Fail-safe liquefied gas electrolyte using a solidifying agent

Abstract

An ion-conducting electrolyte comprising a mixture of a liquefied gas solvent, a solidifying agent, and a salt is disclosed. The liquefied gas solvent has a vapor pressure greater than 100 kPa at 293.15 K. The solidifying agent may be solid, liquid, or gaseous at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. The salt dissolves in the ion-conducting electrolyte at 100 kPa and 293.15 K, thereby maintaining the ion-conducting electrolyte in the liquid phase. The salt and solidifying agent form a solid material at 100 kPa and 293.15 K when the liquefied gas solvent is removed from the mixture. An electrochemical device comprising two electrodes in contact with this electrolyte is also disclosed. The device has a housing that accommodates the electrolyte and electrodes.

Description

【Technical Field】 【0001】 Cross - reference to Related Applications This application claims priority based on U.S. Application No. 63 / 470,174, filed on May 31, 2023, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. 【0002】 This application is related to the following applications and patents, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference respectively: U.S. Patent No. 10,608,284, issued on March 31, 2020; U.S. Patent No. 10,998,143, issued on May 4, 2021; U.S. Patent No. 10,784,532, issued on September 22, 2020; U.S. Patent No. 11,088,396, issued on August 10, 2021; U.S. Patent No. 10,873,070, issued on December 22, 2020; U.S. Patent No. 11,342,615, issued on May 24, 2022; PCT / US20 / 26086, filed on April 1, 2020; PCT / US22 / 31594, filed on May 31, 2022; PCT / US23 / 11864, filed on January 30, 2023; PCT / US23 / 17720, filed on April 6, 2023; PCT / US23 / 28104, filed on July 19, 2023; PCT / US23 / 28105, filed on July 19, 2023; PCT / US23 / 35766, filed on October 24, 2023; PCT / US24 / 16784, filed on February 21, 2024; PCT / US24 / 18746, filed on March 6, 2024; PCT / US24 / 25771, filed on April 23, 2024; U.S. Application No. 63 / 418,703, filed on October 24, 2022; U.S. Application No. 63 / 461,252, filed on April 22, 2023; U.S. Application No. 63 / 461,387, filed on April 24, 2023; U.S. Application No. 63 / 470,174, filed on May 31, 2023; U.S. Application No. 63 / 534,213, filed on August 22, 2023; U.S. Application No. 63 / 450,745, filed on March 8, 2023; U.S. Application No. 63 / 652,616, filed on May 28, 2024; and U.S. Application No. 18 / 676,507, filed on May 29, 2024. 【0003】 Embodiments of the present invention relate to the composition and chemical formulation of electrolytes used in electrochemical energy devices such as batteries and electrochemical capacitors. [Background technology] 【0004】 Electrochemical devices such as batteries or capacitors use ionic conductive and electrically insulating electrolytes to transport electric charge between the negative and positive electrodes. These electrolytes are typically liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (100 kPa and 293.15 K under "standard conditions") and consist of approximately 1.0 M (moles per liter) of salt in a solvent mixture, along with any additives that may be solid, liquid, or gaseous under standard conditions. The salt and solvent molecules exist in a so-called "solvation shell," where positive and negative ions are typically surrounded by the solvent, additives, and other positive and negative ions. These solvation shells influence every aspect of the device, from cycle characteristics to safety, and depend on the concentration and composition of the electrolyte mixture. 【0005】 Electrochemical devices typically consist of two electrodes separated by a separator material, either in a planar stack configuration or a spiral winding configuration, and a liquid electrolyte that penetrates and saturates the electrodes and separator material, providing the ionic conductivity between the two electrodes necessary for charging and discharging. If damage or a defect occurs within the device, thermal runaway is usually caused by a short circuit between the two electrodes, either internally or externally. In either case, the electrodes are rapidly discharged by a circuit consisting of the short-circuit defect, the electrodes, and the electrolyte. In current devices using liquid electrolytes, if the device is punctured or damaged, the electrolyte remains trapped within the separator and electrodes, maintaining conductivity between the electrodes, resulting in uncontrolled discharge and thermal runaway. This is extremely dangerous. 【0006】 Therefore, there is a need for devices that remain safe even if punctured or damaged, and that do not experience thermal runaway. [Overview of the project] 【0007】 An ion-conducting electrolyte that overcomes thermal runaway is disclosed. This electrolyte comprises a mixture of a liquefied gaseous solvent, a solidifying agent, and a salt. The liquefied gaseous solvent has a vapor pressure greater than 100 kPa at 293.15 K. The solidifying agent may be solid, liquid, or gaseous at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. The salt dissolves in the ion-conducting electrolyte at 100 kPa and 293.15 K, thereby maintaining the ion-conducting electrolyte in the liquid phase. The salt and solidifying agent form a solid material at 100 kPa and 293.15 K when the liquefied gaseous solvent is removed from the mixture. Furthermore, an electrochemical device implementing this novel electrolyte is also disclosed. 