Turbocharged engine oil compositions and related methods

Abstract

The present disclosure provides engine oils comprising: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has a Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 merits or greater. The present disclosure further provides methods of reducing deposits in turbocharged engines comprising using engine oils comprising: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has a Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 merits or greater.

Description

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0001] This application relates to engine oil compositions for turbocharged engines, more particularly, to engine oil compositions having improved turbocharged engine deposit performance, and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Engine oils useful in automotive and other engine applications must demonstrate performance benefits such as good anti-wear and viscometric properties, as well as resistance to oxidation under conditions of high temperature, high speed, and high load. Typical engine oils of this type are based on Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, or Group V oil base stocks, optionally blended with various additive components mixed into an additive package. Additive packages containing detergents, dispersants, antioxidants, anti-wear agents, and friction modifiers are typically used in engine oils to aid in controlling deposits, wear, and to mitigate the deleterious impact of combustion on the engine protection properties of the engine oil.

[0003] Recently, smaller engines using turbochargers to boost power have been designed to increase fuel efficiency and power output of gasoline fueled automobile engines. Turbochargers are being used in an increasing percentage of manufactured passenger cars. The smaller turbocharged engines provide a unique challenge for engine oil manufacturers where lubrication is critical to these modern engines.

[0004] The demands placed on engine oil in turbocharged engines are significantly more challenging than in naturally aspirated engines due to the higher temperatures, higher rpm, and greater compression. For example, a turbocharger shaft can reach speeds of up to 200,000 rpm. Further, engine oil in a turbocharger can exceed temperatures of 400 degrees Fahrenheit, which is about twice the average temperature ofnon-turbocharged engines. Such conditions can create soot and cause some engine oils to decompose, resulting in engine deposits and diminished performance. Complications that can result from oil deposits include, but are not limited to, reduced turbocharger efficiency, bearing wear and failure, turbocharger overheating, increased emissions, and engine damage.

[0005] Turbocharger performance is emerging as an important characteristic for automobile engine oils. High quality Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V base oils are used in engine oils for turbocharged engines, more specifically, high quality Group III, Group IV, and Group V base stocks.

[0006] Group I base stocks are typically solvent refined. Extraction techniques are used to refine the base stock to improve low temperature properties and viscosity properties. Group II and Group III base stocks are typically hydro-processed (e.g., hydro-cracking, hydro-isomerization, and / or hydro-treating) changing the molecular structure of the base stock, thereby changing low temperature and viscosity properties. Gas-to-liquid base stocks (GTL) are Group III base stocks synthesized from methane by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and then hydro-processed. Group IV (also known as polyalphaolefins or PAOs) are synthetic hydrocarbons derived from the polymerization of alpha olefins. Group IV base oils are commonly used in engine oils and other lubricants due to their superior properties compared to conventional mineral oils. Group I, Group II, and Group III base oils are commonly used as co-oil base stocks with Group IV base oils. While Group IV base oils offer many advantages, there is a valid need for alternative base oils that offer advantages in terms of cost, availability, specific performance needs, environmental considerations, and additive compatibility.SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0007] Various details of the present disclosure are hereinafter summarized to provide a basic understanding. This summary is not an exhaustive overview of the disclosure and is neither intended to identify certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the more detailed description that is presented hereinafter.

[0008] According to an embodiment consistent with the present disclosure, engine oils comprise: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer's Association (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.

[0009] In another embodiment, methods for improving the turbocharger deposit performance of an engine oil comprise: using an engine oil in a turbocharged engine, the engine oil comprising: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer's Association (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.

[0010] These and other features and attributes of the disclosed compositions and methods of the present disclosure and their advantageous applications and / or uses will be apparent from the detailed description which follows.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure and should not be viewed as exclusive embodiments. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to one having ordinary skill in the art and having the benefit of this disclosure.

[0012] FIGS. 1 and 2 show photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 1-1, as described in the following Examples.

[0013] FIGS. 3 and 4 show photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 1-2, as described in the following Examples.

[0014] FIGS. 5 and 6 show photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 2, as described in the following Examples.

[0015] FIGS. 7 and 8 show photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 3, as described in the following Examples.

[0016] FIGS. 9 and 10 show photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 4, as described in the following Examples.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] This application relates to engine oil compositions for turbocharged engines, more particularly, to engine oil compositions having improved turbocharged engine deposit performance, and methods of use thereof.

[0018] As used herein, the term “lubricant,”“lubricating oil,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a substance (usually a fluid under operating conditions) suitable for introduction between two moving surfaces of a system to reduce the friction and wear between the surfaces. As used herein, the term “engine oil,”“motor oil,”“engine lubricant,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to lubricants used for the lubrication of internal combustion engines. The main functions of engine oil are to reduce friction and wear on moving parts, to clean the engine from sludge and varnish, and to neutralize acids originating from fuel and from oxidation of the lubricant. As used herein the term “turbocharger engine oil,” and grammatical variants thereof, refers generally to engine oil designed for use in a turbocharger engine, i.e., an internal engine equipped with a turbocharger. As used herein, the term “turbocharger,” and grammatical variations thereof, generally refers to a device that increases the efficiency and power output of an internal engine by forcing additional compressed air into the combustion chamber. The main functions of turbocharger engine oil include lubrication, cooling, and protection against deposits and wear, particularly at high temperatures reached by turbochargers, e.g., often exceeding 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Engine oils, particularly turbocharger engine oils, often contain detergent and dispersant additives to help prevent formation of deposits and sludge, as well as anti-wear additives, and viscosity index improvers.

[0019] As used herein, the term “base oil,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the fluid component of a lubricant formulation or lubricating oil formulation, which may comprise one or more different oil base stocks. An oil base stock, as described herein, may be defined according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) base oil classification system, which categorizes oil base stocks into five groups based on their saturated hydrocarbon content, sulfur level, and viscosity index. As used herein, the term “viscosity index,”“VI,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to an empirical, unitless number indicating the effect of temperature change on the kinematic viscosity of the oil base stock, base oil, or lubricant composition. A higher viscosity index indicates a smaller decrease in kinematic viscosity with increasing temperature. An oil base stock, base oil, or lubricant composition may have a VI value as determined by ASTM D2270-16.

[0020] Oil base stocks are typically produced on a large scale from non-renewable petroleum sources. As used herein, the term “Group I oil base stocks,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to refined crude oils which are the least refined, undergoing solvent refining, comprising less than 90% saturates and / or greater than 0.03% sulfur, and having a viscosity index (VI) of about 80-120. As used herein, the term “Group II oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to refined crude oils which are more refined than Group I oil base stocks, both solvent refined and hydrocracked, to achieve more than 90% saturates, less than 0.03% sulfur, and having a viscosity index (VI) of about 80-120. As used herein, the term “Group III oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to refined crude oils which undergo severe hydro-processing (e.g., hydro-cracking, hydro-isomerization, and / or hydro-treating) to achieve the same refinement standards as Group II, while having a VI of greater than 120. Group III oil base include hydro-processed paraffinic mineral oils (e.g., distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light paraffinic; distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy paraffinic) as well as hydro-processed synthetic oil base stocks, such as gas-to-liquid base oil stocks (GTL) (synthesized from methane by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and then hydro-processed), coal-to-liquid (CTL) oil base stocks, and the like. As used herein, the term “Group IV oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to synthetic oils comprising poly-α-olefins (PAOs) (e.g., produced by oligomerization of α-olefins, such as 1-decene, 1-butene, and propene), including conventional PAOs and metallocene PAOs (e.g., produced using a metallocene catalyst), typically with a VI of 125-300. As used herein, the terms “Group V oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, generally include all base stocks that do not belong to Groups I-IV, such as naphthalenes, polyalkylene glycols (PAG), and esters.

[0021] Further designations commonly used, but not officially recognized by the API may be used, including Group II+ oil base stocks and Group III+ oil base stocks. As used herein, the term “Group II+ oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a subgroup of Group II oil base stocks which are further treated to have a VI of about 110 to about 120. As used herein, the term “Group III+ oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a subgroup of Group III oil base stocks which are further treated to have a VI of approximately 135-165.

[0022] Oil base stocks may be alternatively defined by a viscosity and / or volatility grade classification, which varies from producer to producer. Generally, viscosity grade classifications range in order of increasing viscosity and mid-point boiling point. As used herein, the term “kinematic viscosity,”“KV,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to the density of a material at the same temperature and pressure. The engine oil compositions may have a KV measured at a defined temperature as defined by ASTM D445-21 or ASTM D7279 or ASTM D7042. Shorthand terms for kinematic viscosity at commonly used defined temperatures are KV100 (e.g., 100° C.) and KV40 (e.g., 40° C.).

[0023] As used herein, the term “light neutral oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to an oil base stock having a KV100 of about 4-6 cSt. As used herein, the term “medium neutral oil base stocks,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to oil base stocks having a KV100 of about 7-9 cSt. As used herein, the term “heavy neutral oil base stocks,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to oil base stocks having a KV100 of about 10-12 cSt. As used herein, the term “extra heavy neutral oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to an oil base stock with a KV100 value of ≥about 30 cSt. As used herein, the term “Group II extra heavy neutral oil base stock,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to a Group II oil base stock, a Group II+ oil base stock, or any combination thereof, which meets the KV100 requirements of an extra heavy neutral oil base stock.

