Systems, devices, and methods for protecting patient health during fluid injection.

Abstract

This invention provides systems and methods for promoting and protecting patient health in relation to fluid injection. [Solution] The system and method can acquire patient data, determine an initial risk prediction for a patient regarding a fluid infusion to be administered to the patient based on the patient data, the initial risk prediction including the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid infusion, provide the initial risk prediction to a user device before the fluid infusion is administered to the patient, determine sensor data related to the patient after the fluid infusion has started, determine a current risk prediction including the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid infusion based on the sensor data determined after the fluid infusion has started, and provide the current risk prediction to a user device.

Claims

1. It is a system, It comprises at least one processor, the processor being, To obtain patient data related to the patient, Based on the patient data, determine an initial risk prediction for the patient related to the fluid injection administered to the patient, wherein the initial risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid injection. The initial risk prediction is provided to the user device before the fluid injection is performed on the patient, To acquire sensor data related to the patient, which is determined after the fluid injection has started, Determining the current risk prediction of the patient related to the fluid injection based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has commenced, wherein the current risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid injection. To provide the current risk prediction to the user device, A system that is programmed and / or configured to perform a certain action.

2. The aforementioned at least one processor is Based on the current risk prediction, the system automatically controls at least one of the following: (i) the fluid injection system that stops the fluid injection, and (ii) the imaging system that adjusts the timing of the imaging operation. The system according to claim 1, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

3. The system according to claim 1, wherein the patient data includes at least one of the following parameters related to the patient: age, sex, weight, previous chemotherapy status, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, triiodothyronine (FT3) to thyroxine (FT4) ratio (FT3 / FT4), level of environmental impact, prior response to previous fluid infusion status, atopic disease status, medical status related to at least one of diabetes and hypertension, congestive heart failure status, hematocrit level, renal failure status, malignant tumor status, implantable device for central venous access status, type of drug, type of fluid medium administered in the fluid infusion, infusion protocol related to the fluid infusion, type of imaging, flow velocity related to the fluid infusion, catheter gauge related to the fluid infusion, total volume of fluid related to the fluid infusion, pressure curve related to the fluid infusion, pressure limit curve related to the fluid infusion, infusion site location related to the fluid infusion, or any combination thereof.

4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one adverse event includes at least one of the following adverse events: extravasation, post-contrast acute kidney injury, acute adverse event, contrast agent-induced nephrotoxicity, thyrotoxicosis, or any combination thereof.

5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the initial risk prediction further includes at least one of the following: a prompt to administer a drug to the patient before the fluid infusion; a prompt to adjust the infusion protocol for the fluid infusion; a prompt to adjust the imaging protocol for the imaging scan; a prompt to prepare the patient before the fluid infusion; a prompt to observe and / or follow up on the patient after the fluid infusion; or any combination thereof.

6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the sensor data includes at least one of the following parameters related to the patient: heart rate, sound or vibration, temperature, oxygen saturation, ECG, body fat / water ratio, tissue impedance, vascular distribution level, vascular diameter, hydration level, hematocrit level, skin resistivity, blood pressure, muscle tension level, light absorption level, exercise level, arm position, arm circumference, respiratory rate, radiation absorption, EMG, skin color, surface vasodilation, bioelectrical impedance, light absorption rate, hemoglobin level, inflammation level, ambient temperature of the environment surrounding the patient, atmospheric pressure of the environment surrounding the patient, ambient light level, ambient sound level, or any combination thereof.

7. After the fluid injection is initiated, at least one sensor configured to determine the sensor data related to the patient is used. The system according to claim 1, further comprising:

8. The at least one of the sensors is The system is further configured to determine the sensor data during the examination injection performed on the patient prior to the fluid injection, The aforementioned at least one processor is Determining a test prediction based on the sensor data determined during the test injection, wherein the test prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience extravasation in response to the fluid injection. To provide the aforementioned inspection prediction to the user device, The system according to claim 7, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

9. The at least one sensor includes three sound or vibration sensors positioned at three different locations on the patient's limbs adjacent to the injection site for the examination injection, and the at least one processor is Through triangulation, the data streams of sensor data from each of the three sound or vibration sensors are combined to create a combined data stream. Based on the combined data stream, the inspection prediction is determined, The system according to claim 8, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

10. The at least one of the sensors is The system according to claim 7, further configured to determine the sensor data before the inspection injection, and to determine the initial risk prediction based further on the sensor data determined before the inspection injection.