【0008】 When the novel electrolyte disclosed herein is filled into an electrochemical device, the pressurized liquid solution penetrates and saturates the electrode and separator materials, as in the case of conventional liquid electrolytes. Within the device, the solidifying agent is dissolved in the liquefied gas electrolyte solution. If the housing seal is broken due to damage or defect, the liquefied gas solvent component of the electrolyte vaporizes and escapes from the device, while the solidifying agent and salt components remain within the housing. In the absence of the liquefied gas solvent component, the solidifying agent and salt components coprecipitate as solid materials within the separator and electrodes, replacing the ion-conducting electrolyte with a material that is solid at 100 kPa and 293.15 K and has very low ion conductivity, or no ion conductivity at all. This loss of conductivity prevents short-circuit discharge before thermal runaway occurs, resulting in a safer device. 【0009】 Additional aspects, alternatives, and variations that would be obvious to those skilled in the art are also disclosed herein and are expressly intended to be included as part of the present invention. The present invention is described only in the claims granted by the Japan Patent Office in this application or any related application, and the summary descriptions of the specific examples described below do not limit, define, or otherwise establish the scope of legal protection in any way. [Brief explanation of the drawing] 【0010】 The present invention can be better understood by referring to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, and the emphasis is rather on clearly illustrating exemplary aspects of the invention. In the drawings, the same reference numerals indicate corresponding parts through different figures and / or embodiments. Furthermore, various features of the different embodiments disclosed may be combined to form additional embodiments, which are also part of this disclosure. Please understand that certain components and details may not be shown in the drawings in order to better illustrate the invention. [Figure 1] The Raman spectra of the vented, dried solid are shown in comparison with those of LiTFSI and DME. [Figure 2] The Raman spectra of the vented, dried solid are shown in comparison to those of a 1:3 molar ratio LiTFSI and DME mixture, and the spectra of LiTFSI and DME individually. [Figure 3] This is a Raman spectrum showing the shift of the TFSI anion in a mixture of LiTFSI and DME in a molar ratio of 1:3. [Modes for carrying out the invention] 【0011】 This specification refers to several specific examples of the invention, including the best mode envisioned by the inventors for carrying out the invention. Examples of these specific embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings. While the invention is described in relation to these specific embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments described or illustrated. Rather, it is intended to encompass alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may fall within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the accompanying claims. 【0012】 The following description includes numerous specific details to fully understand the present invention. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be carried out without using some or all of these specific details. In other examples, processing operations well known to those skilled in the art may not be described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention. Various techniques and mechanisms of the present invention may be described in the singular for clarity; however, unless otherwise noted, some embodiments may involve multiple iterations of the technique or multiple mechanisms. Similarly, the various steps of the methods shown and described herein may not necessarily be carried out in the order shown, and in some embodiments, they may not be carried out at all. Therefore, some embodiments of the methods discussed herein may include more or fewer steps than those shown or described. Furthermore, the techniques and mechanisms of the present invention may describe connections, relationships, or communications between two or more entities. It should be noted that connections or relationships between entities here do not necessarily mean direct connections with no intermediaries; other entities or processes may be intervening or present between the two entities. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the connections shown are not limited to direct connections with no intermediate intermediaries. 