Terminals, wireless communication methods and base stations

Abstract

One aspect of this disclosure relates to a terminal comprising: a control unit that applies waveform transformation processing when a waveform transformation-related function or model is activated; and a transmission unit that transmits an uplink signal based on a complex-valued or time-continuous signal that has been shifted, scaled, or clipped via the waveform transformation processing. According to one aspect of this disclosure, waveform transformation based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology can be suitably implemented.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems. Background Technology

[0002] In Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was standardized with the aim of further increasing data rates and reducing latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was standardized with the aim of further increasing capacity and improving the height of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] The study also explored subsequent systems to LTE (e.g., also known as the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+, the 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel.15 and later, etc.).

[0004] Existing technical documents

[0005] Non-patent literature

[0006] Non-patent document 1: 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010 Summary of the Invention

[0007] The problem that the invention aims to solve

[0008] Typically, the transmitted signal used for wireless communication is amplified in the transmitter via a power amplifier (PA). However, it is known that the PA can cause nonlinear distortion, interference, etc., when the input power is high.

[0009] Regarding future wireless communication technologies, research is underway on the flexible application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, such as machine learning (ML), in the control and management of networks / devices. For example, future wireless communication technologies (e.g., 3GPP Rel.19, 20, 21) are exploring the use of AI technologies to compensate for the aforementioned nonlinear distortion.

[0010] However, as with the aforementioned compensation for nonlinear distortion, research on how to perform associated setup / control / communication for AI techniques used to transform signal waveforms for communication has not yet made progress. Without explicit specification of these aspects, appropriate waveform transformations cannot be implemented, raising concerns that improvements in communication throughput / quality may be suppressed.

[0011] Therefore, one of the purposes of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, wireless communication method, and base station capable of appropriately implementing waveform transformation based on AI technology.

[0012] Methods for solving problems

[0013] One aspect of this disclosure relates to a terminal comprising: a control unit that applies waveform transformation processing when a waveform transformation-related function or model is activated; and a transmission unit that transmits an uplink signal based on a complex-valued or time-continuous signal that has been shifted, scaled, or clipped via the waveform transformation processing.

[0014] Invention Effects

[0015] According to one aspect of this disclosure, waveform transformation based on AI technology can be appropriately implemented. Attached Figure Description

[0016] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the input-output characteristics of a PA.

[0017] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example of nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of PA.

[0018] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example of compensation for nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of PA.

[0019] Figure 4This is a diagram illustrating an example of the rotation or scaling of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first embodiment.

[0020] Figure 5 This is a graph representing an example of selective mapping.

[0021] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of selective mapping in the second embodiment.

[0022] Figure 7A and Figure 7B This is a diagram illustrating an example of a change in subcarrier mapping associated with selective mapping in the second embodiment.

[0023] Figures 8A to 8D This is a diagram illustrating an example of cases 1-5 in the third embodiment.

[0024] Figure 9 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the definition of a time-continuous signal in the existing 3GPP NR standard.

[0025] Figure 10A and Figure 10B This is a diagram illustrating an example of clipping in the third embodiment.

[0026] Figures 11A to 11C This is a diagram representing an example of TR.

[0027] Figure 12A and Figure 12B This is a diagram illustrating an example of the application flow of the functionality / model in the seventh implementation.

[0028] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment.

[0029] Figure 14 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment.

[0030] Figure 15 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0031] Figure 16 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment.

[0032] Figure 17 This is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0033] (Nonlinearity problem of power amplifier (PA))

[0034] Typically, the transmitted signal used for wireless communication is amplified in the transmitter via a power amplifier (PA). However, it is known that the PA can cause nonlinear distortion, interference, etc., when the input power is high.

[0035] Figure 1 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the input-output characteristics of a power amplifier (PA). In an ideal PA, the output voltage is amplified linearly relative to the input voltage. For a real-world PA, if the input voltage is below a certain value, it exhibits almost linear characteristics; however, if it exceeds a certain value, it becomes non-linear, and the amplification of the output voltage relative to the input voltage saturates.

[0036] Figure 2 This is a diagram illustrating an example of nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of the PA (Power Amplifier). This diagram is also known as a signal space diagram (constellation diagram), with the horizontal axis corresponding to in-phase and the vertical axis corresponding to quadrature. In this example, an example of nonlinear distortion experienced by modulation symbols based on 256 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is shown. For example, a complex number corresponding to the baseband signal obtained at the receiving end from the signal output / transmitted via the PA is plotted. The 256 signal points corresponding to the original modulation symbols become blurred due to nonlinear distortion.

[0037] If the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the receiver is increased, interference from nonlinear distortion (e.g., an increase in the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)) may limit the receiver's performance and become a major cause of false detections.

[0038] (Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology in Wireless Communication)

[0039] Regarding future wireless communication technologies, research is underway on the flexible application of AI technologies such as Machine Learning (ML) in the control and management of networks / devices.

[0040] For example, to improve Channel State Information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reduced overhead, improved accuracy, prediction), beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the time / spatial domain), and location measurement (e.g., improved location estimation / prediction), research is underway on the flexible application of AI technologies in terminals (terminals, user terminals, user equipment (UE)) and base stations (BS).

[0041] AI models can also output at least one of the following information based on the input information: estimated value, predicted value, selected operation, classification, etc. UE / BS can also input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc., into the AI ​​model and output high-precision channel state information / measurements / beam selection / location, future channel state information / wireless link quality, etc.

[0042] Additionally, in this disclosure, AI can also be rewritten as an object (also referred to as an object, subject, data, function, program, etc.) having at least one of the following characteristics:

[0043] • Estimation based on observed or collected information;

[0044] • Selection based on the observed or collected information;

[0045] • Predictions based on observed or collected information.

[0046] In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, in this disclosure, making an estimate, making a prediction, and inferring can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0047] In this disclosure, the object may be, for example, a device or apparatus such as a UE or BS. Furthermore, in this disclosure, the object may also correspond to a program / model / entity that operates within that device.

[0048] For future wireless communication technologies (e.g., 3GPP Rel.19, 20, 21), the use of AI technology to compensate for the aforementioned nonlinear distortion is being studied.

[0049] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating an example of compensation for nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of the PA. This example shows compensation using a given AI technique. Figure 2An example of nonlinear distortion is shown. Points close to the original 256 signal points are plotted to illustrate how AI technology can reduce the impact of nonlinear distortion.

[0050] The aforementioned nonlinear distortion compensation can also be performed on the transmitter / receiver side. For example, in one scenario employing AI, a one-sided model for both the transmitter and receiver can be used; in other scenarios, a two-sided model for both the transmitter and receiver can be used.

[0051] The inventors of this invention believe that the following should be considered in all circumstances:

[0052] • The UE reports which AI technology is applied in the UE's uplink transmission;

[0053] • The UE receives information on which AI technology should be applied in the UE's uplink transmission;

[0054] • The UE receives information about which AI technology is applied in the UE's downlink transmission.

[0055] Similar to the aforementioned compensation for nonlinear distortion, research on AI techniques for transforming signal waveforms used in communication regarding the associated settings, control, and communication has not yet made progress. Without explicit specification of these aspects, appropriate waveform transformations cannot be implemented, raising concerns that improvements in communication throughput and quality may be suppressed.

[0056] Therefore, the inventors of this invention have conceived of suitable setting / control / communication methods for waveform transformation. According to one aspect of this disclosure, performance improvements (e.g., reduction of PA nonlinearity issues) can be achieved by considering the interaction between the UE and the network (NW) in the waveform transformation function.

[0057] The embodiments disclosed herein will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The wireless communication methods described in each embodiment can be applied individually or in combination.

[0058] (Various rewrites)

[0059] In this disclosure, words enclosed in parentheses "()" may also indicate explanations of the word preceding the parentheses (e.g., spelling instructions), synonyms, specific examples, supplementary explanations, etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, words enclosed in square brackets "[]" may or may not include (disregard) the word in order to explain the overall meaning of the article. Additionally, "()" and "[]" may also be used for purposes / meanings other than these.

[0060] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be rewritten as each other. In addition, in this disclosure, "A / B / C" may also mean "at least one of A, B and C".

[0061] In this disclosure, terms such as notification, activation, deactivation, indication (or indication), selection, configuration, update, and determination can be overridden. Similarly, terms such as support, control, ability to control, operation, and ability to operate can also be overridden.

[0062] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-level parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., can also be modified interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) elements (MAC ControlElement (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., can also be modified interchangeably.

[0063] In this disclosure, higher-layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) messages, etc. from the core network), or a combination thereof.

[0064] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may also use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MACCE) or a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Broadcast information may also be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Minimum System Information (Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI)), or Other System Information (OSI).

[0065] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may also be, for example, downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), etc.

[0066] In this disclosure, monitoring, measurement / estimation, etc., can also be performed using a reference signal (RS). In this disclosure, the RS may, for example, include at least one of the following: a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS), a Synchronization Signal (SS), a Synchronization Signal / Physical Broadcast Channel (SS / PBCH) block, a DeModulation Reference Signal (DMRS), a Measurement Reference Signal (Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)), etc.

[0067] Furthermore, in this disclosure, measured values, measurement results, received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Block Error Rate (BLER)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), Channel State Information (CSI), PAPR, and any metric related to the measured received power / quality can be interchanged. A measured value may also refer to the actual measured value rather than the predicted value.

[0068] Alternatively, the measured value can be assigned "Layer-X(LX(e.g., X=1, 2, 3, ...))-".

[0069] Additionally, in this disclosure, "any subject (e.g., UE) performs..." and "any subject is set / instructed to perform..." can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0070] In this disclosure, "condition(s)" may also refer to a set of candidate values / parameters in a UE capability [associated with a function that uses AI]. In this disclosure, "additional condition(s)" may also refer to a manner envisioned for training (e.g., beam direction of the BS, codebook of the BS beam, points not associated with a UE capability), rather than a condition.

[0071] In this disclosure, “functionality” may also mean a set of parameters / features supported based on conditions specified by the UE capability (e.g., a set of parameters for waveform transformation techniques, CSI prediction, beam prediction, CSI compression, etc.).

[0072] In this disclosure, "model identifier (ID)" can also refer to an ID associated with a functional / additional condition (or the model corresponding to that ID). Furthermore, the model ID can be interchanged with AI ID, dataset ID, paired ID, etc.

[0073] In this disclosure, function / functionality can also be rewritten as any of feature, function, and functionality.

[0074] In this disclosure, the model and the model ID can be overridden. Similarly, the functionality and the functionality ID can be overridden.

[0075] In this disclosure, bit blocks, blocks of bits, bits of blocks, [sent] information [sequences], data, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0076] In this disclosure, complex numerical symbols, complex numbers, complex numbers, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0077] (Wireless communication method)

[0078] In this disclosure, the waveform transformation function may also include specific processing. When activating / notifying / applying / setting / specifying the functionality / model associated with waveform transformation for the UE, the UE may apply the aforementioned specific processing (e.g., the aforementioned specific processing may also be applied to the transmitter side / receiver side), or it may be conceivable that the aforementioned specific processing is applied (e.g., it may also be conceivable that the aforementioned specific processing is applied on the transmitter side / receiver side).

[0079] In addition, when the specific processing described above is applied to the communication object (B or UE) (or it is assumed that the specific processing described above is applied in the communication object), the UE or BS may also implement corresponding transmission / reception processing (e.g., waveform transformation, inverse transformation, correction, inverse correction, modulation, demodulation, mapping, demapping, spread spectrum, inverse spread spectrum, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), FFT, etc.) that takes into account the application of the specific processing described above.

[0080] In the following description, the specific processing described above will be referred to as waveform transformation processing, but the terminology is not limited thereto. Furthermore, the following description primarily assumes the application of waveform transformation processing on the transmitter side, but some or all of the waveform transformation processing (or its corresponding inverse waveform transformation processing) described below may also be applied on the receiver side. In this disclosure, waveform transformation processing may also include inverse waveform transformation processing.

[0081] In addition, waveform transformation processing can also be applied to at least one of a specific channel (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PBCH) or a specific RS (e.g., DMRS, CSI-RS, SRS). A common waveform transformation process can also be applied to multiple channels / RS.

[0082] In various implementations, unless otherwise stated, “functional / model” may also mean the functional / model associated with waveform transformation.

[0083] <First Implementation Method>

[0084] The first implementation involves signal constellation compensation.

[0085] <<Signal Processing on the Transmitter Side in Existing 3GPP NR Standards>>

[0086] Before explaining signal constellation compensation, we will first provide an overview of the signal processing on the transmitter side in the existing 3GPP NR standard. In the following description of the signal processing sequence, words enclosed in parentheses "()" indicate the content of the signal processing. The content before the parentheses and "=" indicates the input, and the content before "=" and after "=" indicates the output.