11. The at least one of the sensors is Further configured to determine the sensor data during the fluid injection, The aforementioned at least one processor is Based on the sensor data determined during the fluid injection, the current risk prediction is determined, During the fluid injection, the current risk prediction is provided to the user device, The system according to claim 7, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

12. The at least one of the sensors is The system is further configured to determine the sensor data after the fluid injection, The aforementioned at least one processor is Based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection, the current risk prediction is determined, After the fluid injection, the current risk prediction is provided to the user device. The system according to claim 7, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

13. The system according to claim 7, wherein the at least one adverse event includes extravasation, and the at least one processor is further programmed and / or configured to provide the current risk prediction by automatically controlling the fluid infusion system to stop the fluid infusion in response to determining that the patient is experiencing the extravasation.

14. The system according to claim 7, wherein the at least one sensor includes at least one of the following sensors: an image acquisition device; an accelerometer; a strain gauge; a global positioning system (GPS); a skin resistivity or conductance sensor; a heart rate monitor; a microphone; a thermal or temperature sensor; a pulse oximeter; a hydration sensor; a dosimeter; an ultrasonic sensor; an acoustic sensor; one or more electrodes configured to measure at least one of tissue impedance, electromyography (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG); a microwave sensor; a mechanical impedance sensor; a chemical sensor; a force or pressure sensor; or any combination thereof.

15. Equipped with additional sensor devices, The at least one sensor is included in the sensor device, which includes an elongated housing extending between a first end and a second end, the elongated housing being configured to surround the limbs of a patient, the elongated housing including a flexible exterior, and the interior of the elongated housing including the at least one sensor and a wireless communication device, the wireless communication device being configured to wirelessly transmit the sensor data to an external device. The system according to claim 7.

16. The system according to claim 15, wherein the interior of the elongated housing, which includes the at least one sensor and the wireless communication device, is fluidly sealed from the external environment by the flexible exterior of the elongated housing.

17. The system according to claim 15, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a plurality of sensors, the plurality of sensors being spaced apart from one another along the length of the elongated housing extending from a first end of the elongated housing to a second end of the elongated housing, so that the plurality of sensors are oriented in a circumferential pattern around the limbs of the patient when the elongated housing surrounds the limbs of the patient, and the plurality of sensors are configured to determine the sensor data in a cross-section of the limbs of the patient.

18. The at least one adverse event includes extravasation, the at least one sensor includes an image capture device, and the image capture device is The sensor data is configured to be determined by the image acquisition device, and the sensor data determined by the image acquisition device is associated with multiple images of the patient over a certain period of time. The aforementioned at least one processor is Based on the plurality of images of the patient over the aforementioned period, the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, is determined. The system according to claim 7, further programmed and / or configured as follows.

19. The aforementioned at least one processor is Processing the multiple images of the patient over the aforementioned period of time to highlight at least one change among color and motion between the multiple images, Displaying the multiple images, including the aforementioned enhanced changes, to the user using a display, and Based on the highlighted changes, determine the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience the extravasation; and in response to determining that the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience the extravasation, satisfies a threshold probability, use the at least one processor to automatically control the fluid injection system and stop the fluid injection. At least one of the following, The system according to claim 18, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

20. The image acquisition device includes an infrared (IR) camera, and the at least one processor is Processing the plurality of images to determine the difference in absorption spectra between a first location on the patient and a second location on the patient within the plurality of images, Displaying to the user on a display the difference in the absorption spectrum between the first location on the patient and the second location on the patient, and Based on the difference in absorption spectra between the first location and the second location on the patient, the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, is determined, and in response to determining that the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, satisfies a threshold probability, the fluid injection system is automatically controlled to stop the fluid injection. At least one of the following, The system according to claim 18, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

21. The system according to claim 20, wherein the first location on the patient includes the patient's blood vessels, and the second location on the patient includes the patient's tissue surrounding the patient's blood vessels.