[0024] The present disclosure includes compositions and methods related to engine oil formulations comprising a base oil and optionally one or more additives suitable, for example, for use in turbocharged engines.

[0025] Advantages of the engine oils of the present disclosure may include the ability to improve Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating of engine oil containing Group II oil base stock by replacing a portion of the Group II oil base stock with a Group IV oil base stock without making changes to the additive package. Moreover, Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating of an engine oil containing Group II and Group III oil base stocks may be improved by replacing a portion of the Group III oil base stock with a Group IV oil base stock without making changes to the additive package. Engine oils of the present disclosure may achieve equivalent or improved performance, particularly in turbocharged engines, as compared to corresponding engine oils, e.g., where the base oil comprises typical oil base stocks including a Group II and / or Group III oil base stock. As an example, an engine oil formulation which may have a Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to CEC L-114-9 of less than 25 merits (a FAIL rating in need of improvement) may comprise a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group III base stock and from about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % of a Group II base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, dispersants, antioxidants, friction modifiers, and / or anti-wear agents. However, corresponding engine oil formulations further comprising a Group IV oil base stock may have a Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to CEC L-114-9 of about 25 merits or greater (a PASS rating).

[0026] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides engine oil formulations having a Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to CEC L-114-9 of 25 merits or greater (a PASS rating), the engine oil formulation comprising a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock and from about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, friction modifiers, and / or dispersants.

[0027] Suitable base oils for use in engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may comprise a blend of various oil base stocks, the oil base stocks having various kinematic viscosity values. As used herein, the term “kinematic viscosity,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to the density of a material at the same temperature and pressure. Kinematic viscosity (“KV”) is generally measured in units of stokes (St) (e.g., centistokes (cSt)) at a defined temperature by ASTM D445 or ASTM D7279 or ASTM D7042, generally by measuring the time it takes a fixed volume of lubricant to flow through a tube under the force of gravity, but in the absence of an external force. Shorthand terms for kinematic viscosity at commonly used defined temperatures are KV100 (e.g., 100° C.) and KV40 (e.g., 40° C.). Suitable oil base stocks may have KV40 values of about 10 cSt to about 100 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 10 cSt to about 90 cSt, about 15 cSt to about 80 cSt, about 20 cSt to about 70 cSt, about 22 cSt to about 60 cSt, about 25 cSt to about 50 cSt, or about 25 cSt to about 40 cSt). Oil base stocks may have KV100 values of about 2 cSt to about 50 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 2 cSt to about 40 cSt, about 3 cSt to about 30 cSt (corresponding to SAE viscosity Grades 0W-20W, and 8-60), about 3 cSt to about 25 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 20 cSt, about 5 cSt to about 15 cSt, or about 6 cSt to about 13 cSt, about 3 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 3 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 6 cSt, or about 4 cSt to about 8 cSt). In various embodiments, suitable oil base stocks may have a kinematic viscosity at 100° C. (KV100), as determined by ASTM D445, of about 3 cSt to about 9 cSt.

[0028] As used herein, the term “dynamic viscosity,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to the resistance to movement of one layer of a fluid over another when an external force is applied. Suitable base stocks may have various dynamic viscosity values, generally measured in poise (P) (e.g., centipoise (cP)), as determined using ASTM D5293, which is the Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between −5 and −35° C. Using the Cold Crank Simulator (also referred to herein as cold cranking simulator (“CCS”) viscosity or cold cranking viscosity). Suitable oil base stocks may have CCS viscosity values of about 1,300 centipoise (cP) to about 30,000 cP, at −35° C. including all CCS viscosity values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 1,000 cP to about 30,000 cP at −35° C., or about 500 cP to about 15,000 cP at −30° C., about 250 cP to about 7,500 cP at −25° C., about 125 cP to about 3,750 cP at −20° C., or about 62 cP to about 1,850 cP at −15° C. (corresponding to SAE viscosity grades 0W-20W), or about 1,400 cP to about 25,000 cP at −35° C., about 700 cP to about 12,500 cP at −30° C., or about 350 cP to about 6,250 cP at −25° C., or about 175 cP to about 3,125 cP at −20° C.).

[0029] Suitable base oils may comprise a blend of various oil base stocks, the oil base stocks having various viscosity index values. As used herein, the terms “viscosity index,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer generally to an empirical, unitless number indicating the effect of temperature change on the kinematic viscosity of the base oil or lubricant. A higher viscosity index indicates a smaller decrease in kinematic viscosity with increasing temperature. Suitable oil base stocks may have a viscosity index (VI) value as determined by ASTM D2270. Oil base stocks may have a VI value of about 10 to about 300, including all VI values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 50 to about 250, about 60 to about 200, about 70 to about 180, about 80 to about 170, or about 90 to about 160).

[0030] Suitable base oils may comprise a blend of various oil base stocks, the oil base stocks having various Noack volatilities, determined using ASTM D5800 (e.g., Procedure B), CEC L40A 93, IP 421, or the like, which is the Standard Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Oils by the Noack Method. Suitable oil base stocks may have a Noack volatility of about 1% to about 25%, including all Noack volatility values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 19%, about 1% to about 18%, about 1% to about 17%, about 1% to about 16%, or about 2% to about 15%).

[0031] Suitable base oils may comprise a blend of various oil base stocks, the oil base stocks having various pour point values. As used herein, the term “pour point,” and grammatical variations thereof, refer to the temperature at which an oil becomes semi-solid and loses its flow characteristics. Suitable oil base stocks may have a pour point as determined by IP 15 or ASTM D97 or ASTM D7345. Suitable oil base stocks may have a pour point value of about −72° C. to about −9° C., including all ° C. values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about −69° C. to about −12° C., about −66° C. to about −15° C., or about −66° C. to about −18° C.).

[0032] Group IV oil base stocks suitable for use in engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may comprise one or more same or different Group IV oil base stocks. Suitable Group IV oil base stocks are not considered to be particularly limited. Suitable Group IV oil base stocks may include various polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Suitable PAOs are not considered to be particularly limited. Suitable PAOs may include, for example, typical (i.e., non-metallocene) PAOs (light or heavy), metallocene PAOs (mPAOs), the like, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable commercially available typical PAO co-oil base stocks include, but are not limited to, the SPECTRASYN™ series PAOs available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com) (e.g., SPECTRASYN™ 2 (e.g., PAO 2), SPECTRASYN™ 2C, SPECTRASYN™ 4 (e.g., PAO 4), SPECTRASYN™ 5 (e.g., PAO 5), SPECTRASYN™ 6 (e.g., PAO 6), SPECTRASYN™ 8 (e.g., PAO 8), SPECTRASYN™ 10 (e.g., PAO 10), SPECTRASYN™ 40 (e.g., PAO 40), SPECTRASYN™ 65 (e.g., PAO 65), SPECTRASYN™ 100 (e.g., PAO 100), and SPECTRASYN™ 150 (e.g., PAO 150)). Examples of suitable commercially available metallocene PAOs (mPAOs) include, but are not limited to, the SPECTRASYN ELITE™ series mPAOs available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com) (e.g., SPECTRASYN ELITE™ 65, SPECTRASYN ELITE™ 150, and SPECTRASYN ELITE™ 300), the DURASYN® series available from Ineos (www.ineos.com) (e.g., DURASYN® 180R (e.g., mPAO 100)). In various embodiments, the Group IV oil base stocks comprise conventional (i.e., non-metallocene) and / or trim stock PAOs, as described herein.

[0033] Suitable Group IV base stocks may be present at about 1 wt % to about 50 wt %, including all wt % values and subsets therebetween, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation (e.g., about 1 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %, or about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %). In various embodiments, the Group IV oil base stock is present at 20 wt % or more, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation (e.g., about 20 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 25 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 30 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 35 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 40 wt % to about 50 wt %, or about 45 wt % to about 50 wt %).

[0034] Group III oil base stocks suitable for use in engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may comprise one or more same or different Group III oil base stocks. Suitable base oils may comprise one or more same or different Group III oil base stocks. Suitable base oils may comprise various types and amounts of a Group III oil base stock. Suitable Group III oil base stocks are not considered to be particularly limited. Group III oil base stocks may comprise at least one oil base stock selected from the group consisting of hydrotreated paraffinic petroleum distillates, such as the YUBASE® series available from SK Enmove (www.skenmove.com) (e.g., YUBASE® 2, YUBASE® 3, YUBASE® 4, YUBASE® 6, YUBASE® 4 PLUS), the VISOM™ series available from ExxonMobil UK (www.exxonmobilchemical.com) (e.g., VISOM™ 4 and VISOM™ 6), ALTUM™ series available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com) (e.g., ALTUM™ 4 ALTUM™ 6), ULTRA-S® series available from S-Oil (www.s-oil.com) (e.g., ULTRA-S® 4, ULTRA-S® 8), or the like. Group III oil base stocks may comprise at least one gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil base stock, such as the QHVI series available from Shell Oil (www.shell.com) (e.g., QHVI 4, and QHVI 8), or the like. Suitable Group III oil base stocks may comprise viscosity grade classifications of light neutral, medium neutral, or heavy neutral. Further examples of suitable commercially available light neutral and medium neutral Group III co-oil base stocks include, but are not limited to, ALTUM™ 4, ALTUM™ 6, ULTRA-S®4, ULTRA-S® 8, QHVI 4, and QHVI 8, YUBASE® 4, YUBASE® 6, YUBASE® 4 PLUS, and the like.

