Methods and apparatus for sustainability of internet-of-things device in mobile communications
Energy status reporting and dynamic scheduling enhance the sustainability and reduce latency for low power IoT devices by managing availability and unavailability, improving power efficiency and task completion in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Low power IoT devices, such as ambient IoT systems, face challenges in sustainability and availability duration due to limited power storage, necessitating improvements in energy harvesting and reducing latency in wireless communication environments like 5G NR.
Implementing energy status reporting and dynamic scheduling mechanisms for IoT devices, including energy-based prioritized triggering and slotted-ALOHA access, to manage availability and unavailability, enhancing power efficiency and reducing latency.
Improves the availability duration and reduces latency for IoT devices by optimizing energy usage and scheduling, ensuring efficient task completion and system efficiency.
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Figure CN2025120283_26032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR SUSTAINABILITY OF INTERNET-OF-THINGS DEVICE IN MOBILE COMMUNICATIONSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION (S)
[0001] The present disclosure is part of a non-provisional application claiming the priority benefit of PCT Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 119759, filed 19 September 2024, the content of which herein being incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure is generally related to mobile communications and, more particularly, to sustainability of Internet of Things (IoT) device with respect to apparatus and network node in mobile communications.BACKGROUND
[0003] Unless otherwise indicated herein, approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims listed below and are not admitted as prior art by inclusion in this section.
[0004] Wireless communication systems may be widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may use multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies may include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G long-term evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0006] Particularly, for a low power IoT system, e.g., an ambient IoT (A-IoT) system or a zero-power system, the IoT device may have limited power storage and needs to be charged based on the ambient energy source, e.g., radio frequency (RF) , solar, wind, vibration, and so on.
[0007] Accordingly, how to improve the sustainability or availability duration of the IoT device and reduce the latency and / or completion time of the IoT device in the wireless communication environments, such as 5G NR, becomes an important issue for the newly developed wireless communication network.SUMMARY
[0008] The following summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. That is, the following summary is provided to introduce concepts, highlights, benefits, and advantages of the novel and non-obvious techniques described herein. Select implementations are further described below in the detailed description. Thus, the following summary is not intended to identify essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended for use in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0009] One objective of the present disclosure is to propose schemes, concepts, designs, systems, methods, and apparatus pertaining to sustainability of Internet of Things (IoT) device with respect to apparatus (e.g., a reader) , network node, and IoT device in mobile communications. It is believed that the above-described issue would be avoided or otherwise alleviated by implementing one or more of the proposed schemes described herein.
[0010] In one aspect, a method may involve an apparatus receiving an energy status report from an IoT device. The method may also involve the apparatus determining information according to the energy status report. The information may indicate that the IoT device becomes available or unavailable. The method may further involve the apparatus transmitting the information to the IoT device.
[0011] In another aspect, a method may involve an IoT device transmitting an energy status report to a reader. The method may also involve the IoT device receiving information in response to the energy status report from the reader. The method may further involve the IoT device determining whether to become available or unavailable according to the information.
[0012] It is noteworthy that, although description provided herein may be in the context of certain radio access technologies, networks and network topologies such as 5th Generation System (5GS) and 4G EPS mobile networking, the proposed concepts, schemes and any variation (s) / derivative (s) thereof may be implemented in, for and by other types of wireless and wired communication technologies, networks and network topologies such as, for example and without limitation, Ethernet, Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) , E-UTRAN, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) / Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Network (GERAN) , Long-Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced, LTE-Advanced Pro, IoT, Industrial IoT (IIoT) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , 6th Generation (6G) , and any future-developed networking technologies. Thus, the scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the examples described herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of the present disclosure. The drawings illustrate implementations of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. It is appreciable that the drawings are not necessarily in scale as some components may be shown to be out of proportion than the size in actual implementation in order to clearly illustrate the concept of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 1 is a diagram depicting an example scenario of a communication environment in which various solutions and schemes in accordance with the present disclosure may be implemented.
[0015] FIG. 2 is a diagram depicting an example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 4 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 5 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 6 is a diagram depicting an example scenario for a dynamic scheduling of slotted-ALOHA-based opportunistic triggering in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 7 is a diagram depicting another example scenario for IoT device operations in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an example communication system in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an example process in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 10 is a flowchart of an example process in accordance with another implementation of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED IMPLEMENTATIONS
[0024] Detailed embodiments and implementations of the claimed subject matters are disclosed herein. However, it shall be understood that the disclosed embodiments and implementations are merely illustrative of the claimed subject matters which may be embodied in various forms. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments and implementations set forth herein. Rather, these exemplary embodiments and implementations are provided so that description of the present disclosure is thorough and complete and will fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. In the description below, details of well-known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the presented embodiments and implementations. Overview
[0025] Implementations in accordance with the present disclosure relate to various techniques, methods, schemes, and / or solutions pertaining to Internet of Things (IoT) signal transmission with respect to user equipment and network apparatus in mobile communications. According to the present disclosure, a number of possible solutions may be implemented separately or jointly. That is, although these possible solutions may be described below separately, two or more of these possible solutions may be implemented in one combination or another.
[0026] FIG. 1 illustrates an example scenario 100 of a communication environment in which various solutions and schemes in accordance with the present disclosure may be implemented. Scenario 100 involves a UE 110 in wireless communication with a network 120 (e.g., a wireless network including an NTN and a TN) via a terrestrial network node 125 (e.g., an evolved Node-B (eNB) , a Next Generation Node-B (gNB) , or a transmission / reception point (TRP) ) and / or a non-terrestrial network node 128 (e.g., a satellite) . For example, the terrestrial network node 125 and / or the non-terrestrial network node 128 may form a non-terrestrial network (NTN) serving cell for wireless communication with the UE 110. In some implementations, the UE 110 may be an IoT device such as an NB-IoT UE or an enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) UE (e.g., a bandwidth reduced low complexity (BL) UE or a coverage enhancement (CE) UE) . In such a communication environment, the UE 110, the network 120, the terrestrial network node 125, and the non-terrestrial network node 128 may implement various schemes pertaining to improved IoT signal transmission procedure in accordance with the present disclosure, as described below. It is noteworthy that, while the various proposed schemes may be individually or separately described below, in actual implementations, some or all of the proposed schemes may be utilized or otherwise implemented jointly. Of course, each of the proposed schemes may be utilized or otherwise implemented individually or separately.
