25. The first network of claim 19, wherein the second network function is a session management function of the second network, and in order to apply the paging policy, the one or more processors are capable of individually or jointly further operating to execute the code to enable the first network to: Suppressing access and mobility functions that forward the paging notification to the first network; and Send a signaling instruction to the second network function to use the access and mobility functions of the second network to page the UE.

26. A user equipment (UE), the user equipment (UE) comprising: One or more memories, wherein the one or more memories store processor-executable code; and One or more processors, coupled to one or more memories and capable of operating individually or jointly to execute the code to enable the UE: Receive a paging policy associated with paging the UE from a first network function of a first network, wherein the UE is connected to the first network and connected to a second network; Send a set of paging restrictions to a second network function of the first network, wherein the set of paging restrictions is at least partially based on the paging policy; as well as The set of paging restrictions applied at least in part based on the second network function is used to receive one or more paging messages from the first network or the second network.

27. The UE of claim 26, wherein the first network function is a policy control function.

28. The UE of claim 27, wherein the UE is a Multiple Universal Subscriber Identity Module (MUSIM) UE or a Dual 3GPP Access UE.

29. The UE of claim 26, wherein the first network function is a session management function.

30. The UE of claim 26, wherein the second network function is an access and mobility function.

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