[0035] Suitable Group III oil base stocks may be included at about 0 wt % to about 80 wt %, including all wt % values and subsets therebetween, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation (e.g., about 0 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 20%, or about 0 wt % to about 10 wt %). In certain embodiments, Group III oil base stocks may be included at about 1 wt % to about 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation (e.g., about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 50 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 40 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 20%, or about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %).

[0036] In addition to the Group IV and the Group III oil base stocks, suitable base oils may comprise one or more additional co-oil base stocks. In certain embodiments, base oils comprise a Group II co-oil base stock. Suitable Group II oil base stocks are not considered to be particularly limited. Suitable Group II oil base stocks may comprise viscosity grade classifications of light neutral, medium neutral, or heavy neutral. Examples of suitable commercially available light neutral and medium neutral Group II co-oil base stocks include, but are not limited to, the EHC™ series available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com) (e.g., EHC™ 45, EHC™ 50, EHC™ 65), Ultra-S® 2 (60 Neutral) (S-Oil), and the like. Examples of suitable commercially available heavy and extra heavy neutral Group II co-oils include, but are not limited to, EHC™ 110, EHC™ 120, EHC 340 MAX™ available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com), and the like. When using Group II or extra heavy neutrals, turbocharged engine formulations of the present disclosure, may not require or may require less of a viscosity index improver.

[0037] Suitable additional co-oil base stocks may further comprise additional Group I co-oil base stocks, Group V co-oil base stocks, or any combination thereof. Suitable Group I co-oil base stocks may comprise CORE™ series available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com) (e.g., CORE™ 100, CORE™ 150, CORE™ 600, and CORE™ 2500). Suitable Group V co-oil base stocks may include, but are not limited to, an ester (including esters of a dibasic acid (e.g., phthalic, succinic, alkylsuccinic, alkenylsuccinic, maleic, azelaic, suberic, sebacic, fumaric or adipic acid (adipate), or linolic acid dimmer) and alcohol (e.g., butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, dodecyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether or propylene glycol), and esters of a monocarboxylic acid of 5 to 18 carbon atoms and a polyol (e.g., neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane (TMP), pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol or tripentaerythritol)); a naphthalene compound (e.g., an alkylated naphthalene); polyoxyalkylene glycols (PAGs), esters thereof, and ethers thereof; phosphate esters, the like, and any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, suitable Group V co-oil base stocks may comprise a TMP ester, an adipate ester, an alkylated naphthalene, a PAG, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable Group V co-oil base stocks include, but are not limited to, adipate esters (e.g., ditridecyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, e.g., ESTEREX™ series, available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com) and alkylated naphthalene, e.g., SYNESSTIC™ series, available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com).

[0038] Suitable additional co-oil base stocks (e.g., Group II co-oil base stocks, Group I co-oil base stocks, Group V co-oil base stocks, or any combination thereof) may be present at about 0 wt % to about 80 wt %, including all wt % values and subsets therebetween, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation (e.g., about 0 wt % to about 75 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 65 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 0 wt % to about 50%, about 0 wt % to about 40 wt %, or about 0 wt % to about 30 wt %). In certain embodiments, base oils further comprise an additional co-oil base stock included at about 1 wt % to about 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation (e.g., about 1 wt % to about 75 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 65 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 50%, about 1 wt % to about 40 wt %, or about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %). In certain embodiments, base oils comprise at least 10 weight percent (wt %) of an additional co-oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil (e.g., about 10 wt % to about 80 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 75 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 70 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 65 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 60 wt %, about 10 wt % to about 50%, about 10 wt % to about 40 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 30 wt %). In certain embodiments, base oils comprise about a 1:1 weight ratio of the Group IV oil base stock and the additional co-oil base stock.

[0039] In certain embodiments, base oils comprise a Group II co-oil base stock present at about 1 wt % to about 80 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation. In certain embodiments, base oils comprise a Group II co-oil base stock present at about 1 wt % to about 60 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation. In certain embodiments, base oils comprise at least 10 weight percent (wt %) of a Group II co-oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil. In certain embodiments, base oils comprise about a 1:1 weight ratio of the Group IV oil base stock and a Group II co-oil base stock.

[0040] As described above, any of the suitable Group II co-oil base stocks, Group III oil base stocks, or Group IV oil base stocks may additionally function as a Trim Stock. Examples of suitable Trim Stocks may include, but are not limited to, Group II-IV oil base stocks having a low viscosity (“LS”) including, but not limited to, a light neutral or medium neutral Group II oil base stock, a low viscosity PAO (e.g., PAO 6, PAO 4) oil base stock, a low viscosity gas-to-liquids (GTL) oil base stock (e.g., GTL 4, GTL 8), and the like, and any combination thereof. Examples of suitable commercially available Trim Stocks for use in the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, EHC™ 50 available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com), ULTRA-S® 2 (60 Neutral) available from S-Oil (www.s-oil.com), SPECTRASYN™ 6 or SPECTRASYN™ 4 available from ExxonMobil (www.exxonmobilchemical.com), or QHVI 4 or GTL QHVI 8 available from Shell Oil (www.shell.com).

[0041] Engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may comprise one or more types of additives (e.g., additives related to solubility, friction, oxidation stability, cleanliness, defoaming, viscosity, the like, and any combination thereof, to satisfy diversified characteristics). Embodiments of engine oil formulations of this disclosure may comprise one or more individual additives for each type of additive in the engine oil formulations. The engine oil formulations may comprise a performance additive package comprising one or more of the additives designed to work together to achieve a particular engine performance standard, such as a viscosity standard, a deposit formation standard, or the like, as described herein, or a particular automotive standard, such as a European Automotive Standard (e.g., the European Automobile Manufacturer's Association (ACEA) Oil Sequences A7 / B7 or C6 / C7 standards), a North American Automotive Standard, or the like, as described herein. The performance additive package may be present at about 0 wt % to about 20 wt %, including all wt % values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 1 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 2 wt % to about 12 wt %, or about 3 wt % to about 10 wt %), based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation. The performance additive package may be present at about 6 wt % to about 9 wt %.

[0042] Engine oil formulations of this disclosure may comprise a viscosity index improver.

[0043] Viscosity index improvers are also known as VI improvers, viscosity modifiers, and viscosity improvers. Suitable viscosity index improvers provide lubricants with high temperature and low temperature operability. Suitable viscosity modifiers also impart shear stability at elevated temperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures. Suitable viscosity modifiers may be or may include one or more linear or star-shaped polymers and / or copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, isoprene or alkylated styrenes, polyisobutylene, polymethacrylate, ethylene-propylene, hydrogenated block copolymer of styrene and isoprene, polyacrylates, styrene-isoprene block copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, ethylene-propylene copolymer, hydrogenated star polyisoprene, and combinations thereof.

[0044] As used herein, the terms “polymer” and grammatical variants thereof refer to any two or more of the same or different chemical groups, known as “units” or “repeat units” or “repeating units” or “mers” or “mer units” which repeat (i.e., are linked together successively) to produce the polymer. The terms “homopolymer” and grammatical variants thereof refer to a polymer having units that are the same. The terms “copolymer” and grammatical variants thereof refer to a polymer having two or more units that are different from each other and includes terpolymers and the like. The terms “terpolymer” and grammatical variants thereof refer to a polymer having three units that are different from each other. The terms “different” and grammatical variants thereof as related to polymer units indicates that the units differ from each other by at least one atom or are different isomerically. Likewise, the definition of polymer, as used herein, includes homopolymers, copolymers, and the like. Furthermore, the term “styrenic block copolymer” refers to any copolymer that includes units of styrene and a mid-block.

[0045] Suitable olefin copolymers, for example, are commercially available from Chevron Oronite Company LLC under the trade designation “PARATONE@” (such as “PARATONE® 8921” and “PARATONE® 8941”); from Afton Chemical Corporation under the trade designation “HiTEC®” (such as “HiTEC® 5850B”); and from The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation “Lubrizol® 7067C”. Suitable polyisoprene polymers, for example, are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. under the trade designation “SV200”. Suitable diene-styrene copolymers, for example, are commercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g. under the trade designation “SV 260”.

[0046] One particularly suitable viscosity modifier is polyisobutylene. Another particularly suitable viscosity modifier is polymethacrylate, which can also serve as pour point depressant. Other particularly suitable viscosity modifiers include copolymers of ethylene and propylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, and polyacrylates. Specific examples include styrene-isoprene and styrene-butadiene based polymers of 50,000 g / mol to 200,000 g / mol molecular weight.

[0047] Suitable viscosity modifiers may further include high molecular weight hydrocarbons, polyesters and dispersants that function as both a viscosity modifier and a dispersant. Typical molecular weights of these polymers may range between about 10,000 g / mol and about 2,000,000 g / mol, more typically about 20,000 g / mol and about 1,500,000 g / mol, and even more typically between about 50,000 g / mol and about 1,200,000 g / mol.