[0087] In the case of PUSCH, signal processing is basically performed in the following order:

[0088] Bit block = (scrambling) => Scrambled bits = (modulation) => Complex numerical modulation symbols = (layer mapping) => Complex numerical symbols of each layer = ([transform precoding] + precoding) => Complex numerical symbols of each port.

[0089] In the case of PDSCH, signal processing is basically performed in the following order:

[0090] Bit block = (scrambling) => Scrambled bits = (modulation) => Complex value modulation symbols = (layer mapping) => Complex value symbols for each layer = (antenna port mapping) => Complex value symbols for each port.

[0091] In the case of PUCCH, for PUCCH formats that include modulation, signal processing is generally performed in the following order:

[0092] Bit block = (scrambling) => Scrambled bits = (modulation) => Complex value modulated code = [(Block-wise spreading)] => Complex value code = (Transform precoding) => Complex value code.

[0093] Additionally, in PUCCH format 1, the process ends with modulation, and complex-valued modulation symbols are mapped to physical resources. Furthermore, block spread spectrum is not applied in PUCCH format 3, but it is applied in PUCCH format 4. Block spread spectrum can also be rewritten as Frequency Domain Orthogonal Cover Code (FD-OCC).

[0094] In the case of PDCCH, signal processing is basically performed in the following order:

[0095] Bit block = (scrambling) => scrambled bits = (modulation) => complex-valued modulation symbols.

[0096] In the case of PBCH, signal processing is basically performed in the following order:

[0097] Bit block = (scrambling) => scrambled bits = (modulation) => complex-valued modulation symbols.

[0098] Complex-valued modulation symbols are generated by a modulation mapper based on the bits contained in a bit block. For example, in the case of quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), bit pairs b(2i) and b(2i+1) are mapped to complex-valued modulation symbols d(i) according to d(i) = 1 / √2*{(1-2b(2i))+j(1-2b(2i+1))}.

[0099] Complex-valued symbols can be output by performing more than one signal processing step on complex-valued modulation symbols, or they can be the same as complex-valued modulation symbols (for example, in the case of PDCCH / PBCH, the aforementioned complex-valued modulation symbols are mapped to physical resources as complex-valued symbols).

[0100] In this disclosure, complex numerical symbols can be rewritten with each other, including complex numerical symbols for each port / layer, complex numerical symbols for a specific port / layer, and complex numerical symbols after block spread.

[0101] <<Waveform Transformation Processing for Signal Constellation Compensation>>

[0102] Signal constellation compensation is a technique used to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem by shifting / scaling / rotating the signal constellation on the transmitter / receiver side, thereby mitigating the effects of nonlinearity (e.g., reducing the false detection rate at the receiver).

[0103] For example, if the original modulated signal (complex value modulated symbols) becomes a modulated signal with a small amplitude at the receiving end due to the transmitter / receiver, it is considered to implement compensation on the transmitting side to increase the amplitude.

[0104] In the first embodiment, waveform transformation processing for signal constellation compensation can also be implemented / applied before IFFT processing.

[0105] In the first embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include a step of determining the mapping associated with complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols based on the functionality / model.

[0106] The above mapping can be a mapping between complex-valued modulation symbols and bit blocks, or a mapping between complex-valued modulation symbols and complex-valued symbols.

[0107] The mapping between complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be a mapping between groups of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols (the mapping between the first group of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols and the second group of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols). For example, the first group (also called group A) of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols derived from bit blocks, and the second group (also called group B) of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols used to calculate the transmitted signal.

[0108] In the first embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include a step of shifting / scaling the above-mentioned mapping associated with the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols (in other words, the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols obtained as a result of the above-mentioned mapping).

[0109] In addition, shifting / scaling complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also correspond to at least one of the following:

[0110] • The complex-valued modulation symbol / complex-valued symbol is multiplied (or is conceived to be multiplied) by a scaling factor and at least one of a specific complex number;

[0111] • The complex-valued modulation symbol / complex-valued symbol is rotated (or is conceived to be rotated) by a specific angle (in radians or degrees).

[0112] Additionally, in this disclosure, shifting can also mean adding to a given value (or a complex value), and scaling / rotating can also mean multiplying by a given value (or a complex value).

[0113] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating an example of rotation or scaling of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first embodiment. In this example, the result of rotating the complex-valued modulation symbol d(i) of the QPSK described above (the four black circles in the middle diagram) by a given angle is shown (the four shaded circles in the lower left diagram), as well as the result of multiplying by a scaling factor (the four shaded circles in the lower right diagram).

[0114] In the first embodiment, the determination of at least one of the above-mentioned mappings, and how to shift / scale the at least one of the above-mentioned mappings, can be based on the associated functionality / model (for example, values ​​related to shift / scaling can also be derived via the associated functionality / model), or it can be based on specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, or they can include parameters set / instructed to the UE, or they can include parameters of the UE's capabilities.

[0115] For example, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can be determined based on the associated functionality / model, or based on the aforementioned specific parameters. Furthermore, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can also be determined for each of X complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols / bit blocks / ports / subcarriers / symbols. This X can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer signaling / physical-layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on the associated functionality / model.

[0116] <<Waveform Transformation Processing for RS>>

[0117] The above describes waveform transformation processing for complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols corresponding to data, but waveform transformation processing can also be applied to the DMRS of the channel used for the data. That is, in the first embodiment, waveform transformation processing can include either a step of determining the mapping associated with the DMRS sequence based on the functionality / model, or a step of shifting / scaling the DMRS sequence (or the sequence based on the mapping).

[0118] When applying waveform transformation processing to the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols corresponding to the data, the UE / BS can either assume that waveform transformation processing is also applied to the DMRS sequence of the channel used for the data, or assume that waveform transformation processing is not applied to the DMRS sequence (only the former of the DMRS corresponding to the channel of the data is applied to the waveform transformation processing).

[0119] The scaling factors / specific complex numbers / specific angles (hereinafter, for simplicity, they are collectively referred to as DMRS coefficients) associated with the waveform transformation processing applied to the DMRS sequence can also be derived (for example, they can be the same or different) based on the scaling factors / specific complex numbers / specific angles (hereinafter, for simplicity, they are collectively referred to as data coefficients) associated with the waveform transformation processing applied to the complex numerical modulation symbols / complex numerical symbols corresponding to the data.

[0120] DMRS coefficients can also be derived based on data coefficients for a specific time slot / subcarrier / symbol. The specific time slot / subcarrier / symbol can also be the same time slot / subcarrier / symbol. DMRS coefficients can also be derived based on data coefficients for multiple time slots / subcarriers / symbols. For example, the DMRS coefficients associated with the DMRS of a certain subcarrier can also be the average / maximum / minimum values ​​of multiple data coefficients for the same subcarrier.

[0121] Multiple DMRS coefficients can also be derived separately from data coefficients used for the same specific time slot / subcarrier / symbol. DMRS coefficients for multiple time slots / subcarriers / symbols can be either the same or different.

[0122] For RSs other than DMRS (CSI-RS, SRS, etc.), waveform transformation processing can also be applied based on the modified description of the above DMRS.

[0123] According to the first implementation described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement signal constellation compensation.

[0124] <Second Implementation Method>

[0125] The second implementation involves selective mapping.

[0126] Selective mapping is a technique used to reduce PAPR by changing the waveform.

[0127] Figure 5 This diagram illustrates an example of selective mapping. In selective mapping, before IFFT processing, the transmitter multiplies the data vector (e.g., one or more complex-valued [modulated] symbols, or a set of complex-valued [modulated] symbols) by a specific sequence. For example, the data vector X is serially / parallel transformed and multiplied by a specific sequence Pi (i=1, ..., m, where m is an integer). IFFT processing is applied to the multiplied Xi (Xi is X obtained by multiplying by Pi), outputting a time-domain signal Si (Si corresponds to Xi). Finally, the values ​​of PAPR corresponding to each Si (i=1, ..., m) are compared, and the Si / Xi / Pi corresponding to the smallest PAPR is selected. Furthermore, the lengths of Xi and Pi can be different (e.g., the length of Xi > the length of Pi); the multiplication operation in this case will be described later.

[0128] In other words, the multiplication operation described above is performed in the frequency domain. Information related to the selected Si / Xi / Pi can also be communicated to the receiver. At the receiver, after applying FFT to the received signal, the data vector can be reconstructed based on the communicated Si / Xi / Pi information.

[0129] Furthermore, selective mapping when the number of candidate sequences (also referred to as candidate sequences) Pi (=m) is one is equivalent to frequency-domain spectral shaping (FDSS).

[0130] In the second embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include the step of implementing selective mapping.

[0131] The selective mapping in the second embodiment can also be used to determine how to shift / scale the mapping associated with complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols in the first embodiment (e.g., the determination of the scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle mentioned above). In the second embodiment, the set of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols and the set of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be rewritten to each other.

[0132] The shifted / scaled complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be derived by multiplying the complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols by the elements of a specific sequence. If the length of the specific sequence is set to N, then each of the N complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can be multiplied by the elements of the specific sequence in sequence. This specific sequence can also be selected from more than one candidate sequence. Furthermore, the elements of the specific sequence can consist of 1, -1, j (where j is the imaginary unit), and -j, or they can be values ​​obtained by multiplying them by coefficients, or they can be any other integer / real number / complex number. The elements of the specific sequence can also correspond to the scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle in the first embodiment.

[0133] Figure 6 This is a diagram illustrating an example of selective mapping in the second embodiment. In this example, (-1, 1, -1, 1, 1) is shown as a specific sequence, chosen as a sequence of length 5. The original complex numerical code contains 15 code elements, and the shifted / scaled complex numerical code elements are derived as the result of multiplying every 5 code elements from the beginning by the specific sequence.

[0134] Alternatively, the mapping between groups of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols can also be determined using the specific sequence described above. For example, the second group of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols described above can also be derived by multiplying the first group of complex-valued modulation symbols / complex-valued symbols by the elements of the specific sequence described above.

[0135] The aforementioned candidate sequences can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer / physical-layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on associated functionality / models.

[0136] The sequence length of the aforementioned specific sequence / candidate sequence can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer / physical-layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on the associated functionality / model. The sequence length can also be a multiple (e.g., 0.5x, 1x, 2x, ...) of the number of subcarriers (or resource elements (REs)) in each specific frequency unit (e.g., 1 resource block (RB)).

[0137] The specific sequences mentioned above can also be selected from candidate sequences following any one or more of the following criteria:

[0138] • Select one sequence as the specific sequence from which the PAPR is minimized by the complex numerical [modulation] symbols shifted / scaled based on the sequence (the result of IFFT based on these symbols);

[0139] • Select one sequence of complex-valued [modulated] symbols shifted / scaled based on the sequence (the result of IFFT based on these symbols) that achieves a PAPR below a pre-defined / configured / indicated threshold as a specific sequence;

[0140] • Select specific sequences based on the results (e.g., output) of the activated or defined functionality / model;

[0141] • Select a specific sequence based on predefined / set / indicated parameters or parameters of UE capabilities.

[0142] <<Mapping between complex-valued [modulation] symbols and subcarriers>>

[0143] The mapping between shifted / scaled complex-valued [modulated] symbols and subcarriers (or indexes of resource elements / resource blocks in the frequency domain) can also be determined / changed / switched. In other words, the shifted / scaled complex-valued [modulated] symbols input to the IFFT in the selective mapping can also be shifted / scaled complex-valued symbols obtained by swapping the order [corresponding to the subcarriers] from the original order based on a specific mapping (specific rules).

[0144] The specific mapping described above (also referred to as a subcarrier mapping) can also be selected from candidate mappings (also referred to as candidate mappings) by following any one or more of the following:

[0145] • Select a mapping that minimizes the PAPR of the shifted / scaled complex-valued [modulated] symbols (based on the result of IFFT) after the order of these symbols has been rearranged based on the mapping;

[0146] • Select a mapping in which the PAPR of the shifted / scaled complex numerical [modulated] symbols (the result of IFFT based on these symbols) after the order has been rearranged based on the mapping reaches a threshold below a predefined / set / indicated threshold as a specific mapping;

[0147] • Select a specific mapping based on the results of the activated or configured functionality / model;

[0148] • Select a specific mapping based on predefined / set / indicated parameters or parameters of UE capabilities.

[0149] Furthermore, the specific mappings mentioned above can also differ depending on the candidate sequences described above.

[0150] Figure 7A and Figure 7B This diagram illustrates an example of a change in subcarrier mapping associated with selective mapping in the second embodiment. Figure 7A In the original order shown, complex numerical symbols a1, a2, a3, and a4 are mapped sequentially in ascending order of subcarriers. Figure 7B In the altered sequence shown, complex numerical symbols a1, a3, a2, and a4 are mapped in ascending order of subcarriers (that is, the order of a2 and a3 is switched).

