Radome and base station
Shark skin structures and flange designs on radomes address wind load issues in base stations, reducing drag and turbulence, improving stability and energy efficiency.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- TELEFONAKTIEBOLAGET LM ERICSSON (PUBL)
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-12
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-18
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Figure CN2024138846_18062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RADOME AND BASE STATIONTechnical Field
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to the technical field of communication device, and more particularly, to a radome and a base station comprising the radome.Background
[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate better understanding of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light and are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
[0003] As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, communication base stations have emerged as vital components of modern society. These stations facilitate the seamless operation of mobile networks, ensuring connectivity across vast areas. However, with the proliferation of base stations and their deployment in diverse environments, the challenge of wind load has become increasingly prominent. Wind load not only affects the structural stability of base stations but also leads to higher energy consumption and maintenance costs. Therefore, developing a structure that effectively reduces wind load is important.Summary
[0004] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0005] One of the objects of the disclosure is to provide a novel and improved solution for reducing wind load on base stations.
[0006] A first aspect of the disclosure relates to a radome, which comprises a windward face that substantially has a rectangular shape. Shark skin structures are provided on the windward face adjacent to and along four edges thereof to reduce wind load on the radome.
[0007] In an embodiment of the disclosure, each shark skin structure comprises three ridges arranged in a direction along an edge of the windward face, and a first height of a central ridge is larger than a second height of the other two ridges.
[0008] In an embodiment of the disclosure, a first length of the central ridge is larger than a second length of the other two ridges.
[0009] In an embodiment of the disclosure, a leading side of each ridge that faces the edge of the windward face has a first inclination angle, a trailing side of each ridge that is remote from the edge of the windward face has a second inclination angle, and the first inclination angle is smaller than the second inclination angle.
[0010] In an embodiment of the disclosure, the first inclination angle is in a range of 20~40°, and the second inclination angle is in a range of 50~70°.
[0011] In an embodiment of the disclosure, the shark skin structures are integrally molded on the windward face.
[0012] In an embodiment of the disclosure, the radome further comprises four side faces adjoining the windward face, and a flange structure is provided on at least one of the four side faces.
[0013] In an embodiment of the disclosure, the flange structure is designed and sized to guide airflow to reattach to the corresponding side face after separation and / or control formation of vortices.
[0014] In an embodiment of the disclosure, each of the four edges of the windward face is rounded or curved.
[0015] A second aspect of the disclosure relates to a base station, which comprises a radome as described above.
[0016] By understanding the sources of aerodynamic drag and applying nature-inspired shark skin structures, the aerodynamic performance of base station products can be significantly enhanced. This approach not only reduces drag but also improves stability and energy efficiency, offering a robust solution for modern engineering challenges.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0017] These and other objects, features and advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments thereof, which are to be read in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0018] FIG. 1 schematically shows a base station with radomes;
[0019] FIG. 2 shows an existing radome;
[0020] FIG. 3 shows airflows around the existing radome of FIG. 2;
[0021] FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B schematically show how rounded corners affect airflows and pressure differential on a base station product;
[0022] FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of a radome according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 6 shows a windward face of the radome of FIG. 5;
[0024] FIG. 7 shows an enlarged view of a corner portion of the radome of FIG. 5;
[0025] FIG. 8 shows airflows around the radome of FIG. 5;
[0026] FIG. 9 shows a microscopic structure of a shark skin;
[0027] FIGS. 10A-10C show a model and size proportions of a shark skin structure;
[0028] FIG. 11 shows airflows around a product with shark skin structures;
[0029] FIG. 12 shows airflows around a product without a flange structure;
[0030] FIG. 13 shows airflows around a product with a flange structure;
[0031] FIG. 14 shows airflows over a surface of a product equipped with shark skin structures in a wind field;
[0032] FIG. 15 shows an enlarged view of a corner portion of the product shown in FIG. 14.Detailed Description
[0033] The embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are discussed only for the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to better understand and thus implement the present disclosure, rather than suggesting any limitations on the scope of the present disclosure. Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in any single embodiment of the disclosure. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Those skilled in the relevant art will recognize that the disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the disclosure.
[0034] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and / or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a / an / the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.
[0035] As shown in FIG. 1, communication base stations are typically installed in elevated and exposed locations to maximize their coverage area. This positioning makes them particularly vulnerable to wind forces, especially in regions prone to strong winds, such as coastal areas or high-altitude locations.
[0036] FIG. 2 shows a radome 1’ of an existing base station product. The radome 1’ includes a windward face 11’ that substantially has a rectangular shape. FIG. 3 shows airflows around the radome 1’.