[0048] At least one viscosity modifier may be included in the engine oil lubricant composition at a concentration of from 0.1 to 5 wt %, or 0.1 to 8 wt %, or 0.1 to 14 wt %, or 0.5 to 10 wt %, or 0.01 to 2 wt %, or 1.0 to 7.5 wt %, or 1.5 to 5 wt %. At least one viscosity modifier may also be included in the engine oil lubricant composition at a concentration ranging from a low of about 0.1 wt %, about 0.3 wt %, or about 0.5 wt % to a high of about 5 wt %, about 8 wt %, or about 16 wt %. At least one viscosity modifier concentration may also range from a low of about 0.1 wt %, about 0.5 wt %, or about 1.0 wt % to a high of about 8 wt %, about 12 wt %, or about 14 wt %. The foregoing viscosity modifier concentrations are based on a polymer concentrate basis in terms of the total weight of the lubricating composition.

[0049] Engine oil formulations of this disclosure may comprise at least one additive selected from the group comprising detergents, dispersants, wear inhibitors, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, pour point improvers, defoamers, and / or demulsifiers. The additives for use in the engine oil formulations may be zinc-containing, zinc-free, or ash-free. Additive packages may comprise one or more of detergents, dispersants, wear inhibitors, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, pour point improvers, defoamers, viscosity index improvers, and / or demulsifiers. Example additive packages include EM6612G and EM6612K. Additive packages EM6612G and EM6612K comprise mixtures of detergents, dispersants, wear inhibitors, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, pour point improvers, defoamers, viscosity index improvers, and / or demulsifiers.

[0050] During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts are produced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thus diminishing their deposition on metal surfaces. Dispersants may be ashless or ash-forming in nature. Preferably, the dispersant is ashless. So-called ashless dispersants are organic materials that form substantially no ash upon combustion. For example, non-metal-containing or borated metal-free dispersants are considered ashless. In contrast, metal-containing detergents discussed above form ash upon combustion.

[0051] Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar group typically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, or phosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.

[0052] Chemically, many dispersants may be characterized as phenates, sulfonates, sulfurized phenates, salicylates, naphthenates, stearates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, phosphorus derivatives. A particularly useful class of dispersants are the alkenylsuccinic derivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chain substituted alkenyl succinic compound, usually a substituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyamino compound. The long chain group constituting the oleophilic portion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil, is normally a polyisobutylene group. Many examples of this type of dispersant are well known commercially and in the literature. Exemplary U.S. Patents describing such dispersants are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892; 3,215,707; 3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,341,542; 3,444,170; 3,454,607; 3,541,012; 3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,787,374; and 4,234,435. Other types of dispersant are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,254,025; 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,413,347; 3,697,574; 3,725,277; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; 3,449,250; 3,519,565; 3,666,730; 3,687,849; 3,702,300; 4,100,082; and 5,705,458. A further description of dispersants may be found, for example, in European Patent Application No. 471 071, to which reference is made for this purpose.

[0053] Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid compounds are popular dispersants. In particular, succinimide, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by the reaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound preferably having at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with at least one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful.

[0054] Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between alkenyl succinic anhydrides and amines. Molar ratios can vary depending on the polyamine. For example, the molar ratio of alkenyl succinic anhydride to polyethylene amines (TEPA, tetra-ethylene penta-amine) can vary from about 1:1 to about 5:1. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936; 3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; 3,652,616; and 3,948,800; and Canada Pat. No. 1,094,044.

[0055] Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction between alkenyl succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols. Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. For example, the condensation product of an alkenyl succinic anhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.

[0056] Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction between alkenyl succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines. For example, suitable alkanol amines include ethoxylated polyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines and polyalkenylpolyamines, such as polyethylene polyamines. One example is propoxylated hexamethylenediamine. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,426,305.

[0057] The molecular weight of the alkenyl succinic anhydrides used in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and 2,500 g / mol. The above products can be post-reacted with various reagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such as oleic acid, and boron compounds such as borate esters or highly borated dispersants. The dispersants can be borated with from about 0.1 to about 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product.

[0058] Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols, formaldehyde, and amines. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,551, which is incorporated herein by reference. Process aids and catalysts, such as oleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture. Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2,500 g / mol. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,798,165; and 3,803,039.

[0059] Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannich condensation products useful in this invention can be prepared from high molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or HN(R)2 group-containing reactants. Hydrocarbyl substituted amine ashless dispersant additives are well known to one skilled in the art; see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,565,804; 3,755,433; 3,822,209; and 5,084,197.

[0060] Preferred dispersants include borated and non-borated succinimides, including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides, and / or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbyl succinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such as polyisobutylene having a molecular weight number average (Mn) of from about 500 to about 5000 g / mol or a mixture of such hydrocarbylene groups. Other preferred dispersants include succinic acid-esters and amides, alkylphenol-polyamine-coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives, and other related components. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.1 to 20 wt %, preferably about 0.5 to 8 wt %.

[0061] Detergents are commonly used in lubricating compositions. A typical detergent is an anionic material that contains a long chain hydrophobic portion of the molecule and a smaller anionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion of the molecule. The anionic portion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid such as a sulfur acid, carboxylic acid, phosphorous acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof. The counterion is typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal.

[0062] Salts that contain a substantially stochiometric amount of the metal are described as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, as measured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80 mg KOH / g. It is desirable for at least some detergent to be overbased, which means the detergent contains large amounts of a metal base that is achieved by reacting an excess of a metal compound (a metal hydroxide or oxide, for example) with an acidic gas (such as carbon dioxide). Overbased detergents help neutralize acidic impurities produced by the combustion process and become entrapped in the oil. Typically, the overbased material has a ratio of metallic ion to anionic portion of the detergent of about 1.05:1 to 50:1 on an equivalent basis. More preferably, the ratio is from about 4:1 to about 25:1. The resulting detergent is an overbased detergent that will typically have a TBN of greater than 80 mg KOH / g, such as 80 to 450; 85 to 450 or 150 to 450 mg KOH / g. Useful detergents can also have a TBN that ranges from a low of about 81 mg KOH / g, about 90 mg KOH / g, or about 100 mg KOH / g to a high of about 200, 300, or 450 mg KOH / g. Preferably, the overbasing cation is sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), or magnesium (Mg). A mixture of detergents of differing TBN can be also used.

[0063] Preferred detergents include the alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of sulfonates, phenates, carboxylates, phosphates, and salicylates. Sulfonates may be prepared from sulfonic acids that are typically obtained by sulfonation of alkyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon examples include those obtained by alkylating benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, biphenyl and their halogenated derivatives (chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, and chloronaphthalene, for example). The alkylating agents typically have about 3 to 70 carbon atoms. The alkaryl sulfonates typically contain about 9 to about 80 or more carbon atoms, more typically from about 16 to 60 carbon atoms.

[0064] Suitable detergents may be selected from calcium-based detergents, magnesium-based detergents, boron-based detergents, sodium-based detergents and the like, and any combination thereof. Suitable examples of detergents include, but are not limited to sulfonates, salicylates, or phenates. Suitable detergents may comprise about 0 parts per million (ppm) to about 10,000 ppm of calcium, including all ppm values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 100 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, or about 300 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1,200 ppm); about 0 ppm to about 10,000 ppm of magnesium, including all ppm values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 100 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 2,000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1,200 ppm); and / or about 0 ppm to about 2,000 ppm of boron, including all ppm values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 0 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 0 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 0 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 0 ppm to about 100 ppm) based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation.

[0065] Alkaline earth phenates are another useful class of detergent. These detergents can be made by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide (CaO, Ca(OH)2, BaO, Ba(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2, for example) with an alkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol. Useful alkyl groups include straight chain or branched C1-C30 alkyl groups, preferably, C4-C20. Examples of suitable phenols include isobutylphenol, 2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecyl phenol, and the like. It should be noted that starting alkylphenols may contain more than one alkyl substituent that are each independently straight chain or branched. When a non-sulfurized alkylphenol is used, the sulfurized product may be obtained by methods well known in the art. These methods include heating a mixture of alkylphenol and sulfurizing agent (including elemental sulfur, sulfur halides such as sulfur dichloride, and the like) and then reacting the sulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base.

[0066] Metal salts of carboxylic acids are also useful as detergents. These carboxylic acid detergents may be prepared by reacting a basic metal compound with at least one carboxylic acid and removing free water from the reaction product. These compounds may be overbased to produce the desired TBN level. Detergents made from salicylic acid are one preferred class of detergents derived from carboxylic acids. Useful salicylates include long chain alkyl salicylates.

[0067] Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols by the Kolbe reaction (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,791). The metal salts of the hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by double decomposition of a metal salt in a polar solvent such as water or alcohol.

[0068] Alkaline earth metal phosphates may also be used as detergents. Detergents may be simple detergents or what is known as hybrid or complex detergents. The latter detergents can provide the properties of two detergents without the need to blend separate materials. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,034,039, for example.

[0069] Preferred detergents may include calcium phenates, calcium sulfonates, calcium salicylates, magnesium phenates, magnesium sulfonates, magnesium salicylates and other related components (including borated detergents). Typically, the total detergent concentration is about 0.01 to about 6.0 wt %, or 0.01 to 4 wt %, or 0.01 to 3 wt %, or 0.01 to 2.2 wt %, or 0.01 to 1.5 wt % and preferably, about 0.1 to 3.5 wt %.