[0151] The UE can also report to the network information related to which sequence / mapping (as a specific sequence / mapping) is applied. This information indicates the sequence / mapping selected by the UE.

[0152] The UE can also receive information from the network regarding which sequence / mapping (as a specific sequence / mapping) is applied. This information indicates the sequence / mapping selected by the network.

[0153] According to the second embodiment described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement selective mapping.

[0154] <Third Implementation Method>

[0155] The third implementation relates to waveform transformation for reducing PAPR.

[0156] The waveform transformation in the third embodiment is classified into any of the following cases:

[0157] Case 1: Transform the output sequence from IFFT;

[0158] • Case 2: The output sequence after adding a cyclic prefix (CP) to the transformation;

[0159] Case 3: Transform [and expand] the output from the IFFT;

[0160] Case 4: Transform a complex value of size N in the frequency domain into a signal of size N+P in the time domain (where N and P are integers).

[0161] Case 5: Transform a complex value of size N in the frequency domain into a signal of size N in the time domain (N is an integer).

[0162] Figures 8A to 8D This diagram illustrates an example of cases 1-5 in the third embodiment. The waveform transformations in cases 1 to 3 correspond to the processing after IFFT. In case 1, the output sequence of IFFT is waveform transformed (PA compensation), then CP appended and input to PA (…). Figure 8A In case 2, the output sequence of the IFFT is appended with CP, then waveform-transformed (PA-compensated) and input to PA (). Figure 8B In case 3, the output sequence of the IFFT is waveform-transformed (equivalent to joint CP addition and PA compensation) and input to the PA ( Figure 8C ).

[0163] The waveform transformations in scenarios 4 and 5 above include the existing IFFT post-processing and correspond to processes that include or replace IFFT. In scenarios 4 / 5, the input to the original IFFT is waveform transformed (equivalent to a combined IFFT, CP appending, and PA compensation) and input to the PA (...). Figure 8D ).

[0164] In cases 1 through 3, waveform transformation processing can also be interpreted as a time-continuous signal after IFFT processing. In cases 4 and 5, waveform transformation processing can also be interpreted as a complex value applied before IFFT processing (before IFFT processing).

[0165] Figure 9 This diagram illustrates an example of the definition of a time-continuous signal in the existing 3GPP NR standard. This definition is documented in 3GPP TS 38.211 5.3.1. As defined, the time-continuous signal s is used in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol l, antenna port p, and subcarrier spacing setting μ. l （p，μ） (t) based on a k，l （p，μ） The IFFT is used for calculation. Here, a k，l （p，μ）It is a complex value of the resource element of the physical resource used for antenna port p, subcarrier spacing setting μ, index k (subcarrier index k) in the frequency domain for a given reference point, and symbol position index l in the time domain.

[0166] In the third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include the step of shifting / scaling a complex value a [associated with at least one of the antenna port index, subcarrier spacing setting index, and subcarrier / symbol position index in the frequency / time domain for a given reference point] [and deriving the complex value a'].

[0167] In the third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include the step of shifting / scaling a time-continuous signal s [associated with at least one of the antenna port index, OFDM symbol index [in the subframe], subcarrier spacing setting index, etc.] and deriving a time-continuous signal s'.

[0168] Alternatively, the step of shifting / scaling a complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also correspond to at least one of the following:

[0169] • The complex-valued / time-continuous signal is multiplied (or is conceived to be multiplied) by a scaling factor and at least one of a specific complex number;

[0170] • The complex value / time continuous signal is rotated (or is conceived of being rotated) by a specific angle (in radians or degrees).

[0171] In the third embodiment, the determination of how to perform at least one of the above-mentioned shifts / scalings can be based on the associated functionality / model (e.g., values ​​related to shifts / scaling can also be derived via the associated functionality / model) or on specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, include parameters set / instructed to the UE, or include parameters of the UE's capabilities.

[0172] For example, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can be determined based on the associated functionality / model, or based on the aforementioned specific parameters. Furthermore, the aforementioned scaling factor / specific complex number / specific angle can also be determined for each of X complex values / time-continuous signals / ports / subcarriers / symbols. This X can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer signaling / physical-layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on the associated functionality / model.

[0173] In the third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include a step of clipping the complex-valued / time-continuous signal. This clipping may also include at least one of the following processes performed when the [absolute] value is greater than a predefined / set / indicated threshold:

[0174] • Scale the value so that the [absolute] value equals the threshold;

[0175] • Change the [complex number] value to a specific [complex number] value that has been predefined / set / indicated.

[0176] The threshold / the specific [complex] value can be predefined, set / indicated to the UE via higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, determined based on UE capabilities, or determined based on the associated functionality / model.

[0177] Figure 10A as well as Figure 10B This diagram illustrates an example of clipping in the third embodiment. Figure 10A In the diagram, the absolute values ​​(amplitudes) of the complex values ​​a1, a2, a3, and a4 before clipping are shown in ascending order of the subcarriers. Figure 10B The absolute values ​​(amplitudes) of the clipped complex values ​​a1', a2', a3', and a4' are shown in ascending order of subcarriers. In this example, a1 and a3, which are larger than the threshold, are clipped to a1' and a3' with the same absolute value as the threshold. Furthermore, a2 and a4, which are smaller than the threshold, retain the same absolute value even after clipping (the absolute values ​​of a2' and a4' are not changed from a2 and a4, respectively).

[0178] In the third embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include the step of transforming the complex value 'a' into a time-continuous signal [and deriving the time-continuous signal 's']. The step of transforming the complex value into a time-continuous signal may also correspond to at least one of the following:

[0179] • Perform shifting / scaling / clipping operations equivalent to those described above;

[0180] • Perform processing equivalent to CP addition;

[0181] • Perform processing equivalent to IFFT.

[0182] In the waveform transformation of Case 1 above, the complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be shifted / scaled / clipping only during the time not associated with the cyclic prefix (OFDM symbol duration) (time t in Equation 1 described later).

[0183] In the waveform transformation of Case 2 above, the complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be shifted / scaled / clipping only at the time associated with the cyclic prefix and the OFDM symbol duration (time t in Equation 2 described later).

[0184] In the waveform transformation of scenario 3 above, the complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be transformed with respect to the time associated with the cyclic prefix and the OFDM symbol duration (time t in Equation 2 described later), via an associated / indicated / set functionality or model. The complex-valued / time-continuous signal can also be transformed based on the original complex-valued / time-continuous signal via a model corresponding to the functionality or the aforementioned model. Furthermore, the [transformed] time-continuous signal can also become the output of a model having the original time-continuous signal.

[0185] Equations 1 and 2 above are as follows.

[0186] (Equation 1) t start，l μ +T C ·(N CP、l μ )≤t <t start，l μ +T C ·(N u μ +N CP、l μ )

[0187] (Equation 2) t start，l μ ≤t <t start，l μ +T C ·(N u μ +N CP、l μ )

[0188] In addition, t start，l μ N u μ N CP、l μ etc. can also be like Figure 9 As recorded in [the text]. Alternatively, it could be T. C For T C =1 / (Δf max ·N f ), where Δf max =480·10 3 Hz, N f =4096. Additionally, T C , Δf max N fThe definition is not limited to this.

[0189] In the waveform transformation of scenario 4 above, the complex value can also be transformed into a time-continuous signal associated with a length equal to the cyclic prefix and the OFDM symbol duration via a correlated / indicated / set functionality or model. The time-continuous signal s can also be transformed based on the original complex value a via functionality.

[0190] In the waveform transformation of scenario 5 above, the complex value can also be transformed into a time-continuous signal associated with the OFDM symbol duration via a correlated / indicated / set functionality or model. The time-continuous signal s can also be transformed based on the original complex value a via functionality.

[0191] According to the third embodiment described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement waveform transformation.

[0192] <Fourth Implementation Method>

[0193] The fourth implementation involves tone reservation (TR).

[0194] TR is a technique used to reduce PAPR by altering the waveform. In TR, Peak Reduction Tone(s) (PRT(s)) are assigned to more than one subcarrier for clipping absorption / noise shaping. The PRTs are orthogonal to each other.

[0195] Figures 11A to 11C This is a diagram representing an example of TR. Figure 11A This indicates that there is an in-band TR of PRT inside the assigned band. Figure 11B This indicates that a sideband TR of PRT exists outside the assigned band (e.g., an adjacent band). Figure 11C This indicates that a common TR [sequence] of PRT exists both inside and outside the allocated band. Furthermore, in this disclosure, the band, subcarrier, RE, RB, and frequency [domain] resources can also be mutually modified.

[0196] In the fourth embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include the step of sending a signal that does not transmit data (e.g., a signal associated with a [peak reduction] tone). Here, the step of sending a signal that does not transmit data may also correspond to at least one of the following:

[0197] • Append specific signals to the time-continuous signal [used for data];

[0198] • The specific complex value associated with a particular subcarrier / RE / RB is not determined based on the data (e.g., the specific complex value may also be calculated taking into account the data [signal], but is not simply the modulation symbols from the data).

[0199] • Add the complex value associated with a specific subcarrier / RE / RB to the specific complex value.

[0200] In the fourth embodiment, the waveform transformation process may also include the step of transmitting a signal that transmits data in a subcarrier / RE / RB other than the specific subcarrier / RE / RB. In this case, a complex value based on the data is mapped to a subcarrier / RE / RB other than the specific subcarrier / RE / RB.

[0201] In the fourth embodiment, there may also be constraints on the reuse / mapping of values ​​associated with data and values ​​associated without data. These constraints may also include at least one of the following:

[0202] • The UE does not expect data-based complex values ​​to be mapped to specific subcarriers / REs / RBs;

[0203] • Complex values ​​based on data can also be mapped to specific subcarriers / RE / RB.

[0204] In the fourth embodiment, the specific signal, the specific complex value, and the specific subcarrier / RE / RB mentioned above can be determined based on the associated functionality / model (e.g., derived via the associated functionality / model), the result (e.g., output) of the activated or set functionality / model, or a specific parameter. This specific parameter can be predefined, can include parameters set / indicated to the UE, or can include parameters of the UE's capabilities.

[0205] The specific subcarriers / RE / RB mentioned above can also be referred to as signal subcarriers / RE / RB associated with the [peak reduction] tone.

[0206] The specific subcarriers / RE / RBs mentioned above may not overlap with the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the transmitted signal mapped to the data transmission. In this case, in the sideband TR, the specific subcarriers / RE / RBs may also be located outside (e.g., adjacent to) the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the transmitted signal mapped to the data transmission. Furthermore, in the inband TR, the specific subcarriers / RE / RBs may also be located inside the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the transmitted signal mapped to the data transmission.

[0207] The specific subcarriers / RE / RBs mentioned above may also be located within the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the signal mapped to transmit data (or may repeat with the subcarriers / RE / RBs of the signal mapped to transmit data). In this case, for example, data and [peak reduction] tone may also be multiplexed in the same subcarriers / RE / RBs.

[0208] According to the fourth implementation described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement TR.

[0209] <Fifth Implementation Method>

[0210] The fifth implementation involves supported functionalities / models, applicable functionalities / models, etc.

[0211] In this disclosure, the functionality / model supported [through UE (or BS)] can also mean the functionality / model that the UE (or BS) can apply / activate with the features associated with the functionality / model [when the state of the UE (or BS) is appropriate / good].

[0212] In this disclosure, the applicable functionality / model can also correspond to at least one of the following:

[0213] • Functionality / models that achieve a metric (e.g., a performance metric) that is greater than / less than a predefined / set / indicated threshold;

[0214] • A model that satisfies the additional conditions for association with the model is consistent with the real environment.

[0215] The UE (or BS) can also determine that even if a feature / model is supported, it cannot be applied / activated by the UE (or BS) if it is not an applicable feature / model.

[0216] The UE may also receive a notification from the network indicating a report (hereinafter also referred to as a report request, etc.) that indicates the functionality / model associated with the supported / applicable waveform transformations. The report request may contain either information for determining whether the UE should report whether it supports a functionality / model, or information for determining whether the UE should report the functionality / model it can apply.

[0217] Upon receiving a report request, the UE can also report the functionality / model associated with supported / applicable waveform transformations. For example, this report can also utilize at least one of the following messages:

[0218] • UEcapabilityInformation message (=UE capability information)

[0219] • UEAssistanceInformation message (=UE Assistance Information (UAI) , Assistance Information)

[0220] • RRCReconfigurationComplete message (=RRC reconfiguration complete)

[0221] The UE that receives the above report request may also report matters that only support or can only be applied to the functionality / model associated with the waveform transformation determined through the report request.