22. The fluid delivered to the patient during the fluid injection further comprises a sound generating device configured to induce an acoustic signal during the fluid injection, wherein the at least one sensor includes a sound or vibration sensor. The system according to claim 7.

23. The system according to claim 22, wherein the sound generating device includes an oscillator connected to at least one of a syringe and a fluid path element that delivers the fluid to the patient during the fluid injection.

24. The system according to claim 22, wherein at least one of the frequency and amplitude of the sound signal is adjusted to improve detection by the at least one sensor.

25. The at least one sensor includes a sound or vibration sensor, the sound or vibration sensor is configured to measure at least one of the frequency and amplitude of the patient's sound or vibration, and the at least one processor is Determining the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, based on at least one of the frequency and amplitude of the measured sound or vibration of the patient; In response to determining that the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, satisfies a threshold probability, the at least one processor is used to automatically control the fluid injection system and stop the fluid injection. The system according to claim 22, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

26. The aforementioned at least one processor is Based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has started, the patient's level of pain is determined. To provide the user device with the patient's pain level, The system according to claim 7, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

27. The at least one processor compares the patient's pain level with at least one threshold level, In response to determining that the patient's level of pain meets at least one threshold level, To provide warnings to user devices, and (i) Automatically control at least one of the fluid injection system that stops the fluid injection, and (ii) an imaging system that adjusts the timing of the imaging operation. At least one of the following, The system according to claim 26, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

28. The aforementioned at least one processor is Determining the changes in one or more parameters of the sensor data over a certain period of time, The changes in the one or more parameters are compared with at least one threshold change, The system according to claim 27, further programmed and / or configured to determine the level of pain of the patient.

29. The system according to claim 28, wherein the sensor data includes at least one of the following parameters related to the patient: heart rate, oxygen saturation, skin resistivity, skin color, exercise level, temperature near the injection site, or any combination thereof.

30. The system according to claim 27, wherein the at least one sensor includes at least one of a pulse oximeter, a skin resistance sensor, a skin color sensor, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, or any combination thereof.

31. Equipped with additional sensor devices, The at least one sensor is included in the sensor device, which includes a glove-shaped housing configured to be worn on the patient's hand, the housing includes the at least one sensor and a wireless communication device, the wireless communication device being configured to wirelessly transmit the sensor data to an external device. The system according to claim 27.

32. Equipped with additional sensor devices, The at least one sensor is included in the sensor device, and the sensor device is An elongated housing extending between the first end and the second end, The device includes a pulse oximeter connected via a wire to an elongated housing, the elongated housing being configured to surround at least one of the patient's hand and wrist, the elongated housing comprising a wireless communication device and at least one of a skin resistance sensor, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, or any combination thereof, the pulse oximeter and at least one of the skin resistance sensor, the accelerometer, the temperature sensor, or any combination thereof being configured to determine the sensor data, and the wireless communication device being configured to wirelessly transmit the sensor data to an external device. The system according to claim 27.

33. The aforementioned at least one processor is Controlling at least one of light, a display, a speaker, and a tactile device to provide at least one of visual commands, voice commands, and tactile commands for guiding the patient's breathing and / or positioning. The system according to claim 7, further programmed and / or configured as follows.

34. The aforementioned at least one processor is Based on the timing of the imaging operation of the imaging system, at least one of the visual commands, voice commands, and tactile commands for guiding the patient's respiration and / or positioning is adjusted. The system according to claim 33, further programmed and / or configured as follows.