[0070] While there are many different types of anti-wear additives, for several decades the principal anti-wear additive for internal combustion engine crankcase oils is a metal alkylthiophosphate and more particularly a metal dialkyldithiophosphate in which the metal constituent is zinc, or zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). ZDDP can be primary, secondary or mixtures thereof. ZDDP compounds generally are of the formula Zn[SP(S)(OR1)(OR2)]2 where R1 and R2 are C1-C18 alkyl groups, preferably C2-C12 alkyl groups. These alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched. The ZDDP is typically used in amounts of from about 0.4 to 1.4 wt % of the total lubricant oil composition, although more or less can often be used advantageously. Preferably, the ZDDP is a secondary ZDDP and present in an amount of from about 0.6 to 1.0 wt %, or from 0.6 to 0.91 wt % of the total lubricant composition.

[0071] Preferable zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially available include secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from for example, The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations “LZ 677A”, “LZ 1095” and “LZ 1371”, from for example Chevron Oronite under the trade designation “OLOA 262” and from for example Afton Chemical under the trade designation “HITEC 7169”.

[0072] Suitable anti-wear agents may be zinc-based or zinc-free, phosphorous-based or phosphorous-free, or any combination thereof. Suitable anti-wear agents may comprise about 0 parts per million (ppm) to about 1,400 ppm of zinc, including all ppm values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 400 ppm to about 1,200 ppm, or about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm); and / or about 0 ppm to about 1,400 ppm of phosphorus, including all ppm values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 400 ppm to about 1,200 ppm, or about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm), based on the total weight of the engine oil formulation. Anti-wear agents may be ashless anti-wear agents.

[0073] A friction modifier is any material, or two or more materials, that can alter the coefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by a lubricant or fluid containing such material(s). Friction modifiers, also known as friction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and other such agents that change the ability of base oils, formulated lubricant compositions, or functional fluids, to modify the coefficient of friction of a lubricated surface may be effectively used in combination with the base oils or lubricant compositions of the present invention if desired. Friction modifiers that lower the coefficient of friction are particularly advantageous in combination with the base oils and lube compositions of this invention. Friction modifiers may include metal-containing compounds or materials as well as ashless compounds or materials, or mixtures thereof. Metal-containing friction modifiers may include metal salts or metal-ligand complexes where the metals may include alkali, alkaline earth, or transition group metals. Such metal-containing friction modifiers may also have low-ash characteristics. Transition metals may include molybdenum (Mo), antimony (Sb), tin (Sn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and others. Such suitable ligands may include hydrocarbyl derivative of alcohols, polyols, glycerols, partial ester glycerols, thiols, carboxylates, carbamates, thiocarbamates, dithiocarbamates, phosphates, thiophosphates, dithiophosphates, amides, imides, amines, thiazoles, thiadiazoles, dithiazoles, diazoles, triazoles, and other polar molecular functional groups containing effective amounts of oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), or phosphorus (P), individually or in combination.

[0074] Ashless friction modifiers can also be used. Suitable ashless friction modifiers may include hydroxyl-containing hydrocarbyl base oils, glycerides, partial glycerides, glyceride derivatives, fatty organic acids, fatty amines, and sulfurized fatty acids. Fatty acids include short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids, and very long-chain fatty acids. Short-chain fatty acids have carbon chains of between one and five carbon atoms. Medium-chain fatty acids have carbon chains of between six and twelve carbon atoms. Long-chain fatty acids have carbon chains of between thirteen and twenty-one carbon atoms. Very long-chain fatty acids have carbon chains greater than twenty-one carbons. These carbon chains can be saturated or unsaturated. Suitable ashless friction modifiers may also include lubricant materials that contain effective amounts of polar groups, for example, hydroxyl-containing hydrocarbyl base oils, glycerides, partial glycerides, glyceride derivatives, and the like. Suitable ashless friction modifiers may include alkyl or alkylene fatty acid esters of glycerides, alkyl or alkylene glyceride esters. Polar groups in friction modifiers may include hydrocarbyl groups containing effective amounts of oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), or phosphorus (P), individually or in combination. Other friction modifiers that may be particularly effective include, for example, salts (both ash-containing and ashless derivatives) of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty amides, fatty esters, hydroxyl-containing carboxylates, and comparable synthetic long-chain hydrocarbyl acids, alcohols, amides, esters, hydroxy carboxylates, and the like. In some instances fatty organic acids, fatty amines, and sulfurized fatty acids may be used as suitable friction modifiers. In some instances, friction modifiers containing ethylene-oxide, oligomers of ethylene oxide, or polymer segments of ethylene oxide are effective.

[0075] Ashless friction modifiers may be or may include polymeric and / or non-polymeric molecules. A suitable polymeric friction modifier may have a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 3,000 g / mol or more; 4,000 g / mol or more; 5,000 g / mol or more; 6,000 g / mol or more; 7,000 g / mol or more; 8,000 g / mol or more; 9,000 g / mol or more; 10,000 g / mol or more; 15,000 g / mol or more; 20,000 g / mol or more; 30,000 g / mol or more; 40,000 g / mol or more; or 45,000 g / mol or more. The molecular weight of suitable polymeric friction modifiers may also range from a low of about 3,000 g / mol, about 4,000 g / mol, or about 5,000 g / mol to a high of about 10,000 g / mol; about 30,000 g / mol, or about 50,000 g / mol. The molecular weight of suitable polymeric friction modifiers may also range from about 3,000 g / mol to 15,000 g / mol; about 4,000 g / mol to about 12,000 g / mol; about 3,000 g / mol to about 9,000 g / mol; or about 3,000 g / mol to about 7,000 g / mol. The molecular weight of suitable polymeric friction modifiers may also be about 3,000 g / mol, about 4,000 g / mol, about 5,000 g / mol, about 6,000 g / mol, about 7,000 g / mol, about 8,000 g / mol, or about 9,000 g / mol. A particularly suitable polymeric friction modifier is or includes ethylene oxide (EtO), oligomers of ethylene oxide, or polymers of ethylene oxide.

[0076] Suitable friction modifiers may include, but are not limited to, an organomolybdenum-based compound, fatty acid, higher alcohol, fatty acid ester, oil / fat, amine, polyamide, sulfide ester, phosphoric acid ester, acid phosphoric acid ester, acid phosphorous acid ester, amine salt of phosphoric acid ester, the like, and any combination thereof. Suitable friction reducers may comprise about 0 parts per million (ppm) to about 2,000 ppm of molybdenum, including all ppm values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 0 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 250 ppm, or about 70 ppm to about 200 ppm).

[0077] Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils during service. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, the presence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the lubricant. One skilled in the art knows a wide variety of oxidation inhibitors that are useful in lubricating oil compositions. See, Klamann in Lubricants and Related Products, op cite, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084,197, for example.

[0078] Useful antioxidants may include hindered phenols. These phenolic antioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutral or basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolic antioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the ones which contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these include those derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxyl groups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Typical phenolic antioxidants include the hindered phenols substituted with C6+ alkyl groups and the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols. Examples of phenolic materials of this type 2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol; 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol. Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include for example hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic proprionic ester derivatives. Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combination with the instant invention. Examples of ortho-coupled phenols include: 2,2′-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); 2,2′-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); and 2,2′-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol). Para-coupled bisphenols include for example 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol).

[0079] Non-phenolic oxidation inhibitors which may be used include aromatic amine antioxidants and these may be used either as such or in combination with phenolics. Typical examples of non-phenolic antioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines such as aromatic monoamines of the formula R8R9R10N where R8 is an aliphatic, aromatic or substituted aromatic group, R9 is an aromatic or a substituted aromatic group, and R10 is H, alkyl, aryl or R11S(O)XR12 where R11 is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R12 is a higher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1 or 2. The aliphatic group R8 may contain from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, and preferably contains from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms. The aliphatic group is a saturated aliphatic group. Preferably, both R8 and R9 are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic group may be a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl. Aromatic groups R8 and R9 may be joined together with other groups such as sulfur.

[0080] Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of at least about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups will not contain more than about 14 carbon atoms. The general types of amine antioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines, phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenyl phenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are also useful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Particular examples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present invention include: p,p′-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine; phenyl-alphanaphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine. Sulfurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal salts thereof may also be useful antioxidants.

[0081] Preferred antioxidants include hindered phenols and arylamines. These antioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with one another. Antioxidants may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 wt %, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 wt %, more preferably zero to less than 1.5 wt %, most preferably zero, based on the total weight of the engine oil lubricant.

[0082] Conventional pour point depressants (also known as lube oil flow improvers) may be added to the compositions of the present invention if desired. These pour point depressants may be added to lubricating compositions of the present invention to lower the minimum temperature at which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pour point depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers of dialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers. U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,815,022; 2,015,748; 2,191,498; 2,387,501; 2,655,479; 2,666,746; 2,721,877; 2,721,878; and 3,250,715 describe useful pour point depressants and / or the preparation thereof. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 wt %, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil lubricant.