[0027] According to the implementations of the present disclosure, an IoT system (e.g., an ambient IoT (A-IoT) system) may be deployed in-band, in guard band, and / or standalone with a legacy cellular system. According to the implementations of the present disclosure, the interference issue between the A-IoT system and the cellular system can be handled. Specifically, an A-IoT system may at least comprise a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission (i.e., the transmission from the reader to the IoT device) and a device-to-reader (D2R) transmission (i.e., the transmission from the IoT device to the reader) . In addition, if the D2R transmission is based on the backscattering of a carrier wave (CW) , there may be a CW emitter-to-device (CW2R) transmission. In some implementations, the CW emitter may be the reader (e.g., reader of FIG. 3 and reader of FIG. 5) . In some implementations, the CW emitter may be another device different from the reader (e.g., the emitter of FIG. 2 and the emitter of FIG. 4) . According to the implementations of the present disclosure, a power control method is designed to determine the transmission power of the CW2D transmission and / or R2D transmission.
[0028] FIG. 2 illustrates an example scenario 200 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 200 involves an emitter, an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 2, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node (i.e., a reader of IoT communication) and an A-IoT device. In addition, there may be an emitter (or carrier wave (CW) emitter) to provide a CW to the A-IoT device.
[0029] The network node may transmit an A-IoT downlink (DL) (or forward link) signal to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT uplink (UL) (or backward link) signal to the network node via backscattering. The backscattering may be performed based on the CW provided by the emitter. The A-IoT DL signal transmitted to the A-IoT device may be used to communicate with the A-IoT device or to provide scheduling to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may use the CW for backscattering. Specifically, the A-IoT device may modulate the CW with its data.
[0030] As shown in FIG. 2, there may be a communication link between the network node and the emitter. The communication link may be a wired link or a wireless link for delivering signaling between the network node and the emitter. The network node may transmit the scheduling or control information for the CW provision through the communication link. For example, the network node may transmit the signaling (e.g., scheduling or control information) to the emitter through the Uu interface (i.e., the communication link) for scheduling the resource and power for the CW transmission.
[0031] FIG. 3 illustrates another example scenario 300 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 300 involves an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 3, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node (i.e., a reader of IoT communication) and an A-IoT device. In addition, in this A-IoT topology, the network node may provide a CW to the A-IoT device (i.e., the network node comprises the emitter function) .
[0032] As shown in FIG. 3, the network node may transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device, and the A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT UL signal to the network node via backscattering. The backscattering may be performed based on the incoming CW provided by the network node. The A-IoT DL signal transmitted to the A-IoT device may comprise the information or commands for the A-IoT device. The network node may transmit the CW to the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may reflect the incident CW from the network node. Specifically, the A-IoT device may add its own information (e.g., varying the reflection properties of its antenna / circuity, effectively modulating the signal) or data onto the CW, and transmit the CW to the network node by backscattering. The network node may receive the backscattered signal from the A-IoT device, i.e., the A-IoT UL signal, which may contain the data from the A-IoT device.
[0033] FIG. 4 illustrates another example scenario 400 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 400 involves a reader (e.g., a UE or a UE reader) , an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) , an emitter (e.g., a CW emitter or a UE emitter) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 4, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node, a UE reader, and an A-IoT device. In addition, a UE emitter may be configured to provide the CW to the A-IoT device.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 4, the network node may transmit a signal to the UE reader via the Uu interface. The signal may comprise the scheduling information for the behavior of the UE reader. For example, the network node may schedule the resource for the UE reader to transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device. The scheduling may be performed via higher-layer signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , medium access control-control element (MAC-CE) ) or layer 1 (L1) signaling (e.g., downlink control information (DCI) ) . In an example, the network node may transmit a configuration to the UE reader to indicate a resource for the UE reader to transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the IoT device and receive an A-IoT UL signal from the A-IoT device via a higher-layer signaling or an L1 signaling.
[0035] The A-IoT device may modulate the CW with its own data by reflecting the CW and adjusting (or altering) its properties to encode the information of the A-IoT device. The A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT UL signal back to the UE reader via the backscattering of the modulated CW. The UE reader may receive the A-IoT UL signal which contains the data from the A-IoT device.
[0036] The link between the network node and the UE emitter (e.g., wired or wireless) may be used for delivering the signaling between the network node and the UE emitter. The signaling between the network node and the UE emitter may comprise coordination for the provision of the CW to the A-IoT device, e.g., the resource allocation. The link between the UE reader and the UE emitter may be used for delivering the signaling between the UE reader and the UE emitter. The signaling between the UE reader and the UE emitter may coordinate the provision of the CW to the A-IoT device, e.g., the resource allocation.
[0037] FIG. 5 illustrates another example scenario 500 for an A-IoT topology in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 500 involves a reader (e.g., a UE or a UE reader) , an A-IoT device (e.g., a tag) and a network node (e.g., a (macro / micro) base station) which may be a part of a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, a 5G / NR network, an IoT network or a 6G network) . Referring to FIG. 5, the A-IoT topology may comprise a network node, a UE reader, and an A-IoT device. In addition, in the A-IoT topology, the UE reader may provide a CW to the A-IoT device (i.e., the UE reader may comprise the emitter function) .
[0038] The network node may transmit a signal to the UE reader via the Uu interface to schedule the behavior of the UE reader. The scheduling signal may comprise the information about when the UE reader should transmit CW to the A-IoT device, when the UE reader should listen for the A-IoT UL signal from the A-IoT device, and when the UE reader should transmit the A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device. The UE reader may transmit an A-IoT DL signal to the A-IoT device. The transmission of the A-IoT DL signal can be based on the scheduling determined by the network node or based on a determination made by the UE reader itself. The A-IoT DL signal may comprise data or commands for the A-IoT device. Upon receiving the A-IoT DL signal, the A-IoT device may transmit an A-IoT UL signal back to the UE reader via backscattering of the CW which the UE reader provides. In backscattering communication, the A-IoT device may modulate the incident CW with its own data and reflect the modulated CW back towards the UE reader.