[0037] The impact of wind load on base stations, especially on radomes, can lead to several challenges. For example, persistent wind load can weaken the structural integrity of base stations, leading to potential damage or even collapse over time, and this risk necessitates robust design and construction, often leading to increased costs. Wind load also contributes to higher energy consumption, as additional power is required to stabilize antennas and other components against wind-induced movements. Moreover, increased wind-induced wear and tear can lead to more frequent maintenance requirements, driving up operational costs and potentially causing service disruptions.
[0038] The design of many communication base stations primarily considers functionality and structural stability rather than aerodynamics. Base stations are often rectangular or square towers, shapes that are not ideal from an aerodynamic perspective. Streamlined designs can better reduce wind load, but this aspect is often overlooked in base station design. Some examples in the existing literature show that vortex generators can be used to reduce wind load on antennas, while vortex generators need to work in conjunction with large rounded corners to effectively reduce wind load.
[0039] From an aerodynamic perspective, rounded corner designs can effectively reduce wind load for the following reasons. Sharp edges tend to cause flow separation, leading to vortices and turbulence as air moves over the surface of an object, and these turbulent areas significantly increase drag; rounded corners allow air to flow more smoothly around the object, reducing the occurrence of flow separation. When air flows over sharp edges, it creates low-pressure zones downstream of the object, increasing pressure drag; rounded designs improve the continuity of airflow, reducing the size of low-pressure zones and consequently lowering pressure drag. Rounded corners guide air more smoothly along the surface of the object, reducing the formation of turbulence and vortices, and this smooth flow reduces both friction drag and pressure drag. Turbulence and vortices not only increase drag but can also cause vibrations and noise, and rounded corner designs minimize these adverse aerodynamic effects, reducing vibration and noise in structures like communication base stations.
[0040] FIG. 4A shows the airflows and pressure differential on a base station product caused by wind, with positive pressure at the front and negative pressure due to vortex formation at the back. FIG. 4B shows that after increasing the corner radii around the base station product, the airflows adhere more closely to the surface, reducing the wake vortex and pressure differential, which decreases overall wind load.
[0041] However, designing base station structures with significantly large rounded corners is challenging. The constraints often arise from practical considerations such as structural integrity, space limitations, and the need to accommodate various equipment and antennas. Therefore, new ways are needed to reduce wind load in current base station designs. This involves exploring innovative aerodynamic modifications and design optimizations that can minimize drag. The goal is to improve efficiency and stability while maintaining the functionality and structural integrity of the base stations.
[0042] Aerodynamic wind load on base station products arises from several key factors: pressure drag; turbulence and vortex shedding; friction drag; and boundary layer dynamics.
[0043] More specifically, the shape of the base station influences how air flows around it. A bluff or non-streamlined shape causes the air pressure to be higher at the front and lower at the rear, resulting in pressure drag. In addition, when the airflow separates from the surface of the structure, it creates a low-pressure wake region behind the base station, increasing pressure drag.
[0044] As air flows past the base station, it can become turbulent and form vortices, especially behind the structure. These vortices contribute to increased drag and can cause unsteady forces on the structure.
[0045] The friction between the air and the surface of the base station causes friction drag. This is influenced by the texture and roughness of the surface, with smoother surfaces generally producing less drag.
[0046] The boundary layer is the thin layer of air close to the surface of the base station. Its behavior (whether laminar or turbulent) affects the drag. A thicker or more turbulent boundary layer increases drag.
[0047] Based on the above, a new solution is developed by the inventors to reduce wind load on base stations. From a biomimetic perspective, the new base station design mimics “shark skin” geometry on its surface, reducing wind separation and turbulence, and forming a thin boundary layer to optimize airflow. Downstream flanges capture airflows, enhancing surface conformity and significantly reducing wind load. This design further minimizes drag, even with small corner rounded.
[0048] FIGS. 5-7 show a radome 1 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, and FIG. 8 shows airflows around the radome 1.
[0049] As shown in FIGS. 5-7, the radome 1 includes a windward face 11 that substantially has a rectangular shape. The windward face 11 has four edges 12. In this embodiment, each of the four edges 12 is rounded. In other embodiments, the edges 12 may be curved or not. The radome 1 further includes four side faces 13, which adjoin the windward face 11 at the four edges 12, respectively. Normally, the windward face 11 will experience a greater wind pressure than the four side faces 13. A radiator such as a plate-fin heatsink may be mounted onto the back side of the radome 1 which is opposite to the windward face 11.
[0050] To reduce wind load on the radome 1, shark skin structures 2 are provided on the windward face 11 adjacent to and along the four edges 12 thereof. As the radome 1 is usually made of plastics or resins, the shark skin structures 2 can be easily formed on the windward face 11 by being integrally molded. In other embodiments, the shark skin structures 2 may be added to the windward face 11 by, for example, welding or gluing. In this embodiment, only a single row of shark skin structures 2 is provided for each edge 12 of the windward face 11. It can be understood that any of the four edges 12 may be provided with two or more rows of shark skin structures 2.