35. The aforementioned at least one processor is Based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has started, the patient's level of pain is determined. In response to determining that the patient is experiencing pain, the adjustment of at least one of the visual commands, the auditory commands, and the tactile commands for guiding the patient's breathing and / or positioning, The system according to claim 33, further programmed and / or configured to perform the following:

36. It is a system, Before the infusion of a patient-related fluid is initiated, at least one sensor configured to determine the sensor data related to the patient, At least one processor, To obtain patient data related to the aforementioned patient, Determining an initial risk prediction for the patient related to the fluid injection administered to the patient, based on the patient data and the sensor data, wherein the initial risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid injection. The initial risk prediction is provided to the user device before the fluid injection is performed on the patient, At least one processor programmed and / or configured to perform, A system that includes these features.

37. It is a system, After the infusion of a patient-related fluid is initiated, at least one sensor configured to determine the sensor data related to the patient, At least one processor, Determining the current risk prediction of the patient related to the fluid injection based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has commenced, wherein the current risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid injection. To provide the aforementioned current risk prediction to the user device, At least one processor programmed and / or configured to perform, A system that includes these features.

38. It is a system, It comprises at least one processor, the processor being, Acquiring sensor data related to the patient, which is determined after the start of fluid injection related to the patient, Determining the current risk prediction of the patient related to the fluid injection based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has commenced, wherein the current risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid injection. To provide the aforementioned current risk prediction to the user device, Based on the current risk prediction, the system automatically controls at least one of the following: (i) a fluid injection system that stops the fluid injection, and (ii) an imaging system that adjusts the timing of the imaging operation. A system that is programmed and / or configured to perform a certain action.

39. It is a system, At least one sensor configured to determine patient-related sensor data before, during, and after a patient-related fluid injection, At least one processor, Based on the aforementioned sensor data, the patient's health level is determined at at least one of the following times: before, during, and between the fluid injections. To provide the aforementioned patient's health level to the user device, At least one processor programmed and / or configured to perform, A system that includes these features.

40. It is a system, It comprises at least one processor, the processor being, Acquiring sensor data related to the patient, which is determined after the start of fluid injection related to the patient, Based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has started, the patient's health level during the fluid injection is determined, To provide the aforementioned patient's health level to the user device, Based on the patient's health level, the system automatically controls at least one of the following: (i) a fluid injection system that adjusts the maximum flow rate, maximum pressure, injection duration, total fluid volume, or any combination thereof; and (ii) an imaging system that adjusts the timing of imaging operations. A system that is programmed and / or configured to perform a certain action.

41. It is a system, It comprises at least one processor, the processor being, To provide information related to fluid injection administered to a patient to at least one user device via an application programming interface (API), Receiving patient data related to the patient from the at least one user device via the API prior to the fluid injection, wherein the patient data includes at least one patient preference related to the fluid injection, and the at least one patient preference related to the fluid injection includes at least one of the following patient preferences: lighting preference during the fluid injection, sound preference during the fluid injection, temperature preference during the fluid injection, or any combination thereof. During the fluid injection, the system automatically controls at least one of the following based on the at least one patient preference: (i) a light source, (ii) a sound source, (iii) a tactile device, (iv) a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, or any combination thereof. A system that is programmed and / or configured to perform a certain action.

42. The system further comprises at least one of a fluid injector and a medical imaging device, wherein the fluid injector and the medical imaging device include at least one of (i) the light source, (ii) the sound source, (iii) the tactile device, or any combination thereof. The system according to claim 41.

43. The system according to claim 42, wherein the light source includes at least one display from the fluid injector and the medical imaging device.

44. The system according to claim 42, wherein the tactile device includes a bed or table for the medical imaging device.

45. During the fluid injection, the system further comprises at least one sensor configured to determine sensor data related to the patient, The at least one processor is further programmed and / or configured to automatically control, during the fluid injection, at least one of (i) the light source, (ii) the sound source, (iii) the tactile device, or any combination thereof, based on the sensor data, to guide the patient's breathing and / or positioning. The system according to claim 41.