[0039] The IoT device with very limited power storage and very low peak power consumption may communicate with a reader, e.g., a network node and / or a UE. The IoT device may be charged when the IoT device performs energy harvesting based on external or ambient sources, e.g., radio frequency (RF) , solar, light, wind, vibration, etc. The IoT device may be discharged when the IoT device performs at least one of a signal transmission, a signal reception, a clock running, a memory writing, a memory reading, etc. For the very limited power storage of the IoT device, in order to improve the system efficiency, e.g., the finish expected task (s) within a specific duration limit by the power storage, the implementations of the present disclosure may be provided to solve the following issues. In the first aspect, the implementations of the present disclosure may be applied to improve the availability duration of IoT devices. In the second aspect, the implementations of the present disclosure may be applied to reduce the latency, and / or improve the efficiency for an IoT device to complete the task (s) .
[0040] According to the implementations of the present disclosure, two solutions (or directions) (i.e., the first solution and the second solution discussed below) are proposed for solving the issues of the availability and unavailability of the IoT device (i.e., the IoT device becomes available or unavailable) .
[0041] In some implementations of the present disclosure, in an event that the IoT device becomes available, the IoT device may be capable of performing at least one of a signal transmission, a signal reception, a clock running, a volatile memory (VM) writing or reading, a non-volatile memory (NVM) writing or reading, and an energy harvesting (EH) .
[0042] In some implementations of the present disclosure, in an event that the IoT device becomes unavailable, the IoT device may be capable of performing at least one of an EH, a VM maintaining, an NVM maintaining, and a clock running.
[0043] Specifically, according to the implementations of the present disclosure, the IoT device may become available or unavailable based on whether the stored energy is sufficient for at least signal transmission or reception. In an example, when the device becomes available, the IoT device may be capable of at least one signal transmission, a signal reception, a signal monitoring, a signal detection, a clock running, a VM writing or reading, an NVM writing or reading, and energy harvesting. In another example, when an IoT device becomes unavailable, the IoT device may not be capable of signal transmission, signal reception, signal monitoring, and signal detection, and may be capable of energy harvesting and / or NVM maintaining (i.e., the information stored in NVM is retained) . Whether the IoT device is capable of VM maintenance (i.e., the information stored in VM is not retained by default) may depend on the energy status when the IoT device becomes unavailable. For example, if the remaining energy is no less than a threshold for maintaining a VM, the IoT device may be capable of maintaining the VM when the IoT device becomes unavailable. Otherwise, the IoT device may not be capable of VM maintenance when the IoT device becomes unavailable. In addition, regarding the clock running, when the IoT device becomes unavailable, two clock capabilities may be defined. The first clock capability (e.g., clock-capability#1) may be without the clock running. The second clock capability (e.g., clock-capability#2) may be with the clock running. For the clock-capability#2, the clock-capability#2 may be further divided into different sub-capabilities (e.g., clock-capability#2-1, clock-capability#2-2) based on the clock characteristics, e.g., the clock power consumption and / or the accuracy, e.g., the sampling frequency offset.
[0044] According to the implementations of the present disclosure, in the first solution (e.g., Solution#1 or Direction 1) , an apparatus (e.g., a reader (e.g., the UE 110) for different IoT topologies) may not provide information to an IoT device (e.g., IoT device with type 1 (i.e., the device 1) ) regarding when the IoT device may become available or unavailable. That is, in the first solution, the IoT device may determine to become available or unavailable based on device energy status. For example, if the stored energy or remaining energy of the IoT device is not less than a threshold or a percentage, e.g., 100%, 70%, X%, etc., compared to the device energy storage size, the IoT device may become available. The IoT device may be capable of performing the above operations or functions when the IoT device becomes available. Otherwise, if the stored energy of the IoT device is smaller than a threshold or a percentage, e.g., 70%, 50%, Y%, etc., compared to the device energy storage size, the IoT device may become unavailable. The IoT device may be capable of performing the above operations or functions when the IoT device becomes unavailable. In addition, for the first solution, when the IoT device is unavailable, the first clock capability (e.g., clock-capability#1) may be applied.
[0045] According to the implementations of the present disclosure, in the second solution (e.g., solution#2 or Direction 2) , an apparatus (e.g., a reader (e.g., the UE 110) for different IoT topologies) may provide information to an IoT device (e.g., the IoT device with type 2a or 2b (i.e., device 2a or device 2b) ) based on which the IoT device may become available or unavailable. That is, in the second solution, the IoT device may become available or unavailable based on the information provided by the apparatus. Specifically, according to the implementations of the present disclosure, the apparatus may receive an energy status report from an IoT device. Then, the apparatus may determine information according to the energy status report. The information may indicate that the IoT device becomes available or unavailable. Then, the apparatus may transmit the information to the IoT device.
[0046] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, in the second solution, for the IoT device side, the energy storage related information or energy storage information is reported to the reader. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the energy status report from the IoT device may comprise energy storage related information. The energy storage related information may comprise at least one of a capacitor size, an energy storage size, an energy storage capacity, and a device type. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the energy status report from the IoT device may comprise energy storage information. The energy storage information may comprise at least one of a measured energy status, a remaining energy amount, and an availability duration.
[0047] Specifically, in an event that the IoT device is not capable of measuring or judging the remaining energy storage, the IoT device may report the energy storage related information to the apparatus after the connection between the IoT device and the apparatus has been established. For example, the energy storage related information (e.g., the capacitor size, the energy storage size, the energy storage capacity, device type, etc. ) may be reported by the IoT device to the reader through a D2R transmission or through a physical D2R channel (PDRCH) . Based on the reported energy storage related information, the apparatus may estimate the availability status or duration of the IoT device.
[0048] In an event that the IoT device is capable of measuring or judging the remaining energy storage, the IoT device may dynamically report the energy storage related information (e.g., the measured energy status, e.g., remaining energy amount and / or availability duration) to the apparatus through a D2R transmission or a PDRCH channel. For example, the IoT device may calculate the availability duration based on the measured energy status, and then report its availability duration to the apparatus through the PRDCH channel. In addition, the reported energy status may be the remaining energy amount. The apparatus may estimate the availability status or duration of the IoT device according to the remaining energy amount.
[0049] According to some implementations of the present disclosure, in the second solution (e.g., solution#2 or Direction 2) , for the apparatus side, the information transmitted from the apparatus to the IoT device may be a dynamic scheduling.
[0050] In an implementation of the present disclosure, the dynamic scheduling may be determined based on a prioritized scheduling.