[0222] UEs may also report only the information of supported / applicable features / models whose status (e.g., whether they are supported / applicable) has been updated since the last report.

[0223] In the following explanation, "UE" and "UE / BS" can be interchanged. Furthermore, "[model / functional] applicability" and "[waveform transformation related] [model / functional] supportability / applicability" can be interchanged, as can "[model / functional] applicability" and "supported / applicable [waveform transformation related] functionality / model". Additionally, "[not] applicable" and "[not] supportable / applicable" can be interchanged. Moreover, "able to support" and "support" can be interchanged, as can "not support" and "not supported".

[0224] <<Decision / Judgment on Applicability>>

[0225] The UE can determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on at least one of the conditions / rules shown in options 1 to 4 below.

[0226] <Option 1>

[0227] UEs can determine / judge the applicability of models / functionalities based on important performance-related metrics (Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)). More specifically, UEs can determine / judge the applicability of models / functionalities based on whether the performance KPIs are greater than or less than specific requirements (thresholds).

[0228] In addition, performance KPIs may also include any one or a combination of the following:

[0229] Intermediate KPIs;

[0230] • Performance at both the link and system levels;

[0231] • Generalization performance.

[0232] The aforementioned thresholds can be set / indicated by higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling, or they can be defined in advance by specifications.

[0233] Performance KPIs can also be set / indicated through higher-layer signaling / physical layer signaling.

[0234] Performance KPIs can also be calculated over a given period (a certain duration). For example, the average performance over a given period can also be used as the performance KPI.

[0235] When a performance KPI is greater than a certain threshold, the UE can determine whether the corresponding model / functionality is applicable. Conversely, when a KPI is less than a certain threshold, the UE can determine whether the corresponding model / functionality is inapplicable.

[0236] <Option 2>

[0237] The UE can also determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on the UE status shown in options 2-1 to 2-4.

[0238] • Overheating condition (option 2-1);

[0239] • Computational resources (Option 2-2)

[0240] • Memory storage (options 2-3);

[0241] • Power supply battery (options 2-4).

[0242] For example, the UE can compare the states of options 2-1 to 2-4 above with a given specific threshold, and determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on the result.

[0243] <Option 3>

[0244] The UE can determine / judge the applicability of a model / function based on auxiliary information received from the NW. For example, if the state / condition of a model / function is consistent with the auxiliary information received from the NW, the UE can also determine / judge that the model / function can be applied. Auxiliary information will be described later (e.g., options 1-4 of implementation 3-1).

[0245] <Option 4>

[0246] The UE can determine / judge the applicability of a model / function based on sensing information (detection information). Sensing information can be any information detected by the UE (measured values / detection values, etc.), such as information related to L1-RSRP / SINR and the surrounding environment.

[0247] For example, if the state / condition of the model / function matches the sensing information, the UE can decide / determine that the model / function can be applied.

[0248] For each of the above options, the UE can also be configured with high-level parameters to determine whether to apply any option (whether to determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on any option).

[0249] In this disclosure, the conditions / rules of options 1 to 4 may also be referred to as elements (factors) for applicability.

[0250] <<Applicability Report>>

[0251] <<<Report Beginning with NW as the Main Focus>>>

[0252] First, let's explain the situation regarding the report on the applicability of the model / function as NW becomes the main body.

[0253] The NW can initiate a model / functionality applicability report based on at least one condition / rule shown in options 1-1 to 1-4 below. In this case, the UE can report an applicability update based on a trigger from the NW (an indication to start the report, etc.).

[0254] <Option 1-1>

[0255] The UE can report the applicability of models / functionality based on settings from the NW. For example, the UE can periodically report updates to applicability based on a set period / predefined period.

[0256] <Options 1-2>

[0257] The UE can report the applicability of models / functionalities based on settings from the NW. For example, in the case of serving cell handover (being handed over), the UE can periodically report updates on applicability.

[0258] <Options 1-3>

[0259] The UE can report the applicability of a model / functionality based on inquiries / instructions from the NW. For example, when receiving an inquiry / instruction from the NW to report applicability, the UE can report an update on the applicability.

[0260] <Options 1-4>

[0261] Upon receiving at least one of the auxiliary information described below, the UE may report an update on applicability. In addition to the above, the auxiliary information may also be at least one of the following.

[0262] • Dataset information (e.g., a dataset ID can also be defined to represent the characteristics of the channel where the UE is located / exists in the periphery, and the characteristics of the measurement values ​​that the UE can obtain).

[0263] • NW configuration (location) information (for example, an NW configuration ID representing the gNB configuration can also be defined)

[0264] • Environmental information (e.g., an environment ID representing the environment in which the UE exists (LOS / NLOS environment, etc.) can also be defined)

[0265] By flexibly utilizing this auxiliary information, the UE can appropriately determine / judge the applicability of the model / functionality based on the received auxiliary information.

[0266] <<<Report Beginning with UE as the Main Subject>>>

[0267] Next, we will explain the situation where the UE becomes the subject and starts (triggers) the report on the applicability of the model / function.

[0268] Under the condition that the set / predefined rules are met, the UE can begin sending (reporting) applicability. Specifically, the UE can begin reporting the applicability of the model / function based on at least one condition / rule shown in options 1 to 6 below.

[0269] <Option 1>

[0270] With specific high-level parameters (RRC parameters) set, the UE can begin reporting applicability. These high-level parameters can be parameters related to updated applicability reporting. Furthermore, these high-level parameters can be associated with the elements (factors) used for applicability described in options 1-4 of the "Applicability Decision / Judgment" section above.

[0271] <Option 2>

[0272] The UE may begin reporting applicability without reporting (sending) applicability and if at least one of the following options 2-1 to 2-3 is met.

[0273] [Option 2-1]

[0274] The UE is configured with certain high-level parameters for reporting updates on applicability.

[0275] [Option 2-2]

[0276] The UE reports (sends) at least one of the models / functionalities that can be set, and the status (conditions) of the models / functionalities.

[0277] [Options 2-3]

[0278] The UE has a defined model / functionality. That is, the defined model / functionality is determined / judged.

[0279] <Option 3>

[0280] If the applicability differs from the applicability reported / indicated in the latest report (sent), the UE may begin reporting the applicability. The types of different applicability can be broadly categorized into options 3-1 to 3-3. Furthermore, options 3-1 to 3-3 may correspond to options 1 to 3 in the first embodiment described above.

[0281] [Option 3-1]

[0282] The situation where the applicability of the configurable model / functionality differs from the applicability of the indicated model / functionality.

[0283] [Option 3-2]

[0284] The situation where the applicability of the configured model / functionality differs from the applicability of the indicated model / functionality.

[0285] [Option 3-3]

[0286] The applicability of the activated / monitored model / functionality differs from the applicability of the indicated model / functionality.

[0287] <Option 4>

[0288] The UE can begin reporting applicability even when a specific timer associated with the applicability report is not functioning. The timer length can be set / indicated via higher-layer / physical-layer signaling or predefined by specifications. For example, if the timer length is not set / indicated, a predetermined value (default value) / initial value can be determined based on a predefined value. Furthermore, the timer can be associated with applicability elements (factors) described in options 1-4 of the second implementation, or with a specific model / functionality.

[0289] <Option 5>

[0290] In the event of an inapplicable model / functionality, the UE can initiate an applicability report. The types of inapplicable models / functionalities are broadly categorized into options 5-1 to 5-3. Furthermore, options 5-1 to 5-3 can correspond to options 1 to 3 in the first embodiment described above.

[0291] [Option 5-1]

[0292] The case where at least one configurable model / functionality cannot be applied.

[0293] [Option 5-2]

[0294] The case where at least one of the configured models / functionalities cannot be applied.

[0295] [Option 5-3]

[0296] The situation where at least one of the activated / monitored models / functionalities cannot be applied.

[0297] <Option 6>

[0298] If an applicable model / functionality exists, the UE can begin reporting applicability. The types of applicable models / functionalities are broadly categorized into options 6-1 to 6-3. Furthermore, options 6-1 to 6-3 can correspond to options 1 to 3 in the first embodiment described above.

[0299] [Option 6-1]

[0300] The case where at least one configurable model / functionality can be applied.

[0301] [Option 6-2]

[0302] The case where at least one of the configured models / functionalities can be applied.

[0303] [Option 6-3]

[0304] The ability to apply at least one of the activated / monitored models / functionalities.

[0305] <<UE Operation in the Context of Initial Applicability Reporting>>

[0306] Upon receiving an application availability report, the UE may perform at least one of the following options 1 to 3.

[0307] <Option 1>

[0308] The UE can set the information to be reported (the information that becomes the reporting object). Furthermore, the UE can apply at least one of the operations of options 1-1 to 1-2.

[0309] [Option 1-1]

[0310] The UE can set parameters based on applicability (e.g., RRC parameters). These parameters can be associated with elements (factors) for applicability described in options 1 to 4 of the second implementation.

[0311] For example, the parameters mentioned above could be a bit sequence corresponding to the applicability of each bit in the model / functionality. More specifically, a value of either "0" or "1" indicates applicability, while the other "0" or "1" indicates non-applicability.

[0312] [Options 1-2]

[0313] The UE can decide whether to include or exclude the parameter in a specific information element (IE). For example, the UE can include the parameter in a specific information element if at least one of the following conditions 1 to 3 is met.

[0314] (Condition 1)

[0315] The parameters are set via option 1-1 above.

[0316] (Condition 2)

[0317] At least one of the configurable models / functionalities is configured.

[0318] (Condition 3)

[0319] At least one of the model / functionalities is activated / monitored.

[0320] If at least one of conditions 1 to 3 above is not met, the UE may exclude the parameter from a specific information element.

[0321] <Option 2>

[0322] The UE can report at least one of the following pieces of information to the NW.

[0323] • The parameters or specific information elements described in Option 1

[0324] • Information related to applicability

[0325] • Information used to identify the model / functionality of objects that are reported as applicable.

[0326] <Option 3>

[0327] The UE can start a specific timer (which can be the same timer mentioned above). If the timer is activated, the UE may be unable to start an applicability update.

[0328] <<Constraints Related to Reporting Applicability>>

[0329] UEs may also be set to be unable to apply models / functionalities from a given period (certain duration) after receiving signaling related to the applicability report.

[0330] The UE may also not be expected to be set to monitor unapplicable models / functionalities from a given period (certain duration) after receiving signaling related to the applicability report.

[0331] The UE may also not be expected to activate an unapplicable model / function or receive an indication related to the activation of an unapplicable model / function within a given period (certain duration) after receiving signaling related to an applicability report.

[0332] The given period (certain duration) mentioned above can be X symbol / time slot / subframe / millisecond (ms). Here, X can be any real number greater than 0, which can be set / indicated by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling, or it can be defined in advance by the specification.

[0333] In this disclosure, the signaling associated with the reporting of applicability can be at least one of the following.

[0334] • Signaling that contains information about the applicability of the model / functionality (e.g., PUSCH / PUCCH transmission).

[0335] • PDCCH reception, which has the same HARQ process number as the transmission of the applicability report (PUSCH / PUCCH transmission), contains DCI format for scheduling PUSCH transmissions with the New data indicator (NDI) field value that has been toggled.

[0336] According to the fifth implementation described above, the UE / BS can perform appropriate control based on the supported functions / models, the applicable functions / models, etc.

[0337] <Sixth Implementation Method>

[0338] The sixth implementation involves performance monitoring.

[0339] The UE can also be [configured / specified] to implement performance monitoring for the functionality / model of waveform transformation association. Performance monitoring can include steps to calculate performance metrics, steps to derive reported content based on the calculated performance metrics, and steps to report the derived content.

[0340] In addition, in the sixth embodiment, the network can also determine which functionality / model is activated in the UE.

[0341] <<Calculation of Performance Metrics>>

[0342] Performance metrics are measures that represent the performance of functionality / models, and may include any one or a combination of the following metrics:

[0343] • BLER of functional / model-based hypothetical PDCCH / PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH based on waveform transformation correlation;

[0344] • The gap (difference) of the BLER of PDCCH / PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH between the presence or absence of the functional / model associated with waveform transformation;

[0345] • Functional / model-based PAPR / RSRP / SINR values ​​based on waveform transformation correlation;

[0346] • The gap (difference) between the PAPR / RSRP / SINR values ​​and the presence or absence of the functional / model associated with waveform transformation.

[0347] The metric to be calculated can be determined based on either the associated functionality / model or specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, include parameters set / instructed to the UE, or parameters related to the UE's capabilities.