【0013】 It is known that liquefied gas electrolytes can improve the performance of electrochemical devices by providing higher power, higher energy, better temperature characteristics, or greater safety. However, some liquefied gas solvents, additives, and salt mixtures, when vented from an electrochemical device, leave small amounts of residual liquid electrolyte in the separator and electrodes. Typical abusive or defect conditions that pose problems in the design of electrochemical devices include overheating, overcharging, external short circuits, internal short circuits due to material defects, and internal short circuits due to crushing or nailing. In each of these cases, heat and pressure build up within the electrochemical device until a vent is activated or the housing ruptures. In the case of a short circuit, the short-circuit path allows for a low-resistance, uncontrolled discharge, causing the cell to generate heat, ultimately leading to the combustion of chemical components and further heat release, resulting in thermal runaway. A complete circuit is required to produce this uncontrolled discharge, which depends on the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. In conventional liquid electrolytes, none of these harsh conditions impair the integrity or conductivity of the electrolyte; therefore, defects or harsh conditions can induce thermal runaway. 【0014】 Through a considerable number of experiments, it has been found that certain electrolyte components, referred to here as solidifying agents, can precipitate when present in solution as part of a liquefied gas electrolyte mixture, if the liquefied gas component of such an electrolyte is removed from the electrolyte mixture. It has also been found that when the vent of an electrochemical device is activated, certain liquefied gas electrolyte formulations can immediately release the liquefied gas solvent component from the cell, while leaving the salt and solidifying agent components inside the cell. This can be induced by heating the cell or overcharging it, both of which increase the internal pressure of the cell and activate the venting mechanism. This can also be induced by an external or internal short circuit, which similarly increases the internal pressure to the vent point. Furthermore, it can be induced by physical damage to the cell, such as crushing or nailing, in which case the liquefied gas is released through the damaged part of the can (outer can) rather than a dedicated vent. Furthermore, it has been found that when a solidifying agent is added to a liquefied gas electrolyte, both the solidifying agent and the salt precipitate during this process, forming a high-resistance solid material within the separator between the electrodes. This dramatically increases the internal resistance of the electrode stack, effectively stopping the discharge process. Moreover, it has been found that this resistance increase occurs more significantly and quickly when the solidifying agent is included in the electrolyte mixture than when a liquefied gas electrolyte without these components is used under the same conditions. 【0015】 One embodiment is an electrochemical device comprising an ion-conducting electrolyte. The ion-conducting electrolyte may comprise one or more salts, one or more liquefied gaseous solvents, one or more solidifying agents, and may further comprise no additives or one or more additives. One or more salts may be liquid, solid, or gas at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. The liquefied gaseous solvent is gas at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. The solidifying agent is solid, liquid, or gas at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. One or more additives may be liquid, solid, or gas at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. 【0016】 Some embodiments of such electrochemical devices may further include a housing configured to contain an ion-conducting electrolyte and provide an airtight seal to a solution of one or more salts and one or more solvents, such as a liquefied gaseous solvent and a solidifying agent, and a pair of electrodes in contact with the ion-conducting electrolyte. 【0017】 One embodiment involves a liquefied gas electrolyte containing fluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, fluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, chloromethane, chloroethane, thionyl fluoride, thionyl chloride fluoride, phosphoryl fluoride, phosphoryl chloride fluoride, sulfuryl fluoride, sulfuryl chloride fluoride, 1-fluoropropane, 2-fluoropropane, 1,1-difluoropropane, 1,2-difluoropropane The electrochemical device is composed of a liquefied gas solvent of any or any combination thereof of pan, 2,2-fluoropropane, 1,1,1-trifluoropropane, 1,1,2-trifluoropropane, 1,2,2-trifluoropropane, fluoroethylene, cis-1,2-fluoroethylene, 1,1-fluoroethylene, 1-fluoropropylene, 2-propylene, chlorine, chloromethane, bromine, iodine, ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, oxygen molecules, nitrogen molecules, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, methyl vinyl ether, difluoroethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride. In some embodiments, the liquefied gas solvent may be difluoromethane. In some embodiments, the liquefied gas solvent may be chloromethane. In some embodiments, the liquefied gas solvent may be fluoromethane. In some embodiments, the liquefied gas solvent may be 1,1-difluoroethane. In some embodiments, the liquefied gas solvent may be sulfuryl fluoride. In some embodiments, the liquefied gas solvent may be thionyl chloride or thionyl fluoride. In some embodiments, the liquefied gas solvent may be selected from the group consisting of fluoromethane, difluoromethane, sulfuryl fluoride, chloromethane, carbon dioxide, 1,1-difluoroethane, and any combination thereof.In some embodiments, the liquefied gas electrolyte comprises a single liquefied gas solvent, or a combination of the liquefied gas solvent with one or more additives and / or one or more salts. These additives may be gaseous, liquid, or solid at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. Furthermore, any of the gaseous additives may be used as the main solvent. 