[0051] Specifically, for the prioritized scheduling, the mechanism for the dynamic scheduling may be an energy-based prioritized triggering. For example, based on the reported energy storage related information or energy storage information from the IoT device, or based on the report device availability status or duration estimation, the apparatus may transmit a prioritized scheduling or a prioritized access to the IoT device. That is, based on the prioritized scheduling or the prioritized access provided by the apparatus, the IoT device (or IoT devices) with the prioritized scheduling or the prioritized access may become available first. In addition, the IoT device (or IoT devices) without the prioritized scheduling or the prioritized access (i.e., with the de-prioritized scheduling or the de-prioritized access) may become unavailable first, and become available later. For example, for a specific IoT device or a group of IoT devices with availability duration or energy storage size smaller than a threshold, and / or for a specific IoT device or a group of IoT devices with a faster charging or energy harvesting duration (e.g., a smaller energy storage size, and / or a closer distance from the apparatus) , the IoT device (or IoT devices) may be scheduled with a prioritization (e.g., by allocating earlier time resource (s) or access slot (s) or by indicating an earlies transition to available) . Otherwise, the IoT device (or IoT devices) may be scheduled with a de-prioritization (e.g., by allocating later time resource (s) or access slot (s) , or by indicating an unavailable transition first for a duration before the communication with prioritized scheduling is finished) , and scheduled a later triggering for available transition after the communication with prioritized scheduling is finished.
[0052] In another implementation of the present disclosure, the dynamic scheduling may be determined based on a slotted-ALOHA access.
[0053] In some implementations of the present disclosure, the IoT device may become unavailable in an event that a slotted-ALOHA counter value is not less than a threshold. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the IoT device may become available based on a time occasion. In an example, the time occasion may be determined by the apparatus. In another example, the time occasion may be determined according to a duration. The duration may comprise at least one of an R2D transmission duration, a D2R transmission duration, a reader waiting or processing duration and a device waiting or processing duration. In addition, in an event that the time occasion is determined according to the duration, the time occasion may be further determined according to a gap or a margin based on at least one of a device type, a device capability, and a device sampling frequency offset (SFO) value. In some implementations of the present disclosure, the apparatus may transmit a count-down signaling to the IoT device. The count-down signaling may comprise at least one of the transmission times of the count-down signaling and a count-down signaling transmission index.
[0054] For the slotted-ALOHA access, the mechanism for the dynamic scheduling may be the slotted-ALOHA-based opportunistic triggering. For example, for the IoT device scheduled by a slotted-ALOHA access, after the random slotted-ALOHA counter is generated, the IoT device (or IoT devices) with the slotted-ALOHA counter value which is not less than a threshold (e.g., 3) may become unavailable. However, for the mechanism of the slotted-ALOHA access, two issues may need to be solved. The first issue is that the device becomes unavailable after the random slotted-ALOHA counter generation, when the IoT device becomes available from unavailable. The second issue is how the IoT device determines its slotted-ALOHA counter value or access occasion after the IoT device becomes available from unavailable. For the first issue, one solution is that the IoT device may report the slotted-ALOHA counter value to the apparatus (e.g., a reader) . Then the apparatus can indicate a time duration based on a selection from the reported slotted-ALOHA counter value (s) for determining when the IoT device (or IoT devices) or a group of IoT devices becomes available. The selection may generate multiple time durations, each corresponding to one UE. Alternatively, the selection may generate a time duration for a group of UEs. For example, the time duration may be a time length starting from the time occasion that the R2D transmission (e.g., a paging message) is transmitted from the apparatus, or that the R2D transmission is received by the IoT device. In addition, in the indication from the apparatus, each IoT device may have a device ID, and / or each IoT device group may have a device group ID. Another solution is that a fixed reference duration Tref may be (pre-) defined or (pre-) configured. In an implementation, the fixed duration may be a minimum duration only considering the case of an empty access occasion (i.e., the occasion with only one R2D transmission (e.g., the Msg. 0 of count-down signal and / or QueryRep signal) duration and no corresponding D2R response) . In the implementation, the fixed duration Tref may comprise a R2D transmission duration TR2D_trans and a reader waiting or processing duration Treader_wwith a (pre-) defined or (pre-) configured value, i.e., Tref= TR2D_trans+Treader_w. Then, in an event that the IoT device becomes unavailable after generating the random slotted-ALOHA counter with value q, the IoT device may become available in (q-n) ×Tref-Tgap. The value of n may be (pre-) defined or (pre-) configured, e.g., n =2 and q > n. The Tgap may be a gap comprising the durations based on at least one of the device type or capability, the device SFO value, the minimum processing timing for Rx or Tx of the IoT device, and the additional margin to avoid missing the target access occasion in the collision status. In an event that n=2, the IoT device may switch from unavailable to available after (q-2) ×Tref-Tgap since the IoT device became unavailable. After (q-n) ×Tref-Tgap, at least one R2D transmission (e.g., the Msg. 0 of count-down and / or QueryRep signal) from the apparatus for indicating the count-down information may be received by the IoT device. The count-down information may comprise at least one of the transmission times of the count-down signaling and a count-down signaling transmission index. Based on the specific count-down information, the IoT device may be able to calculate the slotted-ALOHA counter value after the IoT device receives the R2D transmission (e.g., the Msg. 0 of count-down and / or QueryRep signal) . In another implementation, the fixed duration Tref may be a maximum duration based on the non-empty access occasion, i.e., the occasion comprising M R2D transmission duration (s) TR2D_trans (i.e., one or multiple, same or different R2D transmission duration (s) TR2D_trans, (e.g., the Msg. 0, the Msg. 2, etc. ) ) , N D2R transmission duration (s) TD2R_trans (i.e., one or multiple, same or different D2R transmission duration (s) TD2R_trans, e.g., the Msg. 1, the Msg. 3, etc. ) , P1 waiting or processing duration (s) Treader_w at the apparatus (or reader) side (i.e., one or multiple, same or different waiting or processing duration (s) Treader_w at the apparatus (or reader) side) , and / or P2 waiting or processing duration (s) at the IoT device side Tdevice_w (i.e., one or multiple, same or different waiting or processing duration (s) Treader_w at the IoT device side) . In this implementation, the fixed duration Tref may be calculated based on all the above mentioned R2D transmission duration (s) , D2R transmission duration (s) , reader waiting or processing duration (s) , and / or device waiting or processing duration (s) . It should be noted that, as mentioned above, based on the specific transmission signal (e.g., the Msg. 0 or the Msg. 2) , each R2D transmission duration may be the same or different. Similar principle may also apply to the D2R transmission duration, the reader waiting or processing duration, and the device waiting or processing duration. Based on the above discussion, the fixed duration Tref may be represented as Then, in an event that the IoT device becomes unavailable after generating the random slotted-ALOHA counter with value q, the IoT device may switch to available after (q-n) ×Tref-Tgap. It should be noted that, for different fixed duration definitions, the value of Tgap may be different, and all parameters may be in a time unit, e.g., second.