[0348] The sample used to calculate performance metrics can also be based on any one of the following or a combination thereof:

[0349] • Performance metrics can also be statistics at a specific time (e.g., slot / symbol / subframe / millisecond);

[0350] • Performance metrics can also be statistics across a given number of measurements / measurement opportunities;

[0351] • Performance metrics can also be statistics over a given number of resources / resource opportunities / send opportunities.

[0352] In other words, performance metrics can also be calculated based on samples obtained at the specific time and at the given number of measurement / measurement opportunities / resources / resource opportunities / sending opportunities.

[0353] The specific time and the given number of times mentioned above can be determined based on the associated functionality / model, or based on specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, or they can include parameters set / instructed to the UE, or parameters related to the UE's capabilities.

[0354] The channel / RS used / imagined / measured for calculating performance metrics can be determined based on either the associated functionality / model or specific parameters. These specific parameters can be predefined, include parameters set / indicated to the UE, or include parameters related to the UE's capabilities.

[0355] <<Performance Monitoring-Based Report>>

[0356] The UE may also send a report containing at least one of the following (also referred to as a performance monitoring report, performance metric report, performance report, etc.) based on performance monitoring (performance metric calculation):

[0357] • Activation / deactivation recommendations;

[0358] • Functionality / model recommendations;

[0359] • Calculated metrics that are associated with the defined / indicated functionality / model;

[0360] • Whether the calculated metric associated with the set / indicated functionality / model is greater than / less than a predefined / set / indicated threshold.

[0361] Activation / deactivation recommendations can also include information on whether an application / activation is recommended for a given feature or model [associated with that feature]. Feature / model recommendations can also include information on which of several features or models [associated with that feature] is recommended for application / activation.

[0362] Furthermore, recommendations for activation / deactivation, functionality / model performance, etc., can also be based on computed metrics. For example, a model that achieves the maximum / minimum metric among multiple models associated with functionality can be recommended.

[0363] The UE can also begin performance reporting if at least one of the following conditions is met:

[0364] • The current or newly exported activation / deactivation recommendations change from the activation / deactivation recommendations reported in the last report;

[0365] • The current or newly exported functional / model recommendations change from the functional / model recommendations reported in the last report;

[0366] • The calculated metric associated with the set / indicated functionality / model is greater than / less than a predefined / set / indicated threshold;

[0367] • The UE is configured / instructed by the network to implement performance reporting.

[0368] According to the sixth implementation method described above, the UE / BS can appropriately implement performance monitoring / performance reporting.

[0369] <Seventh Implementation Method>

[0370] The seventh implementation involves the application (activation) of functionality / model.

[0371] Figure 12A as well as Figure 12B This is a diagram illustrating an example of the application flow of the functionality / model in the seventh embodiment. These diagrams will be referred to appropriately in the following description.

[0372] <<Autonomy Assessment of UEs in Uplink Transmission>>

[0373] In the seventh embodiment, it is also conceivable that the UE determines which function / model is activated for uplink transmission. The UE can also apply / activate waveform transformation-related functions / models from predefined / set / indicated functions / models.

[0374] like Figure 12AAs shown, the UE can also select (determine) the functionality / model applied in the target channel / RS [in the uplink] [based on the performance metrics described in the sixth embodiment]. The UE can also select a model based on additional conditions associated with the model. Furthermore, regarding the seventh embodiment, the target channel / RS can also refer to the channel / RS in which the waveform transformation-associated functionality / model is applied / activated.

[0375] like Figure 12A As shown, the UE can also notify (report) the NW (BS) which waveform transformation associated functionality / model [for the [uplink] object channel / RS] is applied / activated.

[0376] The UE can also notify which waveform transformation associated functionality / model is applied / activated in the target channel / RS via the port / sequence of the DMRS associated with the target channel / RS (e.g., PUSCH DMRS in the case of PUSCH). Here, the mapping between the port / sequence of the DMRS and the associated waveform transformation functionality / model can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0377] The UE can also notify which waveform transformation associated functionality / model is applied / activated in the target channel / RS via the PUCCH used for the [transmitted] scheduling request. For example, the functionality / model can be indicated by parameters / elements associated with the aforementioned PUCCH. These parameters / elements may include, for example, at least one of PUCCH resources, PUCCH format, PUCCH sequence, scheduling request ID, etc. The mapping between the parameters / elements associated with the aforementioned PUCCH and the associated waveform transformation functionality / model can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0378] The UE can also apply waveform association processing [in the first to fourth embodiments] that determines the activation of the function / model to implement the transmission processing of the target channel / RS.

[0379] <<Notifications sent to the UE for the downlink>>

[0380] In the seventh embodiment, such as Figure 12B As shown, it can also be envisioned that the network determines which function / model is activated for downlink transmission [object channel / RS] and notifies the UE of the determined function / model.

[0381] The UE can also be envisioned as applying / activating a predefined / set / indicated functional / model [in the [downlink] object channel / RS] associated with at least one of the following corresponding waveform transformations:

[0382] • First: The functionality / model indicated / set from the network;

[0383] • Second: Functionality / model indicated by DCI via scheduling / activation / triggering object channel / RS;

[0384] • The third: Functionality / model indicated via the PDCCH of the DCI used to schedule / activate / trigger the target channel / RS;

[0385] • Fourth: Functionality / model indicated by MAC CE via the activating target channel / RS;

[0386] • Fifth: The functionality / model derived from the port / sequence of the DMRS associated with the object channel (e.g., PDSCH / PDCCH).

[0387] Alternatively, the object channel / RS here can also be the downlink channel / RS.

[0388] Regarding the second point above, for example, the DCI of the object channel / RS associated with scheduling / activation / triggering can also notify the UE of the functionality / model associated with the waveform transformation applied to that object channel / RS.

[0389] Regarding the third point above, functionality / model can also be indicated by parameters / elements associated with the aforementioned PDCCH. These parameters / elements may, for example, include at least one of the following: a Control Channel Element (CCE) index, a PDCCH candidate, and a Control Resource Set (CORESET) / search space set associated with the aforementioned DCI detected by the UE. The mapping between the parameters / elements associated with the aforementioned PDCCH and the functionality / model associated with the associated waveform transformation can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0390] Regarding the fifth point above, the mapping between the ports / sequences of the aforementioned DMRS and the associated functionalities / models of the waveform transformations can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0391] The UE may also apply (or be based on) waveform association processing associated with functionality / model [in the first to fourth embodiments] to perform target channel / RS reception processing.

[0392] <<Notifications sent to the UE for the uplink>>

[0393] In the seventh embodiment, such as Figure 12B As shown, it can also be envisioned that the network determines which function / model is activated for uplink transmission [object channel / RS] and notifies the UE of the determined function / model.

[0394] The UE can also apply / activate waveform transformation associated functionalities / models based on at least one of the following [predefined / set / indicated functionalities / models] [in the [uplink] target channel / RS]:

[0395] • First: Information from the network that is instructed / set [associated with functionality / model];

[0396] • Second: Scheduling / activating / triggering the DCI of the target channel / RS;

[0397] • The third: PDCCH for transmitting DCI used to schedule / activate / trigger the target channel / RS;

[0398] • Fourth: Activate the MAC CE of the target channel / RS.

[0399] Alternatively, the object channel / RS here can also be the uplink channel / RS.

[0400] Regarding the second point above, for example, the DCI of the associated object channel / RS can also be used to notify the UE of the functionality / model associated with the waveform transformation applied to that object channel / RS via scheduling / activation / triggering.

[0401] Regarding the third point above, functionality / model can also be indicated by parameters / elements associated with the aforementioned PDCCH. These parameters / elements may, for example, include at least one of the following: Control Channel Element (CCE) index, PDCCH candidate, and the CORESET / search space set associated with the aforementioned DCI corresponding to UE detection. The mapping between the parameters / elements associated with the aforementioned PDCCH and the functionality / model associated with the associated waveform transformation can also be predefined / set / indicated.

[0402] The UE may also apply (or be based on) waveform association processing [in the first to fourth embodiments] that associates with functionality / models upon being notified of activation, and implement object channel / RS transmission processing.

[0403] <<Constraints for Simultaneous Application / Activation>>

[0404] UE may also not be expected [set / specified] to simultaneously apply / activate multiple waveform transformations associated with at least one of the following:

[0405] • Multiple models associated with the same functionality;

[0406] • Specific functionalities that are predefined / specified / set;

[0407] • Multiple models associated with specific functionalities that are predefined / specified / set.

[0408] The UE can also apply waveform transformation processing associated with one of the activated functions / models to implement uplink transmission / downlink reception.

[0409] According to the seventh implementation described above, the UE / BS can appropriately apply / activate functionality / models.

[0410] <Supplement>

[0411] <<Notification of Information to UE>>

[0412] The notification of any information (from NW) to the UE in the above-described embodiments (in other words, the reception of any information from BS in the UE) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MACCE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0413] In cases where the aforementioned notification is made via MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not specified in existing standards.

[0414] When the above notification is made through a DCI, it can also be made through specific fields of the DCI, the Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used in the scrambling of the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0415] Furthermore, the notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments can also be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0416] <<Notifications from UE>>

[0417] The notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) in the above embodiments (in other words, the transmission / reporting of any information in the UE to the BS) can also be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0418] In cases where the aforementioned notification is made via a MAC CE, the MAC CE can also be identified by including a new LCID, which is not specified in the existing standard, in the MAC subheader.

[0419] If the above notification is sent via UCI, PUCCH or PUSCH can also be used.

[0420] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above embodiments can also be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or non-periodically.

[0421] <<Application of Each Implementation Method>>

[0422] In the US / BS, a specific processing / operation / control / conception / information for at least one of the above embodiments may also be applied (or used) if any one or more of the following conditions are met:

[0423] • High-level parameters are set to represent the specific processing / operation / control / concept / information mentioned above;

[0424] • The specific processing / operation / control / concept / information mentioned above is determined based on the associated high-level parameters;

[0425] • The aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / conception / information is specified / activated / triggered via MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS;

[0426] • This indicates the specific UE capability associated with the aforementioned processing / operation / control / conception / information, or report, or support for that specific UE capability;

[0427] • The application of the specific processing / operation / control / conception / information mentioned above can also be judged based on specific conditions.

[0428] The specific UE capability mentioned above can also represent at least one of the following:

[0429] • Supports the specific processing / operation / control / concept / information mentioned above;

[0430] • Supports specific features / functionalities / models;

[0431] • Support for waveform transformation based on [specific features / functionality / model];

[0432] • (In the second embodiment) the maximum number of [supported / configurable] candidate sequences;

[0433] • (In the second embodiment) the maximum length of the supported / configurable candidate sequences;

[0434] • (In the third embodiment) [Supported / Settable] threshold;

[0435] • (In the third embodiment) [Supported / Settable] Specific [complex] values;

[0436] • (In the seventh embodiment) [Supported / reportable] metrics.

[0437] Additionally, the UE / BS can also expect that the aforementioned specific processing / operation / control / concept / information will be applied only if the UE report supports matters related to the aforementioned specific features / functionality / model.

[0438] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or per frequency (e.g., one or a combination of cells, bands, band combinations, BWPs, component carriers, etc.), or per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or per feature set (FS) or per component carrier feature set (FSPC), or per function / model.

[0439] Furthermore, the aforementioned specific UE capabilities can be either the ability to be applied across all duplex modes (commonly regardless of the duplex mode) or the capability for each duplex mode (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0440] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may also follow the operations specified in the existing 3GPP version.

[0441] (Postscript)

[0442] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the first and second embodiments), the following invention is noted.

[0443] [Postscript 1]

[0444] A terminal having:

[0445] The control unit applies waveform transformation processing related to signal constellation compensation when the waveform transformation-related functionality or model is activated; and

[0446] The transmitting unit transmits an uplink signal based on complex-valued modulation symbols or complex-valued symbols that have been shifted or scaled through the waveform transformation processing.

[0447] [Postscript 2]

[0448] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0449] The waveform transformation process includes: determining, based on the functionality or the model, a mapping between blocks of bits representing data transmitted via the uplink signal and the complex-valued modulation symbols.

[0450] [Postscript 3]

[0451] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0452] The control unit selects one of the candidate sequences based on selective mapping so that the uplink signal based on the complex-valued symbols, which is shifted or scaled based on the candidate sequence, achieves the minimum peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).

[0453] [Postscript 4]

[0454] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0455] The control unit changes the order of the complex numerical symbols and their corresponding subcarriers in the selective mapping.

[0456] (Postscript)

[0457] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the third embodiment), the invention is described below.

[0458] [Postscript 1]

[0459] A terminal having:

[0460] The control unit applies waveform transformation processing when the associated functionality or model is activated; and

[0461] The transmitting unit transmits an uplink signal, which is based on a complex or time-continuous signal that has been shifted, scaled, or clipped by the waveform transformation processing.

[0462] [Postscript 2]

[0463] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0464] The control unit applies the waveform transformation processing to the time-continuous signal after processing with Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).