46. The system according to claim 45, wherein the at least one processor further automatically controls (i) the light source, (ii) the sound source, (iii) the tactile device, or any combination thereof, based on the timing of the imaging operation of the medical imaging device during the fluid injection.

47. The at least one processor automatically controls, based on the sensor data, at least one of the following: (i) a fluid injector that stops the fluid injection, and (ii) a medical imaging device that adjusts the timing of the imaging operation. The system according to claim 45, further programmed and / or configured as follows.

48. It is a system, It comprises at least one processor, the processor being, To provide information related to fluid injection administered to a patient to at least one user device via an application programming interface (API), Receiving patient data related to the patient from the at least one user device via the API prior to the fluid infusion, wherein the patient data includes at least one patient preference related to the fluid infusion, and the at least one patient data is used for risk prediction to assess the probability that the patient will experience an adverse event during the fluid infusion. A system that is programmed and / or configured to perform a certain action.

49. The system further comprises at least one of a fluid injector and a medical imaging device, wherein at least one parameter of the injection protocol for the fluid injection and the imaging protocol for the medical imaging device is adjusted based on the at least one patient data. The system according to claim 48.

50. A sensor device, At least one sensor configured to determine patient-related sensor data at at least one of the following times: before, during, and after the injection of a patient-related fluid, An elongated housing extending between a first end and a second end, wherein the elongated housing is configured to surround the limbs of the patient, the elongated housing includes a flexible exterior, and the interior of the elongated housing includes at least one sensor and a wireless communication device, the wireless communication device being configured to wirelessly transmit the sensor data to an external device, A sensor device equipped with the following features.

51. The sensor device according to claim 50, wherein the interior of the elongated housing, which includes the at least one sensor and the wireless communication device, is fluidly sealed from the external environment by the flexible exterior of the elongated housing.

52. The sensor device according to claim 50, wherein the at least one sensor comprises a plurality of sensors, the plurality of sensors being spaced apart from one another along the length of the elongated housing extending from the first end of the elongated housing to the second end of the elongated housing, so that the plurality of sensors are oriented in a circumferential pattern around the limbs of the patient when the elongated housing surrounds the limbs of the patient, and the plurality of sensors are configured to determine the sensor data in a cross-section of the limbs of the patient.

53. The sensor device according to claim 50, wherein the at least one sensor includes at least one of the following sensors: an image acquisition device; an accelerometer; a strain gauge; a global positioning system (GPS); a skin resistivity or conductance sensor; a heart rate monitor; a microphone; a thermal or temperature sensor; a pulse oximeter; a hydration sensor; a dosimeter; an ultrasonic sensor; an acoustic sensor; one or more electrodes configured to measure at least one of tissue impedance, electromyography (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG); a microwave sensor; a mechanical impedance sensor; a chemical sensor; a force or pressure sensor; or any combination thereof.

54. A sensor device, At least two sensors configured to measure at least two different parameters related to the patient before, during, and after the injection of a fluid related to the patient, At least one processor, Determining, based on at least two different parameters, (i) the patient's level of distress, and (ii) at least one of the patient's risk predictions related to the fluid infusion, wherein the risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid infusion. To provide the user device with at least one of the patient's pain level and the risk prediction, At least one processor programmed and / or configured to perform, A sensor device equipped with the following features.

55. A sensor device, At least one sensor configured to determine patient-related sensor data before, during, and after a patient-related fluid injection, A glove-shaped housing configured to be worn on the patient's hand, the housing comprising the at least one sensor and a wireless communication device, the wireless communication device being configured to wirelessly transmit the sensor data to an external device, A sensor device equipped with the following features.

56. A sensor device, An elongated housing extending between the first end and the second end, A pulse oximeter connected to the elongated housing via a wire, The elongated housing is configured to surround at least one of the patient's hand and wrist. The elongated housing includes a wireless communication device and at least one sensor. The at least one sensor includes at least one of a skin resistance sensor, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, or any combination thereof. The pulse oximeter and at least one of the skin resistance sensor, the accelerometer, the temperature sensor, or any combination thereof are configured to determine patient-related sensor data at at least one of the following times: before, during, and after the injection of a patient-related fluid. The wireless communication device is configured to wirelessly transmit the sensor data to an external device. Sensor device.