[0055] For slotted-ALOHA-based triggering, regarding the second issue, after the IoT device becomes available from unavailable, the IoT device may determine its slotted-ALOHA counter value or access occasion. One solution is that when the apparatus transmits the Msg. 0 (e.g., count-down and / or QueryRep signal) , the apparatus may also indicate the transmission times of the current Msg. 0. That is, a count-down signaling counter for counting how many times the Msg. 0 or the count-down signaling is transmitted may be maintained by the apparatus, and the apparatus may transmit the value of count-down signaling counter together with the Msg. 0 (e.g., count-down signaling) . For example, for the first, second, and Xth count-down signaling transmissions, the apparatus may also transmit the count-down signaling counter value as 1, 2, and X, respectively, together with the count-down signaling. After the IoT device receives the signaling of count-down and count-down signaling counter, the IoT device may be aware of the transmission time at which the count-down signaling is transmitted. Therefore, the IoT device may be able to calculate the slotted-ALOHA counter value based on the count-down signaling counter value. For example, if the value of count-down signaling counter is c, the IoT device may calculate the value of the slotted-ALOHA counter as q-c after the IoT device receives the R2D transmission, e.g., count-down signaling, containing the corresponding count-down signaling counter the first time after the IoT device switches from unavailable to available. Based on the new calculated value q-c of the slotted-ALOHA counter, the legacy slotted-ALOHA procedures may be utilized by the IoT device in the following procedures. That is, when the IoT device receives a count-down signaling after the first one / time when the device switches from unavailable to available, the slotted-ALOHA counter may be decreased by 1. When the slotted-ALOHA counter is decreased to 0, the IoT device may transmit the corresponding D2R transmission. In addition, if the count-down signaling counter value is not transmitted by the apparatus, the IoT device may transmit the corresponding D2R at the occasion after the occasion that the IoT device switches from unavailable to available.
[0056] FIG. 6 illustrates an example scenario 600 for a dynamic scheduling of slotted-ALOHA-based opportunistic triggering in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 600 involves an apparatus (e.g., a reader) and a plurality of IoT devices. Referring to FIG. 6, at the beginning of the inventory, the apparatus (i.e., the Reader) may transmit a query or paging message to indicate the Q value (e.g., Q=3) of the slotted-ALOHA. After the IoT device receives the query or paging message, a slotted-ALOHA counter may be randomly generated in the range of [0, 2Q-1] . Within the coverage of the apparatus, there may be three IoT devices indexed as Device 1, Device 2, and Device 3 with the random slotted-ALOHA counter q of 1, 4, and 6 (i.e., q=1, q=4, and q=6) . In an example, the threshold for determining whether the IoT device becomes unavailable is assumed as Thre = 2. Therefore, the Device 2 with (q=4>Thre) and Device 3 with (q=6>Thre) may become unavailable. The Device 1 with (q=1<Thre) may become available. Then, for the Device 1, based on the QueryRep information in the following transmission of QueryRep with the count-down signaling (CDS) counter from the apparatus, the Device 1 may decrease its slotted-ALOHA counter by 1 when it receives the transmission of QueryRep with the CDS counter. When the slotted-ALOHA counter of the Device 1 is decreased to 0, the corresponding communication between the Device 1 and the apparatus can be performed, i.e., the Msg. 1, Msg. 2, and Msg. 3 transmissions illustrating in FIG. 6. It is assumed n = 2. For the Device 2 or the Device 3, based on the clock running, the Device 2 or the Device 3 may become available after a duration of (q-2) ×Tref-Tgap. Then, based on the CDS-counter value in the following transmission of QueryRep with the CDS counter from the apparatus, the Device 2 or Device 3 may determine its slotted-ALOHA counter value. For example, after Device 2 becomes available, the Device 2 may receive a QueryRep with the CDS counter = 3, then the Device 2 may determine its slotted-ALOHA counter value as 4-3=1. The Device 2 may decrease its slotted-ALOHA counter by 1 when the Device 2 further receives the transmission of QueryRep with the CDS counter. When the slotted-ALOHA counter of Device 2 is decreased to 0, the corresponding communication between the Device 2 and the apparatus may be performed, i.e., the Msg. 1, Msg. 2, and Msg. 3 transmissions illustrating in FIG. 6. Similar procedures may also be applied for Device 3.
[0057] In addition, according to some implementations of the present disclosure, the dynamic scheduling may also be determined based on a task-based dedicated device triggering. Specifically, the IoT device (or IoT devices) and / or IoT device group (or IoT device groups) targeted for a task may be indicated by the apparatus via the device ID (or IDs) and / or device group ID (or IDs) in the initial transmission, e.g., a paging transmission. Then, only the device (s) and / or device group (s) corresponding to the device ID (or IDs) and / or device group ID (or IDs) may stay in available. Other device (s) and / or device group (s) may stay in unavailable. It should be noted that for the dynamical scheduling, the above implementations can be applied simultaneously. For example, the slotted-ALOHA-based opportunistic triggering may be applied together with the task-based dedicated device triggering.
[0058] According to some implementations of the disclosure, in the second solution (e.g., solution#2 or Direction 2) , for the apparatus side, the apparatus may provide the information for triggering or assisting the IoT device transition between available and unavailable. Specifically, the information may be the periodic scheduling for triggering an IoT device transition between available and unavailable. The information may indicate that the transition condition is periodic and indicate the value of periodicity through the PRDCH.
[0059] According to some implementations of the disclosure, in the second solution (e.g., solution#2 or Direction 2) , for the apparatus side, the apparatus may provide the information for triggering or assisting the IoT device transition between available and unavailable. Specifically, the information may be a pre-defined trigger. The information may be (pre-) defined / (pre-) configured for a time duration. If there is no expected R2D transmission within a pre-defined duration, the IoT device may become (or transit to) unavailable.