[0465] [Postscript 3]

[0466] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0467] The control unit applies the waveform transformation processing to the complex values ​​before processing with the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).

[0468] [Postscript 4]

[0469] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0470] The control unit transforms the complex value before the IFFT processing via the aforementioned functionality to obtain the time-continuous signal.

[0471] (Postscript)

[0472] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the fourth embodiment), the invention is described below.

[0473] [Postscript 1]

[0474] A terminal having:

[0475] The control unit applies waveform transformation processing related to pitch reservation when the waveform transformation-related functionality or model is activated; and

[0476] The transmitting unit transmits an uplink signal containing a peak-lowering tone via the waveform transformation process.

[0477] [Postscript 2]

[0478] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0479] The waveform transformation process includes: appending a specific signal to a time-continuous signal.

[0480] [Postscript 3]

[0481] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0482] The waveform transformation process includes determining a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource, not based on the data transmitted via the uplink signal.

[0483] [Postscript 4]

[0484] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0485] The waveform transformation process includes adding a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource to a specific complex value.

[0486] (Postscript)

[0487] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the fifth to seventh embodiments), the following invention is noted.

[0488] [Postscript 1]

[0489] A terminal having:

[0490] The control unit can simultaneously activate multiple functionalities or models associated with waveform transformation; and

[0491] The transmitting unit applies activated waveform transformation processing associated with one of the aforementioned functionalities or models to transmit uplink signals.

[0492] [Postscript 2]

[0493] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0494] The multiple models are associated with the same functionality.

[0495] [Postscript 3]

[0496] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0497] The multiple functionalities are specific multiple functionalities that are being notified.

[0498] [Postscript 4]

[0499] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0500] The multiple models are multiple models associated with multiple specific functionalities that are being notified.

[0501] (Postscript)

[0502] With respect to one embodiment of this disclosure (especially the seventh embodiment), the invention is described below.

[0503] [Postscript 1]

[0504] A terminal having:

[0505] The control unit determines the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation applied to a given channel or reference signal; and

[0506] The transmitting and receiving unit performs transmitting or receiving processing of the channel or the reference signal based on waveform association processing associated with the functionality or the model.

[0507] [Postscript 2]

[0508] The terminal as described in Appendix 1, wherein,

[0509] The control unit determines the functionality or the model based on performance metrics.

[0510] [Postscript 3]

[0511] The terminal as described in Appendix 1 or Appendix 2, wherein,

[0512] The transmitting and receiving unit reports the functionality or the model by parameters or elements associated with the uplink control channel for scheduling requests for the channel or the reference signal.

[0513] [Postscript 4]

[0514] The terminal as described in any one of Annexes 1 to 3, wherein,

[0515] The control unit determines the functionality or the model based on notifications from the network.

[0516] (Wireless communication system)

[0517] The structure of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one or a combination of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure.

[0518] Figure 13 This is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic structure of a wireless communication system according to one implementation. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be referred to simply as System 1) may also be a system that uses Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) as standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0519] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple radio access technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC can also include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0520] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0521] Wireless communication system 1 can also support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (e.g., MN and SN are dual connectivity between NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0522] The wireless communication system 1 may also include: a base station 11 forming a macro cell C1 with a relatively wide coverage area, and a base station 12 (12a-12c) configured within the macro cell C1 and forming a small cell C2 narrower than the macro cell C1. User terminals 20 may also be located within at least one cell. The configuration and number of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the arrangement shown in the figure. Hereinafter, without distinguishing between base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0523] User terminal 20 may also connect to at least one of multiple base stations 10. User terminal 20 may also utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0524] Each CC can also be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). Macro cell C1 can also be included in FR1, and small cell C2 can also be included in FR2. For example, FR1 can also be a frequency band below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 can also be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). In addition, the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these; for example, FR1 can also be equivalent to a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0525] In addition, in each CC, the user terminal 20 can also use at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) for communication.

[0526] Multiple base stations 10 can also be connected via wired (e.g., fiber optic cable based on the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication between base stations 11 and 12 is used as a backhaul, base station 11, which is equivalent to a host station, can also be referred to as an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is equivalent to a relay station, can also be referred to as an IAB node.

[0527] Base station 10 may also be connected to core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. Core network 30 may include at least one of Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0528] The core network 30 may also include, for example, user plane functions (UPF), access and mobility management functions (AMF), session management functions (SMF), unified data management (UDM), application functions (AF), data network (DN), location management functions (LMF), and network functions (NF) such as operation, administration and maintenance (OAM). Alternatively, a single network node may provide multiple functions. Furthermore, communication with external networks (e.g., the Internet) can also be conducted via the DN.

[0529] User terminal 20 can also be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0530] In wireless communication system 1, wireless access methods based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) can also be used. For example, in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) links, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) can also be used.

[0531] Wireless access methods can also be referred to as waveforms. In addition, in wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (e.g., other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) can also be applied in the wireless access methods of UL and DL.

[0532] As a downlink channel, the wireless communication system 1 can also use downlink shared channels (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)), broadcast channels (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), downlink control channels (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)) and so on, which are shared among the user terminals 20.

[0533] In addition, as uplink channels, the wireless communication system 1 may also use uplink shared channels (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)), uplink control channels (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), random access channels (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)) and so on, which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0534] User data, high-level control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and high-level control information can also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) can be transmitted via PBCH.

[0535] Lower-layer control information can also be transmitted via PDCCH. This lower-layer control information may include, for example, downlink control information (DCI), which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0536] Additionally, the DCI for scheduling PDSCH can also be called DL allocation, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling PUSCH can also be called UL authorization, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH can be rewritten as DL data, and PUSCH can be rewritten as UL data.

[0537] In PDCCH detection, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space can also be utilized. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. The search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A CORESET can also be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE can also monitor CORESETs associated with a specific search space based on search space settings.

[0538] A search space can also correspond to a PDCCH candidate that matches one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces can also be referred to as a search space set. In addition, the terms "search space", "search space set", "search space setting", "search space set setting", "CORESET", "CORESET setting" etc. disclosed herein can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0539] Uplink control information (UCI) can also be transmitted via PUCCH, including at least one of the following: Channel State Information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (e.g., also known as Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACK knowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and Scheduling Request (SR). Random access preambles used for establishing a connection with the cell can also be transmitted via PRACH.

[0540] In addition, in this disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc., may be described without the word "link". Furthermore, various channels may be described without the word "physical".

[0541] In wireless communication system 1, synchronization signals (SS) and downlink reference signals (DL-RS) can also be transmitted. In wireless communication system 1, as DL-RS, cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), positioning reference signals (PRS), and phase tracking reference signals (PTRS) can also be transmitted.

[0542] Synchronization signals can be, for example, at least one of the primary synchronization signal (PSS) and the secondary synchronization signal (SSS). A signal block containing SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) can also be called an SS / PBCH block, SS block (SSB), etc. In addition, SS, SSB, etc. can also be called reference signals.

[0543] Furthermore, in wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) can also transmit measurement reference signals (sounding reference signals (SRS)) and demodulation reference signals (DMRS). Additionally, DMRS can also be referred to as user terminal-specific reference signals (UE-specific reference signals).

[0544] (Base station)

[0545] Figure 14 This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmit / receive unit 120, a transmit / receive antenna 130, and a transmission path interface (transmission line interface) 140. Alternatively, the control unit 110, the transmit / receive unit 120, the transmit / receive antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140 may each be provided in more than one manner.

[0546] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it is also conceivable that the base station 10 may also possess other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0547] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0548] The control unit 110 can also control signal generation and scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping). The control unit 110 can also control transmission, reception, and measurement using the transmit / receive unit 120, transmit / receive antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmit / receive unit 120. The control unit 110 can also perform call processing (setting, releasing, etc.) of the communication channel, status management of the base station 10, and management of wireless resources.

[0549] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may also include a transmitting processing unit 1211 and a receiving processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuitry, baseband circuitry, filters, phase shifters, measurement circuitry, transmitting / receiving circuitry, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0550] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0551] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0552] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also transmit the aforementioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can also receive the aforementioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0553] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0554] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) may, for example, perform processing at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0555] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (transmitting processing unit 1211) can also perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may also include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (as needed), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0556] For baseband signals, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signals through the transmitting and receiving antenna 130.

[0557] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) can also amplify, filter, demodulate baseband signals, etc., for signals in the wireless frequency band that are received by the transmitting and receiving antenna 130.

[0558] For the acquired baseband signal, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 (receiving and processing unit 1212) can also perform receiving and processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to acquire user data.

[0559] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 can also perform radio resource management (RRM) measurements, channel state information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 can also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 110.

[0560] The transmission path interface 140 can also transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between the device included in the core network 30 (e.g., the network node providing the NF), other base stations 10, etc., and can also acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0561] In addition, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the base station 10 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one of the transmitting and receiving unit 120, the transmitting and receiving antenna 130 and the transmission path interface 140.

[0562] In addition, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also send information to the user terminal 20 to activate the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation (for example, see the seventh embodiment).

[0563] The transmitting and receiving unit 120 may also receive uplink signals transmitted from the user terminal 20 based on complex-valued modulation symbols or complex-valued symbols that have been shifted or scaled through waveform transformation processing related to signal constellation compensation.

[0564] In addition, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 can also receive uplink signals sent from the user terminal 20 based on complex numerical or time-continuous signals that have been shifted, scaled or clipped through waveform transformation processing.

[0565] In addition, the transmitting and receiving unit 120 can also receive an uplink signal containing a peak-lowered pitch transmitted from the user terminal 20 via waveform transformation processing related to pitch reservation.

[0566] Furthermore, the control unit 110 can also be conceived as a way to prevent the user terminal 20 from simultaneously activating multiple functions or models associated with waveform transformation. The transmit / receive unit 120 can also apply waveform transformation processing associated with one of the functions or models activated for the user terminal 20 to receive uplink signals transmitted from the user terminal 20.

[0567] Furthermore, the control unit 110 can also determine the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation applied in the user terminal 20 for a given channel or reference signal. The transmit / receive unit 120 can also perform receive or transmit processing of the channel or reference signal based on the waveform association processing associated with the functionality or the model.

[0568] (User terminal)

[0569] Figure 15 This diagram illustrates an example of the structure of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Alternatively, more than one of each of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be included.

[0570] Furthermore, while this example primarily illustrates the functional blocks of the characteristic portions of this embodiment, it is also conceivable that the user terminal 20 may also possess other functional blocks required for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may also be omitted.

[0571] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., which are described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0572] The control unit 210 can also control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 can also control transmission, reception, measurement, etc., using the transmission / reception unit 220 and the transmission / reception antenna 230. The control unit 210 can also generate data, control information, sequences, etc., to be transmitted as signals and forward them to the transmission / reception unit 220.

[0573] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may also include a transmitting processing unit 2211 and a receiving processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0574] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 can be configured as a single integrated transmitting and receiving unit, or it can be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit can also be composed of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit can also be composed of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0575] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be constructed from an antenna, such as an array antenna, as described based on common knowledge in the art to which this disclosure pertains.

[0576] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc., mentioned above. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc., mentioned above.

[0577] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 may also use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc., to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0578] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) may, for example, perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control) on the data and control information obtained from the control unit 210, and generate the bit string to be transmitted.

[0579] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (transmitting processing unit 2211) can also perform channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filter processing, DFT processing (as needed), IFFT processing, precoding, digital-to-analog conversion and other transmission processing on the bit string to be transmitted, and output the baseband signal.

[0580] Furthermore, whether or not to apply DFT processing can be based on the transform precoding settings. For a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), if transform precoding is activated, the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform DFT processing as described above in order to transmit the channel using the DFT-s-OFDM waveform. If not, the transmit / receive unit 220 (transmit processing unit 2211) can perform the above transmission processing without performing DFT processing.

[0581] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to the wireless frequency band, and transmit the wireless frequency band signal through the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0582] On the other hand, the transmitting and receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) can also amplify, filter, demodulate, etc., the signals of the wireless frequency band received by the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0583] The transmitting and receiving unit 220 (receiving and processing unit 2212) can also perform receiving and processing on the acquired baseband signal, such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (as needed), filter processing, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may also include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing, to obtain user data.

[0584] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measurement unit 223) can also perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 can also perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 can also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results can also be output to the control unit 210.

[0585] Additionally, the measurement unit 223 can also derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources can be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. Furthermore, the measurement unit 223 can also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources can be at least one of NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. Additionally, CSI-IM can also be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM), and can be interchanged with zero power (ZP) CSI-RS. Furthermore, in this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZPCSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., can also be interchanged.