【0018】 In some embodiments, the liquefied gas electrolyte further comprises a solidifying agent that is solid at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. Examples of solidifying agents include dimethoxyethane, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, diphenyl sulfone, bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone, dimethyl sulfone, ethylmethyl sulfone, butadiene sulfone, 1,3-propanesultone, 1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-bornanone, 2,3-borananedione, 2-norbornanone, triphenyl phosphate (triphenyl phosphoric acid), ethylene carbonate, or any combination thereof. A considerable number of experiments have shown that these solidifying agents strongly bind to lithium ions in the electrolyte solution. In a complete liquefied gas mixture, the salt and solidifying agent are present in the liquid phase. When vented, the liquefied gas components can be released from the solution, while the solidifying agent remains strongly coordinated to the lithium ions and salt anions. This strong coordination leads to the formation of a solid material when the liquefied gas components are released. 【0019】 While it has been shown that gaseous, liquid, or solid additives can coordinate with salts in liquefied gas electrolytes to form highly conductive solutions, it has not yet been demonstrated that, with appropriate selection of chemical components, these gaseous or liquid additives can solidify after the liquefied gas solvent has been vented from the electrolyte. This phase-change behavior of the solidifying agent is a unique discovery that will contribute to improving the safety of electrochemical devices. 【0020】 In one example, a liquefied gas electrolyte was prepared using lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as the salt and dimethoxyethane (DME) as the solidifying agent. DME is liquid at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. In this formulation, the salt and solidifying agent were dissolved in a liquefied gas solvent solution consisting of 50% difluoromethane and 50% fluoromethane in a molar ratio of 1:1. When the liquefied gas electrolyte was vented, a white solid material was formed. The Raman spectrum of this solid showed a spectrum different from that of either untreated LiTFSI or DME (Figure 1). To determine the composition of the precipitated material, various mixtures of LiTFSI and DME were prepared, and it was found that a mixture of LiTFSI and DME in a molar ratio of 1:3 produced a solid when the two components were mixed at room temperature. The Raman spectrum of the 1:3 molar ratio LiTFSI:DME solid showed a clear similarity to that observed in the spectrum obtained for an unknown precipitated white material (Figure 2), however, some peaks of the TFSI anion were found to be shifted compared to those expected for a 1:3 molar ratio LiTFSI:DME material (Figure 3). Furthermore, analysis of the melting point (MP) of the precipitated material revealed that its MP differed from that of the reported 1:3 molar ratio LiTFSI:DME solid (approximately 49°C and 29°C, respectively), while a related 1:1 molar ratio LiTFSI:DME solid has been reported to have an MP of 56°C. As a result, it was estimated that the material precipitated when a liquefied gas electrolyte mixture containing 1:1 molar ratio LiTFSI and DME was vented was the related 1:1 molar ratio LiTFSI:DME solid. Attempts were made to isolate a solid with a 1:1 molar ratio by mixing LiTFSI and DME in the relevant molar ratio, but these were unsuccessful because the LiTFSI could not be initially dissolved in the DME at the molar ratio required to obtain a homogeneous solid. Therefore, this discovery also provides a method for preparing a solid mixture of salt and solidifying agent. Furthermore, this solid mixture of salt and solidifying agent can also be used as an ionic conductive solid electrolyte by using appropriate chemical components. 【0021】 The molar ratio of salt to solidifying agent in a liquefied gas electrolyte should be such that a solid material is formed when the liquefied gas solvent is vented from the electrolyte mixture. This salt-to-solidifying agent molar ratio can vary depending on the salt and solidifying agent, but may be 0.1:1, 0.2:1, 0.5:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, or 1:5. It can be understood that a single solidifying agent may have multiple coordination sites with salt cations and can therefore be used as a guideline for determining what an appropriate molar ratio may be. For example, dimethoxyethane has two oxygen atoms that can coordinate to the salt cation. This strong bonding means that it can take on a higher molar ratio of 1:3 while maintaining a solid after venting the liquefied gas solvent. This may be more beneficial in increasing the ionic conductivity or safety of the device. 12-crown-4 has additional coordination sites and can bond to two cations simultaneously, thus potentially resulting in even higher molar ratios. 【0022】 The salt concentration in the liquefied gas electrolyte can also vary from 0.01 M to 25 M. The optimized concentration is typically around 1 M, which balances cost, conductivity, and temperature range. 