57. It is a method, A step of acquiring patient-related patient data using at least one processor, A step of using at least one processor to determine an initial risk prediction for a patient related to a fluid infusion administered to the patient, based on the patient data, wherein the initial risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid infusion. The steps include providing the initial risk prediction to a user device using at least one of the processors before the fluid injection is performed on the patient, A step of determining sensor data related to the patient after the fluid injection has started, using at least one sensor, A step of using at least one processor to determine a current risk prediction for the patient related to the fluid injection, based on sensor data determined after the fluid injection has been initiated, wherein the current risk prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience at least one adverse event in response to the fluid injection. The steps include providing the current risk prediction to the user device using at least one of the processors, Methods that include...

58. The method according to claim 57, wherein the patient data includes at least one of the following parameters related to the patient: age, sex, weight, previous chemotherapy status, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, triiodothyronine (FT3) to thyroxine (FT4) ratio (FT3 / FT4), level of environmental impact, prior response to previous fluid infusion status, atopic disease status, medical status related to at least one of diabetes and hypertension, congestive heart failure status, hematocrit level, renal failure status, malignant tumor status, implantable device for central venous access status, type of drug, type of fluid medium administered in the fluid infusion, type of fluid infusion, type of imaging, flow velocity related to the fluid infusion, catheter gauge related to the fluid infusion, total volume of fluid related to the fluid infusion, pressure curve related to the fluid infusion, injection site location related to the fluid infusion, or any combination thereof.

59. The method according to claim 57, wherein the at least one adverse event includes at least one of the following adverse events: extravasation, post-contrast acute kidney injury, acute adverse event, contrast agent-induced nephrotoxicity, thyrotoxicosis, or any combination thereof.

60. The method according to claim 57, wherein the initial risk prediction further includes at least one of the following: a prompt to administer a drug to the patient before the fluid infusion; a prompt to adjust the infusion protocol for the fluid infusion; a prompt to adjust the imaging protocol for the imaging scan; a prompt to prepare the patient before the fluid infusion; a prompt to observe and / or follow up on the patient after the fluid infusion; or any combination thereof.

61. The method according to claim 57, wherein the sensor data includes at least one of the following parameters related to the patient: heart rate, sound or vibration, temperature, oxygen saturation, ECG, body fat / water ratio, tissue impedance, vascular distribution level, vascular diameter, hydration level, hematocrit level, skin resistivity, blood pressure, muscle tension level, light absorption level, exercise level, arm position, arm circumference, respiratory rate, radiation absorption, EMG, skin color, surface vasodilation, bioelectrical impedance, light absorption rate, hemoglobin level, inflammation level, ambient temperature of the environment surrounding the patient, atmospheric pressure of the environment surrounding the patient, ambient light level, ambient sound level, or any combination thereof.

62. A step of determining the sensor data using at least one of the sensors during a diagnostic injection performed on the patient before the fluid injection, A step of determining a test prediction using at least one processor based on the sensor data determined during the test injection, wherein the test prediction includes the probability that the patient will experience extravasation in response to the fluid injection. The steps include providing the inspection prediction to the user device using at least one of the processors, The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

63. The at least one sensor includes three sound or vibration sensors positioned at three different locations on the patient's limbs adjacent to the injection site for the examination injection, The aforementioned method, The steps include: using at least one of the aforementioned processors, combining the data streams of sensor data from each of the three sound or vibration sensors through triangulation to create a combined data stream; A step of determining the inspection prediction based on the combined data stream using at least one of the aforementioned processors, The method according to claim 62, further comprising:

64. The step of determining the sensor data before the test injection using at least one of the sensors, and the step of determining the initial risk prediction is further based on the sensor data determined before the test injection, The method according to claim 57.