[0586] Alternatively, the transmitting and receiving units of the user terminal 20 in this disclosure may also be composed of at least one of the transmitting and receiving unit 220 and the transmitting and receiving antenna 230.

[0587] Additionally, when the functionality or model associated with waveform transformation is activated, the control unit 210 can also apply waveform transformation processing related to signal constellation compensation. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit uplink signals based on complex-valued modulation symbols or complex-valued symbols that have been shifted or scaled via the waveform transformation processing.

[0588] The waveform transformation process can also be based on the functionality or the model to determine the mapping between blocks of bits representing data transmitted via the uplink signal and the complex-valued modulation symbols.

[0589] Control unit 210 may also select one of the candidate sequences based on selective mapping so that the uplink signal based on the complex-valued symbols, which is shifted or scaled based on the candidate sequence, achieves the minimum peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).

[0590] The control unit 210 can also change the order of the complex numerical symbols and the corresponding subcarriers in the selective mapping.

[0591] Furthermore, when the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation is activated, the control unit 210 can also apply waveform transformation processing. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can also transmit uplink signals based on complex-valued or time-continuous signals that have been shifted, scaled, or clipped via the waveform transformation processing.

[0592] The control unit 210 can also apply the waveform transformation processing to the time-continuous signal after it has been processed by the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT).

[0593] The control unit 210 can also apply the waveform transformation processing to the complex values ​​before the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing.

[0594] The control unit 210 can also transform the complex value before the IFFT processing via the aforementioned functionality to obtain the time-continuous signal.

[0595] Furthermore, when the waveform transformation associated functionality or model is activated, the control unit 210 can also apply waveform transformation processing related to tone reservation. The transmit / receive unit 220 can also transmit an uplink signal containing a peak-lowered tone via the waveform transformation processing.

[0596] The waveform transformation process may also include the step of appending a specific signal to a time-continuous signal.

[0597] The waveform transformation process may also include steps that do not determine the complex values ​​associated with a specific frequency resource based on data transmitted via the uplink signal.

[0598] The waveform transformation process may also include the step of adding a complex value associated with a specific frequency resource and a specific complex value.

[0599] Furthermore, the control unit 210 may not simultaneously activate multiple functions or models associated with waveform transformation. The transmit / receive unit 220 may also apply the activated waveform transformation processing associated with one of the functions or models to transmit uplink signals.

[0600] The multiple models can also be associated with the same functionality.

[0601] The multiple functionalities can also be specific multiple functionalities that are notified.

[0602] The multiple models can also be multiple models associated with multiple specific functionalities that are being notified.

[0603] Furthermore, the control unit 210 can also determine the functionality or model associated with the waveform transformation applied to a given channel or reference signal. The transmit / receive unit 220 can also perform transmit or receive processing of the channel or reference signal based on waveform association processing associated with the functionality or model.

[0604] The control unit 210 may also determine the functionality or the model based on performance metrics.

[0605] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also report the functionality or the model by parameters or elements associated with the uplink control channel for scheduling requests for the channel or the reference signal.

[0606] The control unit 210 can also determine the functionality or the model based on notifications from the network.

[0607] (Hardware structure)

[0608] Furthermore, the block diagrams used in the description of the above embodiments illustrate functional units. These functional blocks (structural units) are implemented through any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Moreover, the implementation method of each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block can be implemented using a single device that is physically or logically combined, or it can be implemented by directly or indirectly (e.g., using wired, wireless, etc.) connecting two or more physically or logically separate devices. A functional block can also be implemented by combining the aforementioned single device or multiple devices with software.

[0609] Here, the functions include judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, export, investigation, search, confirmation, receiving, sending, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, regard as, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assigning, but are not limited to these. For example, a functional block (structural unit) that implements the sending function can also be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method is not particularly limited.

[0610] For example, in one embodiment of this disclosure, the base station, user terminal, etc., can also function as a computer for processing the wireless communication method of this disclosure. Figure 16This diagram illustrates an example of the hardware structure of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above can also be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage device 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0611] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit can be interchanged. The hardware structure of base station 10 and user terminal 20 can be configured to include one or more of the apparatuses shown in the figures, or it can be configured not to include any of the apparatuses.

[0612] For example, only one processor 1001 is shown, but there can be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing can be performed by one processor, or simultaneously, sequentially, or by two or more processors using other methods. Additionally, processor 1001 can be implemented using more than one chip.

[0613] The functions of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 are implemented, for example, by reading specific software (programs) into hardware such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, so that the processor 1001 performs calculations and controls communication via the communication device 1004, or controls at least one of reading out and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage device 1003.

[0614] The processor 1001, for example, enables the operating system to operate and control the computer as a whole. The processor 1001 may also be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic devices, registers, etc. For example, at least some of the control unit 110 (210), the transmit / receive unit 120 (220), etc. described above may also be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0615] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and performs various processes accordingly. As a program, a program that causes the computer to perform at least a portion of the operations described in the above embodiments can be used. For example, the control unit 110 (210) can also be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and operated in the processor 1001; similar implementations can be made for other functional blocks.

[0616] The memory 1002 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as being composed of at least one of read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), random access memory (RAM), or other suitable storage media. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory (main storage device), etc. The memory 1002 is capable of storing executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for implementing the wireless communication method according to one embodiment of this disclosure.

[0617] Storage device 1003 may also be a computer-readable recording medium, such as at least one of a flexible disc, floppy disk, optical disk (e.g., compact disc ROM, CD-ROM), digital multifunction disk, Blu-ray disc, removable disk, hard disk drive, smart card, flash memory device (e.g., card, stick, key drive), stripe, database, server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage device 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0618] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting and receiving device) used for communication between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network. It is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network interface card (NIC), communication module, etc. To implement at least one of, for example, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD), the communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. For example, the aforementioned transmitting and receiving unit 120 (220) and transmitting and receiving antenna 130 (230) can also be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting and receiving unit 120 (220) can also be implemented by physically or logically separating the transmitting unit 120a (220a) and the receiving unit 120b (220b).

[0619] Input device 1005 is an input device that receives input from external sources (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). Output device 1006 is an output device that performs output to external sources (e.g., display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). Alternatively, input device 1005 and output device 1006 can also be an integrated structure (e.g., a touch panel).

[0620] Furthermore, the processor 1001, memory 1002, and other devices are connected via a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 can be configured as a single bus or as different buses between the devices.

[0621] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 can also be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and can also use this hardware to implement part or all of the functional blocks. For example, the processor 1001 can also be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0622] (Modified example)

[0623] Furthermore, the terms described in this disclosure, as well as those necessary for understanding this disclosure, can be replaced with terms that have the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol, and signal (signal or signaling) can be interchanged. Additionally, a signal can also be a message. A reference signal can also be abbreviated as RS, and may be referred to as pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applied standard. Furthermore, a component carrier (CC) can also be referred to as cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0624] A radio frame can also be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) that constitutes a radio frame can also be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe can also be composed of one or more time slots in the time domain. A subframe can also be a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) independent of the parameter set (numerology).

[0625] Here, the parameter set can also refer to communication parameters applied in at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. For example, the parameter set can also represent at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processing performed by the transmitter and receiver in the time domain.

[0626] In the time domain, a time slot can also be composed of one or more symbols (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, etc.). In addition, a time slot can also be a time unit based on a set of parameters.

[0627] A time slot can also contain multiple mini-time slots. Each mini-time slot can also consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Furthermore, a mini-time slot can also be called a sub-time slot. A mini-time slot can also consist of fewer symbols than a time slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a mini-time slot can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using mini-time slots can also be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0628] Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols all represent time units for transmitting signals. Radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols can also use their respective other names. Furthermore, the time units such as frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols in this disclosure can be interchanged.

[0629] For example, a subframe can also be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes can also be called a TTI, and a time slot or a mini-time slot can also be called a TTI. That is to say, at least one of the subframe and TTI can be a subframe in the existing LTE (1ms), a period shorter than 1ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1ms. In addition, the unit representing TTI may not be called a subframe, but a time slot, mini-time slot, etc.

[0630] Here, TTI refers, for example, to the smallest unit of time for scheduling in wireless communication. For instance, in an LTE system, the base station schedules radio resources (frequency bandwidth, transmit power, etc., available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0631] TTI can also be a unit of time for transmitting channel-coded data packets (transmission blocks), code blocks, codewords, etc., and can also be a unit of processing such as scheduling and link adaptation. In addition, when a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) mapped to transmission blocks, code blocks, codewords, etc. can be shorter than the TTI.

[0632] Additionally, where a time slot or a mini-time slot is referred to as a TTI, more than one TTI (i.e., more than one time slot or more than one mini-time slot) can also serve as the minimum time unit for scheduling. Furthermore, the number of time slots (mini-time slots) constituting the minimum time unit of the schedule can also be controlled.

[0633] A TTI with a duration of 1 ms can also be referred to as a normal TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel.8-12), a standard TTI, a long TTI, a normal subframe, a standard subframe, a long subframe, a time slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI can also be referred to as a shortened TTI, a short TTI, a partial TTI (partial or fractional TTI), a shortened subframe, a short subframe, a mini time slot, a sub-time slot, a time slot, etc.

[0634] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) can also be rewritten as a TTI with a duration of less than a long TTI but more than 1 ms.

[0635] A resource block (RB) is a unit of resource allocation in both the time and frequency domains. In the frequency domain, it can also contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB can be the same regardless of the parameter set, for example, it can be 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB can also be determined based on the parameter set.

[0636] Furthermore, an RB can contain one or more symbols in the time domain, and can also be a time slot, a mini-time slot, a subframe, or the length of a TTI. A TTI, a subframe, etc., can also be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0637] In addition, one or more RBs can also be referred to as Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0638] In addition, a resource block can also consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, an RE can also be a radio resource area consisting of a subcarrier and a symbol.

[0639] The Bandwidth Part (BWP) (also referred to as partial bandwidth, etc.) can also represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) used for a certain parameter set in a certain carrier. Here, common RBs can also be determined by the index of RBs based on the common reference point of the carrier. PRBs can also be defined in a BWP and appended with numbers within that BWP.

[0640] A BWP can also include a UL BWP (the BWP used by UL) and a DL BWP (the BWP used by DL). For a UE, one or more BWPs can also be set within a single carrier.

[0641] At least one of the configured BWPs can be active, and the UE may not intend to transmit or receive specific signals / channels outside of the active BWPs. Furthermore, the terms "cell," "carrier," etc., in this disclosure can be rewritten as "BWP."

[0642] Furthermore, the structures described above, such as radio frames, subframes, time slots, mini-time slots, and symbols, are merely illustrative. For example, the number of subframes contained in a radio frame, the number of time slots in each subframe or radio frame, the number of mini-time slots contained within a time slot, the number of symbols and RBs contained in a time slot or mini-time slot, the number of subcarriers contained in an RB, and the number of symbols in a TTI, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length can be varied in many ways.

[0643] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure can be represented by absolute values, relative values ​​with respect to a specific value, or other corresponding information. For example, wireless resources can also be indicated by a specific index.

[0644] In this disclosure, the names used for parameters, etc., are not limiting names in any respect. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions, etc., using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name; therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not limiting names in any respect.

[0645] The information, signals, etc., described in this disclosure can also be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc., which may be mentioned throughout the above description, can also be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, light fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0646] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output in at least one of the following directions: from higher level (upper layer) to lower level (lower layer), and from lower layer to higher level. Information, signals, etc., can also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0647] Input and output information, signals, etc., can be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using management tables. Input and output information, signals, etc., can be overwritten, updated, or appended. Output information, signals, etc., can also be deleted. Input information, signals, etc., can also be sent to other devices.

[0648] The notification of information is not limited to the methods / implementations described in this disclosure, and may also be carried out by other methods. For example, the notification of information in this disclosure may also be implemented by physical layer signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), uplink control information (UCI), etc.), higher layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB) etc.), medium access control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or combinations thereof.

[0649] In addition, physical layer signaling can also be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. Furthermore, RRC signaling can also be referred to as RRC messages, such as RRC connection setup messages, RRC connection reconfiguration messages, etc. Additionally, MAC signaling can also be notified using, for example, the MAC control element (CE).

[0650] Furthermore, notification of specific information (e.g., a notification of “is X”) is not limited to explicit notification, but can also be implicit (e.g., by not providing that specific information, or by providing other information).

[0651] The determination can be made by a value represented by a single bit (0 or 1), by a true or false value (boolean), or by a numerical comparison (e.g., a comparison with a specific value).

[0652] Whether it is called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or any other name, software should be broadly interpreted as instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, program, subprogram, software module, application, software application, software package, routine, subroutine, object, executable file, execution thread, process, function, etc.