[0060] FIG. 7 illustrates an example scenario 700 for IoT device operations in accordance with implementations of the present disclosure. Scenario 700 involves an apparatus (e.g., a reader) and an IoT device. Referring to FIG. 7, after the device initialization, if the energy level is not less than a threshold (e.g., 70%, or a value for supporting the IoT device Tx or Rx for a specific duration) , the IoT device may become available. Otherwise, if the energy level is less than the threshold, the IoT device may become unavailable. If the IoT device is unavailable, the IoT device may perform EH. Then, if the energy level is not less than the threshold, the IoT device may switch to available. Otherwise, the IoT device may still be unavailable. If the IoT device is available, the IoT device may perform the functions supported when the IoT device is available, e.g., signal transmission and / or signal reception. Then, the IoT device may determine whether the energy level is less than the threshold. If the energy level is less than the threshold, the IoT device may switch to unavailable. Otherwise, if the energy level is not less than the threshold and if the IoT device (e.g., Device 1) supports the Clock-capability#1 (i.e., without the clock running) as aforementioned, the IoT device (i.e., Device 1) may still be available. Otherwise, if the energy level is no less than a threshold and if the IoT device (e.g., Device 2) support Clock-capability#2 (i.e., with clock running) as aforementioned, the IoT device (i.e., Device 2) may further determine whether the IoT device supports the transition between available and unavailable based on the second solution (e.g., Solution#2 or Direction 2) aforementioned. If the IoT device does not support the transition between available and unavailable based on the second solution (i.e., not capable of S2) , the IoT device may still be available. Otherwise, if the IoT device supports the transition between available and unavailable based on the second solution (i.e., capable of S2) , the IoT device determines whether switch to unavailable based on the mechanisms in the second solution as described before, e.g., the energy-based prioritized triggering, the slotted-ALOHA-based opportunistic triggering, and task-based dedicated device triggering. That is, the IoT device may determine whether to stay available, or switch to unavailable. If the IoT device determines to switch to unavailable, the IoT device may perform EH and run a clock (i.e., Clocl-capability#2) . Then, the IoT device may determine whether to stay unavailable, or switch to available based on its running clock and the information or scheduling provided by the apparatus. Illustrative Implementations
[0061] FIG. 8 illustrates an example communication system 800 having at least an example communication apparatus 810 and an example network apparatus 820 in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure. Each of communication apparatus 810 and network apparatus 820 may perform various functions to implement schemes, techniques, processes and methods described herein pertaining to IoT signal transmission, including the various schemes described above with respect to various proposed designs, concepts, schemes and methods described above and with respect to user equipment and network apparatus in mobile communications, including scenarios / schemes described above as well as process 900 and process 1000 described below.
[0062] Communication apparatus 810 may be a part of an electronic apparatus, which may be a UE such as a portable or mobile apparatus, a wearable apparatus, a wireless communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. For instance, communication apparatus 810 may be implemented in a smartphone, a smartwatch, a personal digital assistant, an electronic control unit (ECU) in a vehicle, a digital camera, or a computing equipment such as a tablet computer, a laptop computer or a notebook computer. Communication apparatus 810 may also be a part of a machine type apparatus, which may be an IoT, NB-IoT, eMTC, IIoT UE such as an immobile or a stationary apparatus, a home apparatus, a roadside unit (RSU) , a wire communication apparatus or a computing apparatus. For instance, communication apparatus 810 may be implemented in a smart thermostat, a smart fridge, a smart door lock, a wireless speaker or a home control center. Alternatively, communication apparatus 810 may be implemented in the form of one or more integrated-circuit (IC) chips such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, one or more reduced-instruction set computing (RISC) processors, or one or more complex-instruction-set-computing (CISC) processors. Communication apparatus 810 may include at least some of those components shown in FIG. 8 such as a processor 812, for example. Communication apparatus 810 may further include one or more other components not pertinent to the proposed schemes of the present disclosure (e.g., internal power supply, display device and / or user interface device) , and, thus, such component (s) of communication apparatus 810 are neither shown in FIG. 8 nor described below in the interest of simplicity and brevity.
[0063] Network apparatus 820 may be a part of an electronic apparatus, which may be a network node such as a satellite, a BS, a small cell, a router or a gateway of an IoT network. For instance, network apparatus 820 may be implemented in a satellite or an eNB / gNB / TRP in a 4G / 5G / B5G / 6G, NR, IoT, NB-IoT or IIoT network. Alternatively, network apparatus 820 may be implemented in the form of one or more IC chips such as, for example and without limitation, one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, or one or more RISC or CISC processors. Network apparatus 820 may include at least some of those components shown in FIG. 8 such as a processor 822, for example. Network apparatus 820 may further include one or more other components not pertinent to the proposed scheme of the present disclosure (e.g., internal power supply, display device and / or user interface device) , and, thus, such component (s) of network apparatus 820 are neither shown in FIG. 8 nor described below in the interest of simplicity and brevity.
[0064] In one aspect, each of processor 812 and processor 822 may be implemented in the form of one or more single-core processors, one or more multi-core processors, or one or more CISC processors. That is, even though a singular term “a processor” is used herein to refer to processor 812 and processor 822, each of processor 812 and processor 822 may include multiple processors in some implementations and a single processor in other implementations in accordance with the present disclosure. In another aspect, each of processor 812 and processor 822 may be implemented in the form of hardware (and, optionally, firmware) with electronic components including, for example and without limitation, one or more transistors, one or more diodes, one or more capacitors, one or more resistors, one or more inductors, one or more memristors and / or one or more varactors that are configured and arranged to achieve specific purposes in accordance with the present disclosure. In other words, in at least some implementations, each of processor 812 and processor 822 is a special-purpose machine specifically designed, arranged and configured to perform specific tasks, including improving sustainability of IoT device, in a device (e.g., as represented by communication apparatus 810) and a network node (e.g., as represented by network apparatus 820) in accordance with various implementations of the present disclosure.