[0051] Shark skin reduces flow resistance due to its unique microstructure, which includes tiny, tooth-like scales known as dermal denticles. FIG. 9 shows the microscopic structure of a shark skin. Here are the key reasons why shark skin is effective in reducing drag:
[0052] ● Microgroove Structure
[0053] The grooved microstructure of dermal denticles helps to organize the flow of water (or air) into more streamlined patterns, reducing turbulence and chaotic eddies.
[0054] ● Turbulence Suppression
[0055] The microgrooves help in stabilizing the boundary layer, the thin layer of fluid close to the skin. By keeping the boundary layer more laminar and less turbulent, drag is reduced.
[0056] ● Vortex Generation
[0057] The unique shape and arrangement of the denticles can create small vortices that help prevent larger, more drag-inducing vortices from forming.
[0058] These characteristics enable sharks to swim efficiently through water, and similar principles can be applied to engineering to reduce aerodynamic drag on various surfaces.
[0059] It should be noted that the proposed solution can be applied not only to rectangular or square radomes as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, but also to radomes of any other shape, even to those having a cylindrical outer surface. Further, in addition to being disposed on the windward surface 11, the shark skin structures can also be disposed on the rounded edges 12 or other locations such as the side faces 13, according to the actual size and needs.
[0060] FIGS. 10A-10C show a model and size proportions of a shark skin structure 2 created in 3D modeling software.
[0061] As shown in FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B, the shark skin structure 2 comprises three ridges 21, 22, 23, which will be arranged in a direction along one of the four edges 12 of the windward face 11. A first height H1 of a central ridge 21 is larger than a second height H2 of the other two ridges 22, 23. The lowest point between two adjacent ridges 21 and 22 or two adjacent ridges 21 and 23 has a third height H3. A first length D1 of the central ridge 21 is larger than a second length D2 of the other two ridges 22, 23. The shark skin structure has a width W1, which is measured in a direction vertical to the ridges and between the outmost point of the ridge 22 and the outmost point of the ridge 23. Two adjacent ridges 21 and 22 or two adjacent ridges 21 and 23 has a spacing W2, which is measured in the direction vertical to the ridges and between the highest point of the two adjacent ridges.
[0062] As shown in FIG. 10C, a leading side of each ridge 21, 22, 23 has a first inclination angle θ1, and a trailing side of each ridge has a second inclination angle θ2. The first inclination angle θ1 is smaller than the second inclination angle θ2) . It should be noted that the leading side will face a corresponding edge 12 of the windward face 11, and the trailing side will be remote from the edge 12 of the windward face 11.
[0063] With reference to FIG. 5, supposing that the radome 1 has a length of 1000 mm and a width of 508 mm, and a height of the base station product comprising the radome 1 and the radiator is 280mm. It is preferred that each shark skin structure on the radome 1 has sizes of parameters as follows: D1 = 18~25 mm; D2 = 15~18 mm; H1 = 3~5 mm; H2 = 5~8 mm; H3 = 0.8~1.3 mm; W1 =13~17 mm; W2 = 4~6 mm; θ1 = 20~40°; θ2 = 50~70°. It can be understood that as the size of the base station product increases or decreases, the value of parameters D1, D2, H1, H2, H3, W1 and W2 may be increased or decreased accordingly.
[0064] FIG. 11 shows airflows on the front of a base station product with shark skin structures. Adding shark skin structures allows the airflows to adhere more closely to the product surface and creates small vortices between the shark skin structures and the corresponding edge of the windward face, preventing the formation of larger vortices and reducing wind load.
[0065] Adding flange structures is also an effective way to manage airflow and potentially reduce aerodynamic drag, although their primary function is not always to reduce the drag on the windward face directly. With back reference to FIGS. 5-8, a flange structure 3 is provided on each of the four side faces 13. In other embodiments, the flange structure 3 may be provided on only some of the four side faces 13. The flange structure 3 is designed and sized to guide airflow to reattach to the corresponding side face 13 after separation and / or control formation of vortices.
[0066] Here are some key points regarding the role of flange structures:
[0067] ● Flow Attachment
[0068] Flange structures can help guide airflow to reattach to the product surface after separation, reducing the size of the wake and potentially decreasing pressure drag on the entire product.
[0069] ● Vortex Control
[0070] By directing airflow, flange structures can help in controlling the formation of vortices, which are often a source of increased drag and instability.
[0071] ● Boundary Layer Stabilization
[0072] Properly designed flange structures can help maintain a more stable boundary layer, delaying separation and reducing drag on downstream parts of the product.
[0073] ● Indirect Drag Reduction
[0074] While the direct impact on the windward face’s drag may be limited, flange structures contribute to the overall aerodynamic efficiency of the product by managing the flow around it.
[0075] It should be noted that the effectiveness of flange structures in reducing drag depends significantly on their design, size, and placement. Poorly designed flange structures may increase drag instead of reducing it.