[0653] Furthermore, software, instructions, and information can also be sent and received via a transmission medium. For example, when software is sent from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technologies (coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) etc.) and wireless technologies (infrared, microwave, etc.), at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included within the definition of a transmission medium.

[0654] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure are interchangeable. “Network” may also mean devices included in a network (e.g., base stations).

[0655] In this disclosure, the terms “precoding”, “precoder”, “weight (precoding weight)”, “quasi-co-location (QCL)”, “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state)”, “spatial relation”, “spatial domain filter”, “transmit power”, “phase rotation”, “antenna port”, “layer”, “number of layers”, “rank”, “resource”, “resource set”, “beam”, “beam amplitude”, “beam angle”, “antenna”, “antenna element”, “panel”, “UE panel”, “transmitting entity”, and “receiving entity” are used interchangeably.

[0656] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the antenna port and the antenna port used for any signal / channel (e.g., the DeModulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port) can be mutually modified. In this disclosure, the resources and the resources used for any signal / channel (e.g., reference signal resources, SRS resources, etc.) can also be mutually modified. Additionally, resources may also include time / frequency / symbol / space / power resources. Moreover, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0657] The aforementioned groups may include, for example, at least one of the following: spatial relation group, code division multiplexing (CDM) group, reference signal (RS) group, control resource set (CORESET) group, PUCCH group, antenna port group (e.g., DMRS port group), layer group, resource group, beam group, antenna group, panel group, etc.

[0658] Furthermore, in this disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET Pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), RS, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0659] Furthermore, in this disclosure, the TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, and joint TCI state can also be rewritten to each other.

[0660] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL", "QCL concept", "QCL relationship", "QCL type information", "QCL property (QCLproperty / properties)", "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D) property", and "specific QCL type (e.g., type A, type D)" can be rewritten interchangeably.

[0661] In this disclosure, indexes, identifiers (IDs), indicators, indications, resource IDs, etc., can be interchanged. Sequences, lists, sets, groups, clusters, subsets, etc., can also be interchanged.

[0662] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) can be interchanged. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" and "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI states)," or "one or more spatial relationship information," can also be interchanged. TCI state and TCI can also be interchanged. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship can also be interchanged.

[0663] In this disclosure, the terms "Base Station (BS)", "Wireless Base Station", "Fixed Station", "NodeB", "eNB (eNodeB)", "gNB (gNodeB)", "Access Point", "Transmission Point (TP)", "Reception Point (RP)", "Transmission / Reception Point (TRP)", "Panel", "Cell", "Sector", "Cell Group", "Carrier", and "Component Carrier" are used interchangeably. There are also instances where terms such as macro cell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell are used to refer to base stations.

[0664] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be divided into multiple smaller areas, each of which can also provide communication services through a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). Terms such as "cell" or "sector" refer to a portion or all of the coverage area of ​​the base station providing communication services within that coverage area, as well as at least one of the base station subsystems.

[0665] In this disclosure, the information sent by the base station to the terminal and the control / operation instructed by the base station to the terminal based on that information can also be rewritten.

[0666] In this disclosure, the terms “Mobile Station (MS)”, “user terminal”, “user equipment (UE)”, and “terminal” are used interchangeably.

[0667] There are also instances where mobile stations are referred to as subscriber stations, mobile units, subscriber units, wireless units, remote units, mobile devices, wireless devices, wireless communication devices, remote devices, mobile subscriber stations, access terminals, mobile terminals, wireless terminals, remote terminals, handsets, user agents, mobile clients, clients, or several other appropriate terms.

[0668] At least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be referred to as a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station can also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0669] The term "mobile body" refers to a movable object whose speed is arbitrary, including situations where the body is stationary. Examples of such mobile bodies include vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, autonomous two-wheelers, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, trailers, rickshaws, ships (bottles and other watercraft), airplanes, rockets, artificial satellites, drones, multi-rotor aircraft, quadcopters, balloons, and objects carried on them, but are not limited to these. Furthermore, the mobile body can also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on operational commands.

[0670] The mobile entity can be a means of transportation (e.g., a vehicle, an airplane, etc.), a mobile entity moving in an unmanned manner (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (humanized or unmanned). Additionally, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may include a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be an IoT (Internet of Things) device such as a sensor.

[0671] Figure 17 This figure illustrates an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a speed sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a gear shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0672] The drive unit 41 is comprised of at least one of an engine, a motor, or a combination of an engine and a motor. The steering unit 42 is configured to include at least a steering wheel (also called a handlebar) and to steer at least one of the front wheel 46 and the rear wheel 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0673] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, a memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an input / output (IO) port) 63). Signals from various sensors 50-58 present in the vehicle are input into the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 can also be referred to as an electronic control unit (ECU).

[0674] The signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, speed signals from the front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by speed sensor 51, air pressure signals from the front wheel 46 / rear wheel 47 obtained by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals obtained by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals obtained by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal 43 depress amount signals obtained by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal 44 depress amount signals obtained by brake pedal sensor 56, shift lever 45 operation signals obtained by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals obtained by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0675] The information service unit 59 comprises various devices such as a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, used to provide (output) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information obtained from external devices via the communication module 60, etc., to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0676] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that implement output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED light, touch panel, etc.).

[0677] The driver assistance system unit 64 comprises various devices used to provide functions for preventing accidents or reducing the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning devices (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) mapping), gyroscope systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)) and Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. Furthermore, the driver assistance system unit 64 sends and receives various information via communication module 60 to realize driver assistance or autonomous driving functions.

[0678] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and the constituent elements of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) between the microprocessor 61 and the memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and various sensors 50-58 in the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, electronic control unit 49, and the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63.

[0679] The communication module 60 is controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and is a communication device capable of communicating with external devices. For example, it can transmit and receive various types of information between external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 can be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device can be, for example, the aforementioned base station 10, user terminal 20, etc. Furthermore, the communication module 60 can be, for example, at least one of the aforementioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 (or it can function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

[0680] The communication module 60 can also wirelessly transmit to an external device at least one of the signals input to the electronic control unit 49 from the various sensors 50-58, information obtained based on those signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., can also be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 can also contain information based on the aforementioned inputs.

[0681] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) sent from external devices and displays it to the information service unit 59 provided by the vehicle. The information service unit 59 can also be referred to as an information output unit (e.g., outputting information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or the data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0682] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices into a memory 62 that can be utilized by the microprocessor 61. The microprocessor 61 can also control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, gear shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, and various sensors 50-58 of the vehicle 40 based on the information stored in the memory 62.

[0683] Furthermore, the base station in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a user terminal. For example, various methods / implementations of this disclosure can be applied to structures where communication between the base station and the user terminal is rewritten as communication between multiple user terminals (e.g., also referred to as device-to-device (D2D) or vehicle-to-everything (V2X)). In this case, it can also be configured such that the user terminal 20 has the functions of the base station 10 described above. In addition, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" can also be rewritten as terms corresponding to communication between terminals (e.g., "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., can also be rewritten as sidelink channel.

[0684] Similarly, the user terminal in this disclosure can also be rewritten as a base station. In this case, it can also be configured such that the base station 10 has the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0685] In this disclosure, actions are assumed to be performed by the base station, and sometimes, depending on the circumstances, by its upper node. Clearly, in a network containing one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal can be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (e.g., considering a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or combinations thereof.

[0686] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be used individually, in combination, or switched as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of the various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can be rearranged as long as they do not contradict each other. For example, with respect to the method described in this disclosure, the illustrated order is used to indicate various steps, but the order in which they are indicated is not limited.

[0687] The various methods / implementations described in this disclosure can also be applied to Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or a decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Futuregeneration radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE This includes 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wideband (UWB)), Bluetooth (registered trademark), systems utilizing other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, established, or specified based on them. Furthermore, multiple systems can be combined (e.g., LTE or LTE-A, combinations with 5G, etc.) for application.

[0688] As used in this disclosure, the word "based on" does not mean "based on only" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the word "based on" means both "based on only" and "based on at least".

[0689] Any reference to an element using the designations "first," "second," etc., as used in this disclosure does not comprehensively limit the quantity or order of these elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Therefore, references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be used, or that the first element must take precedence over the second element in some form.

[0690] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure can encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" can also refer to judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (search, inquiry) (e.g., searching in a table, database, or other data structure), and ascertaining.

[0691] In addition, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), inputting, outputting, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc., as situations where "judgment (decision)" is performed.

[0692] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to situations where resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, or comparing are considered as making a "judgment (decision)". In other words, "judgment (decision)" can also refer to certain actions as situations where a "judgment (decision)" is made. In this disclosure, "judgment (decision)" and the aforementioned operations can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0693] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" can be interchanged with "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," and "consider / considering." Additionally, in this disclosure, "not assuming to proceed..." and "assuming not to proceed..." can also be interchanged.

[0694] In this disclosure, "expect" and "be expected" can be interchanged. For example, "expect(s)......" (where "..." can be expressed through a that clause, an infinitive to, etc.) can be interchanged with "be expected......" and "to proceed (in the case of "..." being an infinitive to, the verb to is taken)". Similarly, "does not expect......" can be interchanged with "be not expected......" and "does not proceed (in the case of "..." being an infinitive to, the verb to is taken)". Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected......" and "Apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect......" can be interchanged (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B can also be a base station).

[0695] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure can refer to the maximum value of the transmit power, the nominal maximum transmit power (the nominal UE maximum transmit power), or the rated maximum transmit power (the rated UE maximum transmit power).

[0696] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or all variations thereof, refer to all direct or indirect connections or combinations between two or more elements, and can include cases where there is one or more intermediate elements between two mutually “connected” or “coupled” elements. The connections or combinations between elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connected” can also be rewritten as “access.”

[0697] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, it is possible to use more than one wire, cable, printed electrical connection, etc., and to use electromagnetic energy with wavelengths in the wireless frequency domain, microwave region, light (both visible and invisible) region as several non-limiting and non-inclusive examples, so that they are "connected" or "combined" with each other.

[0698] In this disclosure, the term "A is different from B" can also mean "A and B are different from each other". Additionally, the term can also mean "A and B are each different from C". Terms such as "separate" and "combined" can also be interpreted in the same way as "different".

[0699] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms, like the term "comprising," mean inclusive. Furthermore, the term "or" as used in this disclosure does not mean XOR.

[0700] In this disclosure, for example, in cases where articles are added through translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may also include cases where the noun following these articles is in a plural form.

[0701] In this disclosure, expressions such as "below," "less than," "above," "more," and "equal to" can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," etc., are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, and can be rewritten interchangeably. Additionally, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "large," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," and "narrow," when used as expressions with the prefix "i" (where i is any integer), are not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, and can be rewritten interchangeably (for example, "highest" and "i-th highest" can also be rewritten interchangeably).

[0702] In this disclosure, "of", "for", "regarding", "related to", "associated with", etc., can also be rewritten interchangeably.

[0703] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "based on A", "B during / while A", "before A", "at the same time as / on A", "after A", "since A", and "until A" can be rewritten interchangeably. Furthermore, A and B can be appropriately rewritten as nouns, gerunds, or ordinary sentences depending on the context. Additionally, the time difference between A and B can be approximately 0 (immediately following or immediately preceding). Moreover, a time offset can be applied to the time A occurs. For example, "A" can also be rewritten interchangeably with "before / after the time offset of A". The time offset (e.g., more than one symbol / slot) can be predetermined or determined by the UE based on the information it is notified of.

[0704] In this disclosure, timing, moment, time, time instance, arbitrary time unit (e.g., time slot, sub-time slot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., can also be rewritten to each other.

[0705] The inventions disclosed herein have been described in detail above. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the inventions disclosed herein are not limited to the embodiments described herein. The description herein is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to limit the inventions disclosed herein in any way.

Claims

1. A terminal, comprising: a control unit that applies a waveform transformation process in a case where a functionality or a model associated with the waveform transformation is activated; and a transmission unit that transmits an uplink signal based on a complex value or a time continuous signal that is shifted, scaled, or clipped via the waveform transformation process.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit applies the waveform transformation process to the time continuous signal after an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) process.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit applies the waveform transformation process to the complex value before the IFFT process.

4. The terminal according to claim 3, wherein the control unit transforms the complex value before the IFFT process via the functionality to obtain the time continuous signal.

5. A wireless communication method of a terminal, comprising: a step of applying a waveform transformation process in a case where a functionality or a model associated with the waveform transformation is activated; and a step of transmitting an uplink signal based on a complex value or a time continuous signal that is shifted, scaled, or clipped via the waveform transformation process.

6. A base station, comprising: a transmission unit that transmits, to a terminal, information that activates a functionality or a model associated with a waveform transformation; and a reception unit that receives an uplink signal transmitted from the terminal based on a complex value or a time continuous signal that is shifted, scaled, or clipped via a waveform transformation process.

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