[0065] In some implementations, communication apparatus 810 may also include a transceiver 816 coupled to processor 812 and capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some implementations, transceiver 816 may be capable of wirelessly communicating with different types of UEs and / or wireless networks of different radio access technologies (RATs) . In some implementations, transceiver 816 may be equipped with a plurality of antenna ports (not shown) such as, for example, four antenna ports. That is, transceiver 816 may be equipped with multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications. In some implementations, network apparatus 820 may also include a transceiver 826 coupled to processor 822. Transceiver 826 may include a transceiver capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. In some implementations, transceiver 826 may be capable of wirelessly communicating with different types of UEs of different RATs. In some implementations, transceiver 826 may be equipped with a plurality of antenna ports (not shown) such as, for example, four antenna ports. That is, transceiver 826 may be equipped with multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas for MIMO wireless communications.
[0066] In some implementations, communication apparatus 810 may further include a memory 814 coupled to processor 812 and capable of being accessed by processor 812 and storing data therein. In some implementations, network apparatus 820 may further include a memory 824 coupled to processor 822 and capable of being accessed by processor 822 and storing data therein. Each of memory 814 and memory 824 may include a type of random-access memory (RAM) such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , thyristor RAM (T-RAM) and / or zero-capacitor RAM (Z-RAM) . Alternatively, or additionally, each of memory 814 and memory 824 may include a type of read-only memory (ROM) such as mask ROM, programmable ROM (PROM) , erasable programmable ROM (EPROM) and / or electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) . Alternatively, or additionally, each of memory 814 and memory 824 may include a type of non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) such as flash memory, solid-state memory, ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) and / or phase-change memory.
[0067] Each of communication apparatus 810 and network apparatus 820 may be a communication entity capable of communicating with each other using various proposed schemes in accordance with the present disclosure. For illustrative purposes and without limitation, descriptions of capabilities of communication apparatus 810, as a UE, and network apparatus 820, as a network node (e.g., TRP) , are provided below with process 900 and process 1000. Illustrative Processes
[0068] FIG. 9 illustrates an example process 900 in accordance with an implementation of the present disclosure. Process 900 may be an example implementation of above scenarios / schemes, whether partially or completely, with respect to IoT signal transmission with the present disclosure. Process 900 may represent an aspect of implementation of features of communication apparatus 810. Process 900 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more of blocks 910, 920 and 930. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks of process 900 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Moreover, the blocks of process 900 may be executed in the order shown in FIG. 9 or, alternatively, in a different order. Process 900 may be implemented by any suitable reader apparatus (e.g., communication apparatus 810 and or network apparatus 820) . Solely for illustrative purposes and without limitation, process 900 is described below in the context of communication apparatus 810. Process 900 may begin at block 910.
[0069] At block 910, process 900 may involve processor 812 of communication apparatus 810 receiving, via transceiver 816, an energy status report from an IoT device. Process 900 may proceed from block 910 to block 920.
[0070] At block 920, process 900 may involve processor 812 determining information according to the energy status report. The information may indicate that the IoT device becomes available or unavailable. Process 900 may proceed from block 920 to block 930.
[0071] At block 930, process 900 may involve processor 812 transmitting, via transceiver 816, the information to the IoT device.
[0072] In some implementations, in an event that the IoT device becomes available, the IoT device may be capable of performing at least one of a signal transmission, a signal reception, a clock running, a VM writing or reading, a NVM writing or reading, and an EH.
[0073] In some implementations, in an event that the IoT device becomes unavailable, the IoT device may be capable of performing at least one of an energy harvesting (EH) , a volatile memory (VM) maintaining, a non-volatile memory (NVM) maintaining, and a clock running.
[0074] In some implementations, the energy status report may comprise energy storage related information. The energy storage related information may comprise at least one of a capacitor size, an energy storage size, an energy storage capacity, and a device type.
[0075] In some implementations, the energy status report may comprise energy storage information. The energy storage information may comprise at least one of a measured energy status, a remaining energy amount, and an availability duration.
[0076] In some implementations, the information may be a dynamic scheduling. The dynamic scheduling may be determined based on a prioritized scheduling or a slotted-ALOHA access.
[0077] In some implementations, the IoT device may become unavailable in an event that a slotted-ALOHA counter value is not less than a threshold.
[0078] In some implementations, the IoT device may become available based on a time occasion. The time occasion may be determined by the reader, or the time occasion may be determined according to a duration. The duration may comprise at least one of an R2D transmission duration, a D2R transmission duration, a reader waiting or processing duration and a device waiting or processing duration.
[0079] In some implementations, in an event that the time occasion is determined according to the duration, the time occasion may be further determined according to a gap or a margin based on at least one of a device type, a device capability, and a device SFO value.
[0080] In some implementations, process 900 may involve processor 812 transmitting, via transceiver 816, a count-down signaling to the IoT device. The count-down signaling may comprise at least one of transmission times of the count-down signaling and a count-down signaling transmission index.
[0081] FIG. 10 illustrates an example process 1000 in accordance with another implementation of the present disclosure. Process 1000 may be an example implementation of above scenarios / schemes, whether partially or completely, with respect to IoT signal transmission with the present disclosure. Process 1000 may represent an aspect of implementation of features of communication apparatus 810. Process 1000 may include one or more operations, actions, or functions as illustrated by one or more of blocks 1010, 1020, and 1030. Although illustrated as discrete blocks, various blocks of process 1000 may be divided into additional blocks, combined into fewer blocks, or eliminated, depending on the desired implementation. Moreover, the blocks of process 1000 may be executed in the order shown in FIG. 10 or, alternatively, in a different order. Process 1000 may be implemented by communication apparatus 810 or any suitable IoT device. Solely for illustrative purposes and without limitation, process 1000 is described below in the context of communication apparatus 810. Process 1000 may begin at block 1010.
[0082] At block 1010, process 1000 may involve processor 812 of communication apparatus 810 transmitting, via transceiver 816, an energy status report to a reader. Process 1000 may proceed from block 1010 to block 1020.
[0083] At block 1020, process 1000 may involve processor 812 receiving, via transceiver 816, information in response to the energy status report from the reader. Process 1000 may proceed from block 1020 to block 1030.
[0084] At block 1030, process 1000 may involve processor 812 determining to become available or unavailable according to the information.
[0085] In some implementations, in an event that the IoT device becomes available, the IoT device may be capable of performing at least one of a signal transmission, a signal reception, a clock running, a VM writing or reading, an NVM writing or reading, and an EH.