65. A step of determining the sensor data during the fluid injection using at least one of the sensors, A step of using at least one processor to determine the current risk prediction of the patient related to the fluid injection based on the sensor data determined during the fluid injection, During the fluid injection, the steps include providing the current risk prediction to the user device, The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

66. A step of determining the sensor data after the fluid injection using at least one of the sensors, A step of using at least one processor to determine the current risk prediction of the patient related to the fluid injection based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection, The steps include providing the current risk prediction to the user device after the fluid injection, The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

67. The method according to claim 57, wherein the step of providing a current risk prediction further includes the step of using the at least one processor to automatically control the fluid infusion system to stop the fluid infusion in response to the determination that the patient is experiencing the extravasation.

68. The method according to claim 57, wherein the at least one sensor includes at least one of the following sensors: an image acquisition device; an accelerometer; a strain gauge; a global positioning system (GPS); a skin resistivity or conductance sensor; a heart rate monitor; a microphone; a thermal or temperature sensor; a pulse oximeter; a hydration sensor; a dosimeter; an ultrasonic sensor; an acoustic sensor; one or more electrodes configured to measure at least one of tissue impedance, electromyography (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG); a microwave sensor; a mechanical impedance sensor; a chemical sensor; a force or pressure sensor; or any combination thereof.

69. The at least one sensor is included in a sensor device, the sensor device includes an elongated housing extending between a first end and a second end, the elongated housing is configured to surround the limbs of a patient, the elongated housing includes a flexible exterior, and the interior of the elongated housing includes the at least one sensor and a wireless communication device. The method further includes the step of wirelessly transmitting the sensor data to an external device using the wireless communication device. The method according to claim 57.

70. The method according to claim 69, wherein the interior of the elongated housing, which includes the at least one sensor and the wireless communication device, is fluidly sealed from the external environment by the flexible exterior of the elongated housing.

71. The at least one sensor includes a plurality of sensors, the plurality of sensors being spaced apart from each other along the length of the elongated housing extending from the first end of the elongated housing to the second end of the elongated housing, so that the plurality of sensors are oriented in a circumferential pattern around the limbs of the patient when the elongated housing surrounds the limbs of the patient. The method further includes the step of determining the sensor data in a cross-section of the patient's limbs using the plurality of sensors. The method according to claim 69.

72. The at least one adverse event includes extravasation, and the at least one sensor includes an image capture device. The aforementioned method, A step of determining the sensor data using the image acquisition device, wherein the sensor data determined by the image acquisition device is associated with a plurality of images of the patient over a certain period of time. A step of using at least one processor to determine the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, based on the plurality of images of the patient over a certain period of time; The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

73. A step of using the at least one processor to process the plurality of images of the patient over a certain period of time and to highlight at least one change among color and motion between the plurality of images, Using the aforementioned at least one processor, The steps of displaying the plurality of images, including the emphasized changes, to the user on a display, and Using the at least one processor, determine the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience the extravasation, based on the highlighted change; and in response to determining that the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience the extravasation, satisfies a threshold probability, use the at least one processor to automatically control the fluid injection system and stop the fluid injection. At least one of the following, The method according to claim 72, further comprising:

74. The image acquisition device includes an infrared (IR) camera. The aforementioned method, A step of processing the plurality of images using at least one of the processors to determine the difference in absorption spectra between a first location on the patient and a second location on the patient within the plurality of images, Using the aforementioned at least one processor, The steps of displaying to the user on a display the difference in the absorption spectrum between the first location on the patient and the second location on the patient, and The steps include: determining the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, based on the difference in absorption spectra between the first location on the patient and the second location on the patient; and automatically controlling the fluid injection system to stop the fluid injection in response to determining that the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, satisfies at least one threshold probability. At least one of the following, The method according to claim 72, further comprising:

75. The first location on the patient includes the patient's blood vessels, and the second location on the patient includes the patient's tissue surrounding the patient's blood vessels. The method according to claim 74.