【0023】 In an exemplary electrochemical device using a liquefied gas electrolyte comprising one or more liquefied gas components and any combination of one or more liquid components, one or more solid components, or one or more salt components, the electrodes may consist of any combination of two intercalation electrodes such as graphite, carbon, activated carbon, vanadium oxide, lithium titanate (lithium titanium oxide, lithium titanate), titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium nickel phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide; chemical reaction electrodes using chemicals such as sulfur, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide, thionyl fluoride, thionyl chloride fluoride, sulfuryl fluoride, and sulfuryl chloride fluoride; or any combination of two metal electrodes made of lithium, sodium, magnesium, tin, aluminum, calcium, titanium, zinc metal, or metal alloys containing these materials. These components can be combined with various binder polymer components, including polyvinylidene fluoride, carboxymethylcellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, or polytetrafluoroethylene, to maintain the structural integrity of the electrodes. 【0024】 In some embodiments, the additive is used in combination with a liquefied gas solvent and a lithium-based, sodium-based, zinc-based, calcium-based, magnesium-based, aluminum-based, or titanium-based salt. Furthermore, one or more liquefied gas solvent solutions or electrolytes include lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl4), lithium tetragallium aluminate, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium hexafluorostannate, lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB), lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium aluminum fluoride (LiAlF3), lithium nitrate (LiNO3), lithium chloroaluminate, lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), and lithium tetrachloroaluminate. It can be combined with one or more salts including lithium, lithium difluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate, lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate, lithium borate, lithium oxolate, lithium thiocyanate, lithium tetrachlorogallate, lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium carbonate, lithium fluoride, lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitride, lithium superoxide, lithium azide, lithium delta-lithium, dilithium squalate, lithium croconate dihydrate, dilithium rhozonate, lithium oxalate, dilithium ketomalonate, lithium diketosuccinate, or the corresponding salts in which a positively charged lithium cation is substituted with sodium or magnesium, or any combination thereof.Further useful salts include salts formed by positively charged cations such as tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, triethylmethylammonium, spiro-(1,1′)-bipyrrolidinium, 1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium, 1,1-diethylpyrrolidinium, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-propylammonium, N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-(3-methoxypropyl)ammonium, N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-benzylammonium, N,N-dimethyl-N-ethyl-N-phenylethylammonium, N-ethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, N-tributyl-N-methylammonium, N-trimethyl-N-hexylammonium, N-trimethyl-N-butylammonium, N-trimethyl-N-propylammonium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-(4-sulfobutyl)-3-methylimidazolium, 1-allyl-3H-imidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium, 3-methyl-1-propylimidazolium, H-3-methylimidazolium, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium, N-butyl-N-methylpiperidinium, N-propyl-N-methylpiperidinium, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium, 1-methyl-1-(2-methoxyethyl)pyrrolidinium, 1-methyl-1-(3-methoxypropyl)pyrrolidinium, 1-methyl-1-octylpyrrolidinium, 1-methyl-1-pentylpyrrolidinium, or N-methylpyrrolidinium, paired with negatively charged anions such as acetate, bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, bis(oxalato)borate, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, bromide, chloride, dicyanamide, diethylphosphate, hexafluorophosphate, hydrogen sulfate, iodide, methanesulfonate, methyl-phosphonate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoroborate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate. 【0025】 Those skilled in the art should understand that the terms “one or more salts,” “one or more solvents” (including “liquefied gaseous solvents”), “one or more solidifying agents,” and “one or more additives” used herein in relation to “ion-conducting electrolytes” refer to one or more electrolyte components. 【0026】 This document contains many specific details, but these should not be interpreted as limitations on the scope of any invention or claimed matters, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of the invention. Certain features described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments may be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may be implemented individually or in any appropriate partial combination in multiple embodiments. Furthermore, even if features are described above as acting in a particular combination and initially claimed as such, one or more features may be excluded from the claimed combination, and the claimed combination may be directed towards a partial combination or a variation thereof.