[0076] In summary, while flange structures primarily aid in controlling flow separation and managing vortices, they can contribute to reduced overall aerodynamic drag when integrated thoughtfully into a design.
[0077] FIG. 12 shows the airflow around a product without a flange structure, where flow separation at the rear results in a larger wake and increased wind load. FIG. 13 shows the airflow around a product with a flange structure, where the airflow reattaches to the product surface after separation, reducing the wake size and potentially decreasing the pressure drag on the entire product.
[0078] Moreover, the shark skin structures and the downstream flange structures have combined effects as follows: 1) The shark skin structures help maintain smoother initial airflow, while the flange structures ensure that this organized flow remains attached or reattaches downstream, so that overall drag can be minimized more effectively than either feature alone; 2) Reduced drag leads to less vibration and oscillation, enhancing the stability of the base station and potentially lowering energy consumption; 3) By leveraging the natural efficiency of the shark skin structures and the strategic flow management of the flange structures, base station products can achieve significant aerodynamic improvements.
[0079] Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations can be used to validate the aerodynamic modifications of adding shark skin structures and flange structures to a base station product, which offers a robust approach to understanding and optimizing airflow behavior. By adding shark skin structures and flange structures to the product surface, and optimizing the spacing, size, and placement of the shark skin structures, as well as adjusting the position of the flange structures, simulations show that the product’s aerodynamic drag can be reduced by up to 15%.
[0080] FIG. 14 shows airflows over a surface of a product equipped with shark skin structures in a wind field. The diagram reveals that as the wind flows over the product’s surface, it forms waterfall-like airflows that adhere more closely to the surface. This indicates enhanced flow attachment facilitated by the shark skin structures, which helps in reducing aerodynamic drag.
[0081] FIG. 15 shows an enlarged view of a corner portion of the product with shark skin structures. The close-up shows that the shark skin structures induce localized vortices as the wind passes over them. These vortices can play a role in managing and reducing turbulent flow, contributing to improved aerodynamic performance.
[0082] Compared to previous designs, the radome or the base station according to the present disclosure offers significant advantages. By applying the shark skin structures, aerodynamic efficiency is enhanced. The shark skin structures can reduce drag substantially, minimize airflow separation and turbulence, and create a thin boundary layer for smoother flow. It is not necessary to change current base station’s shape, thus ensuring compatibility.
[0083] Additionally, downstream flange structures can capture and guide airflows effectively. This improves flow adherence to the product surface.
[0084] As a result, wind load reduction is achieved significantly. Importantly, this is done without sacrificing much space. The compact design is both efficient and practical.
[0085] References in the present disclosure to “an embodiment” , “another embodiment” and so on, indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to implement such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0086] It should be understood that, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.
[0087] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. The terms “connect” , “connects” , “connecting” and / or “connected” used herein cover the direct and / or indirect connection between two elements.
[0088] The present disclosure includes any novel feature or combination of features disclosed herein either explicitly or any generalization thereof. Various modifications and adaptations to the foregoing exemplary embodiments of this disclosure may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, any and all modifications will still fall within the scope of the non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of this disclosure.
Claims
1.A radome (1) , comprising a windward face (11) that substantially has a rectangular shape, wherein shark skin structures (2) are provided on the windward face (11) adjacent to and along four edges (12) thereof to reduce wind load on the radome.2.The radome (1) according to claim 1, wherein each shark skin structure (2) comprises three ridges (21, 22, 23) arranged in a direction along an edge (12) of the windward face (11) , and a first height (H1) of a central ridge (21) is larger than a second height (H2) of the other two ridges (22, 23) .3.The radome (1) according to claim 2, wherein a first length (D1) of the central ridge (21) is larger than a second length (D2) of the other two ridges (22, 23) .4.The radome (1) according to claim 2 or 3, wherein a leading side of each ridge (21, 22, 23) that faces the edge (12) of the windward face (11) has a first inclination angle (θ1) , a trailing side of each ridge that is remote from the edge (12) of the windward face (11) has a second inclination angle (θ2) , and the first inclination angle (θ1) is smaller than the second inclination angle (θ2) .5.The radome (1) according to claim 4, wherein the first inclination angle (θ1) is in a range of 20~40°, and the second inclination angle (θ2) is in a range of 50~70°.6.The radome (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the shark skin structures (2) are integrally molded on the windward face (11) .7.The radome (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the radome further comprises four side faces (13) adjoining the windward face (11) , and a flange structure (3) is provided on at least one of the four side faces (13) .8.The radome (1) according to claim 7, wherein the flange structure (3) is designed and sized to guide airflow to reattach to the corresponding side face (13) after separation and / or control formation of vortices.9.The radome (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein each of the four edges (12) of the windward face is rounded or curved.10.A base station, comprising the radome (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 9.