[0086] In some implementations, in an event that the IoT device becomes unavailable, the IoT device is capable of performing at least one of an EH, a VM maintaining, an NVM maintaining, and a clock running.
[0087] In some implementations, the energy status report may comprise energy storage related information. The energy storage related information may comprise at least one of a capacitor size, an energy storage size, an energy storage capacity, and a device type.
[0088] In some implementations, the energy status report may comprise energy storage information. The energy storage information may comprise at least one of a measured energy status, a remaining energy amount, and an availability duration.
[0089] In some implementations, the information may be a dynamic scheduling. The dynamic scheduling may be determined based on a prioritized scheduling or a slotted-ALOHA access.
[0090] In some implementations, the IoT device may become unavailable in an event that a slotted-ALOHA counter value is not less than a threshold.
[0091] In some implementations, the IoT device may become available based on a time occasion. The time occasion may be determined by the reader, or the time occasion may be determined according to a duration. The duration may comprise at least one of an R2D transmission duration, a D2R transmission duration, a reader waiting or processing duration and a device waiting or processing duration.
[0092] In some implementations, in an event that the time occasion is determined according to the duration, the time occasion may be determined according to a gap or a margin based on at least one of a device type, a device capability, and a device SFO value.
[0093] In some implementations, process 1000 may involve processor 812 receiving, via transceiver 816, a count-down signaling from the reader. The count-down signaling may comprise at least one of transmission times of the count-down signaling and a count-down signaling transmission index. Additional Notes
[0094] The herein-described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively "associated" such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as "associated with" each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being "operably connected" , or "operably coupled" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being "operably couplable" , to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and / or physically interacting components and / or wirelessly interactable and / or wirelessly interacting components and / or logically interacting and / or logically interactable components.
[0095] Further, with respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application. The various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
[0096] Moreover, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims, e.g., bodies of the appended claims, are generally intended as “open” terms, e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to, ” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least, ” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to, ” etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to implementations containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an, " e.g., “a” and / or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more; ” the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number, e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations, " without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations. Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc. ” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention, e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc. It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B. ”
[0097] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various implementations of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the various implementations disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
A method, comprising:receiving, by a processor of a reader, an energy status report from an Internet of Things (IoT) device;determining, by the processor, information according to the energy status report, wherein the information indicates that the IoT device becomes available or unavailable; andtransmitting, by the processor, the information to the IoT device.The method of Claim 1, wherein in an event that the IoT device becomes available, the IoT device is capable of performing at least one of a signal transmission, a signal reception, a clock running, a volatile memory (VM) writing or reading, a non-volatile memory (NVM) writing or reading, and an energy harvesting (EH) .The method of Claim 1, wherein in an event that the IoT device becomes unavailable, the IoT device is capable of performing at least one of an energy harvesting (EH) , a volatile memory (VM) maintaining, a non-volatile memory (NVM) maintaining, and a clock running.The method of Claim 1, wherein the energy status report comprises energy storage related information, and wherein the energy storage related information comprises at least one of a capacitor size, an energy storage size, an energy storage capacity, and a device type.The method of Claim 1, wherein the energy status report comprises energy storage information, and wherein the energy storage information comprises at least one of a measured energy status, a remaining energy amount, and an availability duration.The method of Claim 1, wherein the information is a dynamic scheduling, and wherein the dynamic scheduling is determined based on a prioritized scheduling or a slotted-ALOHA access.The method of Claim 1, wherein the IoT device becomes unavailable in an event that a slotted-ALOHA counter value is not less than a threshold.The method of Claim 1, wherein the IoT device becomes available based on a time occasion, wherein the time occasion is determined by the reader, or the time occasion is determined according to a duration, and wherein the duration comprises at least one of a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission duration, a device-to-reader duration (D2R) transmission duration, a reader waiting or processing duration and a device waiting or processing duration.The method of Claim 8, wherein in an event that the time occasion is determined according to the duration, the time occasion is further determined according to a gap or a margin based on at least one of a device type, a device capability, and a device sampling frequency offset (SFO) value.The method of Claim 1, wherein the method further comprises:transmitting, by the processor, a count-down signaling to the IoT device,wherein the count-down signaling comprises at least one of transmission times of the count-down signaling and a count-down signaling transmission index.A method, comprising:transmitting, by a processor of an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an energy status report to a reader;receiving, by the processor, information in response to the energy status report from the reader; anddetermining, by the processor, to become available or unavailable according to the information.The method of Claim 11, wherein in an event that the IoT device becomes available, the IoT device is capable of performing at least one of a signal transmission, a signal reception, a clock running, a volatile memory (VM) writing or reading, a non-volatile memory (NVM) writing or reading, and an energy harvesting (EH) .The method of Claim 11, wherein in an event that the IoT device becomes unavailable, the IoT device is capable of performing at least one of an energy harvesting (EH) , a volatile memory (VM) maintaining, a non-volatile memory (NVM) maintaining, and a clock running.The method of Claim 11, wherein the energy status report comprises energy storage related information, and wherein the energy storage related information comprises at least one of a capacitor size, an energy storage size, an energy storage capacity, and a device type.The method of Claim 11, wherein the energy status report comprises energy storage information, and wherein the energy storage information comprises at least one of a measured energy status, a remaining energy amount, and an availability duration.The method of Claim 11, wherein the information is a dynamic scheduling, and wherein the dynamic scheduling is determined based on a prioritized scheduling or a slotted-ALOHA access.The method of Claim 11, wherein the IoT device becomes unavailable in an event that a slotted-ALOHA counter value is not less than a threshold.The method of Claim 11, wherein the IoT device becomes available based on a time occasion, wherein the time occasion is determined by the reader, or the time occasion is determined according to a duration, and wherein the duration comprises at least one of a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission duration, a device-to-reader duration (D2R) transmission duration, a reader waiting or processing duration and a device waiting or processing duration.The method of Claim 18, wherein in an event that the time occasion is determined according to the duration, the time occasion is determined according to a gap or a margin based on at least one of a device type, a device capability, and a device sampling frequency offset (SFO) value.The method of Claim 11, wherein the method further comprises:receiving, by the processor, a count-down signaling from the reader, wherein the count-down signaling comprises at least one of transmission times of the count-down signaling and a count-down signaling transmission index.
Citation Information
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