[0083] One or more corrosion inhibitors may be added to the lubricating oil compositions. Corrosion inhibitors are additives that protect lubricated metal surfaces against chemical attack by water or other contaminants. Corrosion inhibitors may also be used to reduce the degradation of metallic parts that are in contact with the lubricating oil composition. As used herein, corrosion inhibitors include anti-rust additives, metal deactivators, and metal passivators.

[0084] Suitable corrosion inhibitors may include, but are not limited to, a fatty acid, alkenylsuccinic acid half ester, fatty acid soap, alkylsulfonate, polyhydric alcohol / fatty acid ester, fatty acid amine, oxidized paraffin, and alkylpolyoxyethylene ether, the like, and any combination thereof. Suitable corrosion inhibitors may be metal passivators. Suitable pour point improvers may include, but are not limited to, pour point depressants. Suitable pour point depressants may include, but are not limited to, ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer, condensate of chlorinated paraffin and naphthalene, condensate of chlorinated paraffin and phenol, polymethacrylate, polyalkyl styrene, the like, and any combination thereof. Suitable antioxidants for use in the engine oil formulations of the present invention may include, but are not limited to, amine-based antioxidants (e.g., alkylated diphenylamine, phenyl-α-naphthylamine and alkylated phenyl-x-naphthylamine); phenol-based antioxidants (e.g., 4,4′-methylenebis-(2,6-di-t-butylphenol), 2,6-di-t-butyl phenol, and isooctyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate); sulfur-based antioxidants (e.g., dilauryl-3,3′-thiodipropionate); zinc dithiophosphate, the like, and any combination thereof. Suitable defoamers may include, but are not limited to, dimethyl polysiloxane, polyacrylate and a fluorine derivative thereof, perfluoropolyether, the like, and any combination thereof.

[0085] Engine oil formulations may meet the standards for various viscosity grades, e.g., Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) viscosity grades (e.g., SAE J300 viscosity grades for engine oils), which have a winter grade and high temperature grade. The winter grade specifies a maximum viscosity at cold temperatures, while the high temperature grade specifies a minimum viscosity at high temperatures. Engine oils may have a combined SAE rating, which corresponds to a winter grade (low temperature grade), and a high temperature grade, where the winter grade typically ranges from 0W to 25W, and where the optimal temperature grade ranges from 8 to 60. Typical SAE J300 viscosity grades for engine oils include, but are not limited to, 0W-20, 0W-30, 5W-20, 5W-30, and 10W-30. Engine oil formulations may have KV values at 100° C. (KV100 values), HTHS viscosity values, cold crank simulator (CCS) viscosity values, or any combination thereof, suitable to impart a desired viscosity grade (VG). For example, engine oil formulations may be formulated to achieve a particular viscosity at 100° C. (KV100) to meet a SAE J300 high temperature designation range, e.g., KV100 of from 5.6 to 9.3 for a grade of 20, KV100 of from 9.3 to 12.5 for a grade of 30, and KV100 of from 12.5 to 16.3 for a grade of 40.

[0086] Engine oil formulations may have KV40 values as described herein of about 10 cSt to about 400 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 20 cSt to about 300 cSt, about 30 cSt to about 250 cSt, or about 35 cSt to about 50 cSt). Engine oil formulations may have KV100 values as described herein of about 2 cSt to about 200 cSt, including all cSt values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 4 cSt to about 150 cSt, about 6 cSt to about 100 cSt, or about 8 cSt to about 11 cSt.

[0087] Engine oil formulations may have CCS viscosity values as described herein of about 1,000 centipoise (cP) to about 10,000 cP at −35° C., including all CCS viscosity values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 2,000 cP to about 8,000 cP @-35° C., or about 3,000 cP to about 7,000 cP at −35° C.

[0088] Engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may have various high temperature high shear (HTHS) viscosity values, generally measured in poise (P) or centipoise (cP), as determined by ASTM D4683, ASTM D4741, ASTM D5481 or CEC L-36-90. HTHS tests measure a lubricant's resistance to flow at elevated temperatures under constant shear and high speeds between moving parts which have narrow tolerances. Engine oil formulations may have HTHS viscosity values at 150° C. of about 1.7 cP to about 5.0 cP, including all HTHP viscosity values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 2.3 cP to about 4.2 cP, or about 2.6 cP to about 3.7 cP, about 2 cP to about 3.6 cP, or about 2.5 cP to about 3 cP).

[0089] Engine oil formulations may also have various Noack volatilities as described herein. Engine oil formulations may have a Noack volatility of about 2 wt % to about 25 wt %, including all viscosity grade values and ranges therebetween (e.g., about 4 wt % to about 20 wt %, about 5 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 7 wt % to about 14 wt %, or about 10 wt % to about 13 wt %). Engine oil formulations may comprise an oil base stock defined as a “Trim Stock,” to bring a viscosity, a CCS value, and / or a Noack volatility of an engine oil formulation into a desired range.

[0090] Engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may have various pour point values as described herein. Engine oil formulations may have a pour point value of about −9° C. to about −66° C., including all ° C. values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about −12° C. to about −63° C.).

[0091] Engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may have various oxidative stability values. Oxidative stability of engine oil formulations may be measured by change in total acid number (TAN) as described herein. Engine oil formulations may have a total acid number of about 0 mg KOH / g to about 6 mg KOH / g, including all mg KOH / g values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 1 mg KOH / g to about 5 mg KOH / g, about 1 mg KOH / g to about 4 mg KOH / g, or about 1.5 mg KOH / g to about 2 mg KOH / g).

[0092] Oxidative stability of engine oil formulations may be measured by the ability to neutralize undesirable acidic contaminants (e.g., formed as a result of oxidative and thermal stress) which may be measured as the base number (BN). Various additives, such as detergents, dispersants, and antioxidants impact reserve alkalinity by neutralizing acidic contaminants in the turbocharged engine oil. Engine oil formulations may have a BN as determined by ASTM D2896 (generally for new oils) or ASTM D4739 (generally for used / in-service oils). Engine oil formulations may have a BN, according to ASTM D2896, of about 2 mg KOH / g to about 20 mg KOH / g, including all mg KOH / g values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 4 mg KOH / g to about 15 mg KOH / g, about 6 mg KOH / g to about 12 mg KOH / g, or about 8 mg KOH / g to about 11 mg KOH / g). Engine oil formulations may have a BN, according to ASTM D4739, of about 2 mg KOH / g to about 20 mg KOH / g, including all mg KOH / g values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 3 mg KOH / g to about 15 mg KOH / g, about 4 mg KOH / g to about 10 mg KOH / g or about 4.5 mg KOH / g to about 8 mg KOH / g).

[0093] Engine oil formulations of the present disclosure may have various deposit control properties (e.g., at high temperatures). Deposit formation of engine oil formulations may be measured by the Thermo-oxidation Engine Oil Stimulation Test (TEOST®) (also known as the TEOST® 33C test, determined by ASTM D6335). Engine oil formulations may have a TEOST® 33C rating, according to ASTM D6335, of about 5 mg to about 100 mg of deposit formation, including all mg values and subsets therebetween (e.g., about 10 mg to about 80 mg, about 20 mg to about 60 mg, or about 25 mg to about 50 mg.

[0094] The Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit test (also known as the European Automobile Manufacturer's Association (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 turbocharger deposit test), is required to meet ACEA Oil Sequence A7 / B7 (for gasoline and diesel engine oils—“High SAPS”), and ACEA Oil Sequence C6 (for catalyst and GPF / DPF compatible engine oils for gasoline and diesel engines—“Low SAPS”), to ensure low speed pre-ignition and wear protection for turbocharged gasoline DI engines, as well as turbocharger compressed deposit (TCCD) protection for modem DI diesel engines. This test investigates the effect of engine lubricant on turbocharger cleanliness. In this test, a Toyota four cylinder, in-line, diesel engine designed for various light duty trucks (internal Toyota code 1KD-FTV) is used. The engine is a 3.0 liter common rail engine rated at 113 kW with a variable geometry turbocharger (VTG). For example, the cylinder capacity of the engine is 2982 cm3, the maximum power is 118 kW at 3600 rpm, and the maximum torque is 310 Nm at 3600 rpm. The test utilizes a diesel fuel with extended requirements representative of commercially available B7 fuels. The Toyota 1KD-FTV test cycle includes a 100-hour main run with the test turbocharger running at close to full load operation (e.g., at about 3600 rpm and at about 290 Nm). During the test, oil samples are taken to analyze soot content, and the turbocharger efficiency is monitored. At the end of the test, the engine is dismantled and a visual turbocharger rating is performed based on the engine housing and the engine backplate. A rating of 25 merits or higher indicates good turbocharger deposit performance, while a rating below 25 merits indicates poor turbocharger deposit performance.

[0095] Engine oil formulations may display a passing Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating of at least 25 merits. Engine oil formulations may display a Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating of greater than 25 merits (e.g., about 25 merits to about 65 merits, about 30 merits to about 55 merits, about 35 merits to about 50 merits, or about 40 merits to about 45 merits). Engine oil formulations may be formulated to meet all requirements of ACEA Oil Sequence A7 / B7 or C6 / C7 or other industry (JASO, ILSAC, API, etc.) or OEM (VW, GM, Ford, Toyota, etc.) specifications.