76. During the fluid injection, a sound generation device is used to induce a sound signal in the fluid delivered to the patient during the fluid injection. The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

77. The method according to claim 76, wherein the sound generating device includes an oscillator connected to at least one of a syringe and a tube that delivers the fluid to the patient during the fluid injection.

78. The method according to claim 76, wherein at least one of the frequency and amplitude of the sound signal is adjusted to improve detection by the at least one sensor.

79. The at least one sensor includes a sound or vibration sensor, The aforementioned method, The steps include measuring at least one of the frequency and amplitude of the patient's sound or vibration using the sound or vibration sensor, A step of using the at least one processor to determine the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, based on the at least one of the frequency and amplitude of the measured sound or vibration of the patient. In response to determining that the current risk prediction, including the probability that the patient will experience extravasation, satisfies at least one threshold probability, the step of using at least one processor to automatically control the fluid injection system and stop the fluid injection, The method according to claim 76, further comprising:

80. A step of determining the patient's level of pain based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has started, using at least one of the processors, A step of using the at least one processor to compare the patient's pain level with at least one threshold level, In response to determining that the patient's level of pain meets at least one threshold level, A step of providing a warning to a user device using at least one of the aforementioned processors, and The step of automatically controlling at least one of the following using the at least one processor: (i) a fluid injection system that stops the fluid injection, and (ii) an imaging system that adjusts the timing of the imaging operation. At least one of the following, The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

81. The step of determining the patient's level of pain is: A step of determining the changes in one or more parameters of the sensor data over a certain period of time, A step of comparing the change in the one or more parameters with a change in at least one threshold, The method according to claim 80, including the method described in claim 80.

82. The method according to claim 81, wherein the sensor data includes at least one of the following parameters related to the patient: heart rate, oxygen saturation, skin resistivity, exercise level, temperature near the injection site, or any combination thereof.

83. The method according to claim 80, wherein the at least one sensor includes at least one of a pulse oximeter, a skin resistance sensor, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, or any combination thereof.

84. The at least one sensor is included in a sensor device, the sensor device includes a glove-shaped housing configured to be worn on the patient's hand, the housing includes the at least one sensor and a wireless communication device, and the method is The step of wirelessly transmitting the sensor data to an external device using the wireless communication device. The method according to claim 80, further comprising:

85. The at least one sensor is included in a sensor device, the sensor device includes an elongated housing extending between a first end and a second end, and a pulse oximeter connected to the elongated housing via a wire, the elongated housing being configured to surround at least one of a patient's hand and wrist, the elongated housing including a wireless communication device and at least one of a skin resistance sensor, an accelerometer, a temperature sensor, or any combination thereof, The aforementioned method, The steps include determining the sensor data using the pulse oximeter and at least one of the skin resistance sensor, the accelerometer, the temperature sensor, or any combination thereof, The steps include: wirelessly transmitting the sensor data to an external device using the wireless communication device; The method according to claim 80, further comprising:

86. The step of using the at least one processor to control at least one of light, a display, a speaker, and a tactile device to provide at least one of visual commands, voice commands, and tactile commands to guide the patient's breathing and / or positioning. The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

87. A step of using the at least one processor to adjust at least one of the visual commands, voice commands, and tactile commands for guiding the patient's respiration and / or positioning, based on the timing of the imaging operation of the imaging system. The method according to claim 86, further comprising:

88. A step of determining the patient's level of pain based on the sensor data determined after the fluid injection has started, using at least one of the processors, A step of using the at least one processor to adjust at least one of the visual commands, voice commands, and tactile commands for guiding the patient's breathing and / or positioning in response to a determination that the patient is experiencing pain, The method according to claim 86, further comprising:

89. Using the at least one processor, the steps include automatically controlling at least one of the following based on the current risk prediction: (i) a fluid injection system that stops the fluid injection, and (ii) an imaging system that adjusts the timing of the imaging operation. The method according to claim 57, further comprising:

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