Claims

[Claim 1] An ion-conducting electrolyte, It comprises a mixture of liquefied gaseous solvent, a solidifying agent, and a salt. The liquefied gaseous solvent has a vapor pressure exceeding 100 kPa at 293.15 K. The solidifying agent is a solid, liquid, or gas at 100 kPa and 293.15 K. The salt dissolves in the ion-conducting electrolyte at 100 kPa and 293.15 K, thereby maintaining the ion-conducting electrolyte in the liquid phase. The salt and the solidifying agent form a solid material at 100 kPa and 293.15 K when the liquefied gaseous solvent is removed from the mixture. Ion-conducting electrolyte. [Claim 2] The ion-conducting electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the molar concentration of the salt is in the range of about 0.01 M to about 25 M. [Claim 3] The liquefied gas solvent is dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, fluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, fluoroethane, tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, 1,1-difluoroethane, 1,2-difluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,2-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, chloromethane, chloroethane, thionyl fluoride, thionyl chloride fluoride, phosphoryl fluoride, phosphoryl chloride fluoride, sulfuryl fluoride, sulfuryl chloride fluoride, 1-fluoropropane, 2-fluoropropane, 1,1-difluoropropane The ion-conducting electrolyte according to claim 1, comprising one selected from the group consisting of 1,2-difluoropropane, 2,2-fluoropropane, 1,1,1-trifluoropropane, 1,1,2-trifluoropropane, 1,2,2-trifluoropropane, fluoroethylene, cis-1,2-fluoroethylene, 1,1-fluoroethylene, 1-fluoropropylene, 2-propylene, chlorine, chloromethane, bromine, iodine, ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, oxygen molecules, nitrogen molecules, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methyl vinyl ether, difluoroethylene, nitrous oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen chloride, or any combination thereof. [Claim 4] The ion-conducting electrolyte according to claim 1, wherein the solidifying agent consists of one selected from the group consisting of dimethoxyethane, bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether, 1,2-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, diphenyl sulfone, bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone, dimethyl sulfone, ethylmethyl sulfone, butadiene sulfone, 1,3-propanesultone, 1-propene-1,3-sultone, 2-bornanone, 2,3-boranandione, 2-norbornanone, triphenyl phosphate, and ethylene carbonate, or any combination thereof. [Claim 5] The aforementioned salt is LiTFSI, LiFSI, LiPF ６ , LiBOB, LiBF ４ , LiDFOB, LiNO ３ The ion-conducting electrolyte according to claim 1, comprising one selected from the group consisting of, or any combination thereof. [Claim 6] It is an electrochemical device, An ion-conducting electrolyte according to any one of claims 1 to 5, A first electrode, which is the positive electrode, and a second electrode, which is the negative electrode, which are in contact with the ion-conducting electrolyte, The ion-conducting electrolyte, the first electrode, and the second electrode are housed in a housing, Electrochemical devices. [Claim 7] The electrochemical device according to claim 6, wherein one of the electrodes is selected from the group consisting of graphite, carbon, activated carbon, vanadium oxide, lithium titanate, titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium nickel phosphate, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide. [Claim 8] The electrochemical device according to claim 6, wherein one of the electrodes is selected from the group consisting of lithium metal, sodium metal, calcium metal, magnesium metal, aluminum metal, and zinc metal. [Claim 9] The electrochemical device according to claim 6, wherein the electrochemical device is a lithium battery.

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