[0096] Engine oil formulations having a Toyota 1KD-FTV rating of greater than 25 may comprise from 0 wt % to 80 wt % of a Group II base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; from 0 wt % to 80 wt % of a Group III base stock, from 0 wt % to 80 wt % of a Group IV base stock, from 0 wt % to 80 wt % of a Group V base stock, from 0 wt % to 80 wt % of a Group I base stock; optionally comprising a viscosity index improver; and optionally a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, friction modifiers, antioxidants, pour-point depressants, corrosion inhibitors, anti-foamants, and / or dispersants. When the engine oil formulations comprise from 5 wt % to 60 wt % of the Group IV base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil, the engine oil formulations may have an equivalent or higher Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating, as compared to a corresponding turbocharged engine oil in which the Group IV base stock is replaced by the Group III base stock or the Group II base stock. When the engine oil formulations comprise from 5 wt % to 60 wt % of the Group IV oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil, the engine oil formulations may have a Toyota 1KD-FTV rating of from 40 merits to 60 merits.

[0097] In certain embodiments, engine oil formulations of the present disclosure are formed by mixing the various components of the various oil base stocks and the additives according to one or more methods of the present disclosure. In certain embodiments, the mixture may be heated, such as in a reaction vessel. In certain embodiments, the mixture may be homogenized to ensure well-mixed and evenly dispersed components. If heated, the mixture is cooled after homogenization.

[0098] Further, in one or more embodiments, one or more of the oil base stocks, co-oil base stocks, viscosity modifiers, and additives may be pre-blended. In one or more embodiments, the Group IV oil base stock and / or the Group III oil base stock may be pre-blended, optionally with a co-oil base stock, prior to blending with any other components. Moreover, two or more pre-blends may be themselves blended to achieve a lower viscosity index and a lower kinematic viscosity (40° C. and 100° C.) base oil compared to either of the pre-blends alone.

[0099] In an aspect, the present disclosure provides methods for reducing deposits in turbocharged engines, the methods comprising: using an engine oil in a turbocharged engine, the engine oil comprising: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.Example Embodiments

[0100] Embodiments disclosed herein include:

[0101] A: Engine oil compositions. The engine oil compositions comprise: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.

[0102] B: Engine oil methods. The engine oil methods comprise: using an engine oil in a turbocharged engine, the engine oil comprising: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.

[0103] Each of Embodiments A and B may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination:

[0104] Element 1: wherein the base oil comprises at least about 10 wt % of the Group IV oil base stock.

[0105] Embodiment 2: wherein the Group III oil base stock comprises at least one Group III oil base stock selected from the group consisting of a hydrotreated paraffinic petroleum distillate, a gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

[0106] Embodiment 3: wherein the base oil further comprises a Group II oil base stock comprising at least one Group II oil base stock selected from the group consisting of Group II light neutral oil base stock, Group II medium neutral oil base stock, Group II heavy neutral oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

[0107] Embodiment 4: wherein the base oil comprises about 1 wt % to about 80 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0108] Embodiment 5: wherein the base oil comprises at least 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0109] Embodiment 6: wherein the base oil comprises about a 1:1 weight ratio of the Group IV oil base stock and the Group II oil base stock.

[0110] Embodiment 7: wherein the viscosity index improver is present at about 3 weight percent (wt %) to about 8 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0111] Embodiment 8: wherein the performance additive package is present at about 8 wt % to about 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0112] Embodiment 9: wherein the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating is about 40 merits to about 70 merits; wherein the engine oil has a TEOST® 33C rating, according to ASTM D6335, of about 30 mg to about 40 mg; and / or wherein the engine oil meets ACEA Oil Sequences A7 / B7 or C6 / C7 standards.

[0113] By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to Embodiments A or B include: any one, more, or all of Elements 1-9, without limitation, such as: 1&2, 1&3, 1&4, 1&5, 1&6, 1&7, 1&8, 1&9, 2&3, 2&4, 2&5, 2&6, 2&7, 2&8, 2&9, 3&4, 3&5, 3&6, 3&7, 3&8, 3&9, 4&5, 4&6, 4&7, 4&8, 4&9, 5&6, 5&7, 5&8, 5&9, 6&7, 6&8, 6&9, 7&8, 7&9, 8&9, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 6-8, 6-9, 7-9, 1&3-9, 1&4-9, 1&5-9, 1&6-9, 1&7-9, 1&8-9, 2&8-9, 1&7-9, 2&7-9, 1-2&7-9, 3&5-9, 3&6-9, 3&7-9.

[0114] The present disclosure is further directed to the following non-limiting embodiments.

[0115] Embodiment 1. An engine oil composition comprising: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.

[0116] Embodiment 2. The engine oil of Embodiment 1, wherein the base oil comprises at least about 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group IV oil base stock.

[0117] Embodiment 3. The engine oil of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, wherein the Group III oil base stock comprises at least one Group III oil base stock selected from the group consisting of a hydrotreated paraffinic petroleum distillate, a gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

[0118] Embodiment 4. The engine oil of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein the base oil further comprises a Group II oil base stock comprising at least one Group II oil base stock selected from the group consisting of Group II light neutral oil base stock, Group II medium neutral oil base stock, Group II heavy neutral oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

[0119] Embodiment 5. The engine oil of Embodiment 4, wherein the base oil comprises about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0120] Embodiment 6. The engine oil of Embodiment 4 or Embodiment 5, wherein the base oil comprises at least 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0121] Embodiment 7. The engine oil of any one of Embodiments 4-6, wherein the base oil comprises about a 1:1 weight ratio of the Group IV oil base stock and the Group II oil base stock.

[0122] Embodiment 8. The engine oil of any one of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the viscosity index improver is present at about 3 weight percent (wt %) to about 8 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0123] Embodiment 9. The engine oil of any one of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the performance additive package is present at about 8 wt % to about 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0124] Embodiment 10. The engine oil of any one of Embodiments 1-9, wherein the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating is about 40 merits to about 70 merits; wherein the engine oil has a TEOST® 33C rating, according to ASTM D6335, of about 30 mg to about 40 mg; and / or wherein the engine oil meets ACEA Oil Sequences A7 / B7 or C6 / C7 standards.

[0125] Embodiment 11. A method of reducing deposits in a turbocharged engine, comprising: using an engine oil in a turbocharged engine, the engine oil comprising: a base oil comprising a blend of: a Group IV oil base stock; and about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil; a viscosity index improver; and a performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants, wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.

[0126] Embodiment 12. The method of Embodiment 11, wherein the base oil comprises at least about 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group IV oil base stock.

[0127] Embodiment 13. The method of Embodiment 11 or Embodiment 12, wherein the Group III oil base stock comprises at least one Group III oil base stock selected from the group consisting of a hydrotreated paraffinic petroleum distillate, a gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

[0128] Embodiment 14. The method of any one of Embodiments 11-13, wherein the base oil further comprises a Group II oil base stock comprising at least one Group II oil base stock selected from the group consisting of Group II light neutral oil base stock, Group II medium neutral oil base stock, Group II heavy neutral oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

[0129] Embodiment 15. The method of Embodiment 14, wherein the base oil comprises about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0130] Embodiment 16. The method of Embodiment 14 or Embodiment 15, wherein the base oil comprises at least 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0131] Embodiment 17. The method of any one of Embodiments 14-16, wherein the base oil comprises about a 1:1 weight ratio of the Group IV oil base stock and the Group II oil base stock.

[0132] Embodiment 18. The engine oil of any one of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the viscosity index improver is present at about 3 weight percent (wt %) to about 8 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0133] Embodiment 19. The method of any one of Embodiments 11-18, wherein the performance additive package is present at about 8 wt % to about 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

[0134] Embodiment 20. The method of any one of Embodiments 11-19, wherein the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating is about 40 merits to about 70 merits; wherein the engine oil has a TEOST® 33C rating, according to ASTM D6335, of about 30 mg to about 40 mg; and / or wherein the engine oil meets ACEA Oil Sequences A7 / B7 or C6 / C7 standards.EXAMPLESExample 1—Engine Oil Formulations

[0135] Modem, turbocharged, direct injection (DI) gasoline engines subject engine oil formulations to elevated thermal loading and increased fuel dilution. All test engine oil formulations were evaluated using the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for turbocharger compressor deposits (CEC L-114-9 turbocharger deposit test) as described herein, where a passing score is 25 merits or greater. Table 1 shows the composition of several test engine oil formulations, Samples 1-4, each designed to achieve an SAE viscosity grades of 0W20. Table 2 shows certain measured physical properties as well as chemical analysis results for Samples 1-4. Table 3 indicates the average turbocharger deposit rating for Samples 1-4, in merits, as determined by the Toyota 1KD-FTV (CEC L-114-9) turbocharger deposit test.

[0136] As shown in Table 1, Sample 1 has 20 wt % Group II base stock in a Group III base stock. Sample 1 was formulated as a blend of EHC™50 (ExxonMobil, Group II) and GTL4 / GTL8 (Group III, QHVI4 and QHVI8, Royal Dutch Shell) base stocks. Table 3 indicates poor turbocharger deposit performance was observed for duplicate tests of Sample 1 (1-1 and 1-2; observed ratings of 15.4 merits and 17.6 merits, respectively, each below the passing rating of 25 merits). The poor turbocharger deposit performance can also be visually confirmed from FIGS. 1 and 2 showing photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 1-1, while FIGS. 3 and 4 show similar photographs for Sample 1-2, illustrating that Sample 1 (both Samples 1-1 and 1-2) formed significant quantities of turbocharger deposits covering each of the evaluated surfaces.

[0137] Two further tests were performed to determine whether the poor turbocharger performance of Sample 1 was due to the choice of oil base stock or the level of detergent. As shown in Tables 1 and 2, Sample 2 was developed with Additive Package #2 containing higher calcium detergent treat rate compared to Additive Package #1 used for Sample 1; 1300 ppm calcium compared to 770 ppm calcium, and 430 ppm magnesium compared to 750 ppm magnesium for Samples 2 and 1 respectively. The poor turbocharger deposit performance of Sample 2 can also be visually confirmed from FIGS. 5 and 6 showing photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 2, illustrating that the increased level of detergent did not result in reduced quantities of turbocharger deposits covering each of the evaluated surfaces when using Sample 2.

[0138] Sample 3 was developed using Additive Package #1, as Sample 1, but substituting PAO4 (KV100 4.1 cSt, SpectraSyn™ 4, ExxonMobil) base stock for the EHC™ 50 (Group II) base stock in Sample 1. Table 3 indicates dramatically improved turbocharger deposit performance of Sample 3 (observed rating of 40.6 merits, above the passing score of 25 merits) as compared to Sample 1. The improved turbocharger deposit performance of Sample 3 can also be visually confirmed from FIGS. 7 and 8, showing photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 3, illustrating much lower quantities of turbocharger deposits covering the evaluated surfaces, as compared to Sample 1 or Sample 2.

[0139] Sample 4 was developed as a variation of Sample 2, where a portion of the GTL (KV100 4.1 cSt for QHVI 4 and 7.6 cSt for QHVI 8, Group III, from Shell Oil) base stock is replaced with EHC™ 50 (KV100 5.3 cSt, Group II, from Exxon Mobil) base stock, and wherein the PAO 4 (KV100 4.1 cSt, SpectraSyn™ 4, Group IV, ExxonMobil) is replaced with a PAO 6 (KV100 5.8 cSt, Group IV, SpectraSyn™ 6, ExxonMobil) base stock. Table 3 indicates excellent turbocharger deposit performance of Sample 4 (observed rating of 45.6 merits, exceeding the passing score of 25 merits) which outperformed, not only Sample 1 (both Samples 1-1 and 1-2) and Sample 2, but also Sample 3. The excellent turbocharger deposit performance can also be confirmed visually from FIGS. 9 and 10, showing photographs of the compressor back plate and the compressor housing, respectively, at the end of the Toyota 1KD-FTV test for Sample 4, illustrating that Sample 4 formed much lower quantities of turbocharger deposits covering much less of each of the evaluated surfaces as compared to FIGS. 7 and 8 for Sample 3.

[0140] In conclusion, the Toyota turbocharger deposit performance was not affected by additive changes, such as increased detergent, as in Sample 2. Further, improvements in Toyota turbocharge 1KD-FVT deposit performance in each of Sample 3 and Sample 4 was attributed to the inclusion of PAO base stocks (Group IV), present at the same level in each. While Sample 3 and Sample 4 each contained GTL oil base stock, a portion of the GTL oil base stock in Sample 4 had been replaced by EHC™ 50, demonstrating that it was not the EHC™ 50 base stock within Samples 1 and 2 which caused the lower relative turbocharger deposit merits ratings, but rather, it was the presence of PAO in Sample 3 and Sample 4 which improved turbocharger deposit performance.TABLE 1CompositionSample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 4Additive Package 116.36—16.3616.36Additive Package 2—16.21——Viscosity Index Improver6.36.16.15.5Group IV Oil Base Stock——2020Group III Oil Base Stock57.3457.6957.5438.14Group II Oil Base Stock2020—20TABLE 2SampleSampleSampleSampleSample Property1234KV40 (cSt) (ASTM D445)44.846.343.148.7KV100 (cSt) (ASTM D445)8.88.68.38.9High Temp High Shear Viscosity (cSt) 150° C.2.62.62.72.7Cold Cranking Viscosity −35° C. (cP) (ASTM 5293)5437552740806100Volatility, % (ASTM D5800)12.513.211.710.8Total Base Number (ASTM D2896)9.29.89.49.3Total Base Number (ASTM D4739)5.66.56.14.7Total Base Number (ASTM D664)1.71.71.81.9Sulphated Ash, wt % (ASTM D874)0.700.790.750.71TEOST ® 33, mg deposits (ASTM D6335)52.249.837.035.1Calcium, ppm (ASTM D5185)7631300776778Magnesium, ppm (ASTM D5185)745426742757Boron, ppm (ASTM D5185)79828187Phosphorus, ppm (ASTM D5185)737768753719Zinc, ppm (ASTM D5185)819844846856Molybdenum, ppm (ASTM D5185)104109107107TABLE 3Average Turbochargher Deposit Rating, MeritsSample(Toyota 1KD-FV, CEC L-114-19)Sample 1-115.4Sample 1-217.6Sample 26.5Sample 340.6Sample 445.6Unexpectedly and surprisingly, our data appears to show that corresponding turbocharged engine oils in which at least a portion of the co-oil base stock is replaced with a Group II oil base stock display improved turbocharger deposit performance.While various embodiments have been shown and described herein, modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The embodiments described herein are exemplary only and are not intended to be limiting. Many variations, combinations, and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above, but is defined by the claims that follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims.

[0143] Therefore, the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular examples and configurations disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative examples disclosed above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention. The invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and / or any optional element disclosed herein. While compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,”“containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “about A to about B,” or, equivalently, “about A-B,” or equivalently, “approximately A to B,” or, equivalently, “approximately A-B”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces.

[0144] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties, such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the present specification and associated claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the incarnations of the present inventions. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claim, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

[0145] One or more illustrative incarnations incorporating one or more invention elements are presented herein. Not all features of a physical implementation are described or shown in this application for the sake of clarity. It is understood that in the development of a physical embodiment incorporating one or more elements of the present invention, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's goals, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, government-related, and other constraints, which vary by implementation and from time to time. While a developer's efforts might be time-consuming, such efforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art and having benefit of this disclosure.

Claims

1. An engine oil comprising:a base oil comprising a blend of:a Group IV oil base stock; andabout 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil;a viscosity index improver; anda performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants,wherein the engine oil has a Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 merits or greater.

2. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the base oil comprises at least about 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group IV oil base stock.

3. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the Group III oil base stock comprises at least one Group III oil base stock selected from the group consisting of a hydrotreated paraffinic petroleum distillate, a gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

4. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the base oil further comprises a Group II oil base stock comprising at least one Group II oil base stock selected from the group consisting of Group II light neutral oil base stock, Group II medium neutral oil base stock, Group II heavy neutral oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

5. The engine oil of claim 4, wherein the base oil comprises about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

6. The engine oil of claim 4, wherein the base oil comprises at least 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

7. The engine oil of claim 4, wherein the base oil comprises about a 1:1 weight ratio of the Group IV oil base stock and the Group II oil base stock.

8. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the viscosity index improver is present at about 3 weight percent (wt %) to about 8 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

9. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the performance additive package is present at about 8 wt % to about 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

10. The engine oil of claim 1, wherein the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating is about 40 merits to about 70 merits;wherein the engine oil has a TEOST® 33C rating, according to ASTM D6335, of about 30 mg to about 40 mg; and / orwherein the engine oil meets ACEA Oil Sequences A7 / B7 or C6 / C7 standards.

11. A method for reducing deposits in a turbocharged engine, the method comprising:using an engine oil in a turbocharged engine, the engine oil comprising:a base oil comprising a blend of:a Group IV oil base stock; andabout 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 wt % of a Group III oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil;a viscosity index improver; anda performance additive package comprising one or more detergents, anti-wear agents, antioxidants, and / or dispersants,wherein the engine oil has the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating according to European Automobile Manufacturer (ACEA) CEC L-114-9 of about 25 or greater.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the base oil comprises at least about 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group IV oil base stock.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the Group III oil base stock comprises at least one Group III oil base stock selected from the group consisting of a hydrotreated paraffinic petroleum distillate, a gas-to-liquid (GTL) oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the base oil further comprises a Group II oil base stock comprising at least one Group II oil base stock selected from the group consisting of Group II light neutral oil base stock, Group II medium neutral oil base stock, Group II heavy neutral oil base stock, and any combination thereof.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein the base oil comprises about 1 weight percent (wt %) to about 80 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein the base oil comprises at least 10 weight percent (wt %) of the Group II oil base stock, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein the base oil comprises about a 1:1 weight ratio of the Group IV oil base stock and the Group II oil base stock.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein the viscosity index improver is present at about 3 weight percent (wt %) to about 8 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein the performance additive package is present at about 8 wt % to about 20 wt %, based on the total weight of the engine oil.

20. The method of claim 11, wherein the Toyota 1KD-FTV turbocharger deposit rating is about 40 merits to about 70 merits;wherein the engine oil has a TEOST® 33C rating, according to ASTM D6335, of about 30 mg to about 40 mg; and / orwherein the engine oil meets ACEA Oil Sequences A7 / B7 or C6 / C7 standards.

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