Interleukin-12 p40 variants, PD-1 antigen-binding domains and uses thereof
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ZAI LAB (SHANGHAI) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-12-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-18
AI Technical Summary
Current IL-12 treatments for cancer have issues with safety and pharmacokinetic properties, particularly limited efficacy against 'cold' tumors, and systemic administration leads to serious side effects.
We developed an IL-12p40 variant and a PD-1 antigen-binding domain, and engineered it into an immune cytokine and fusion protein by reducing the receptor-binding affinity of IL-12 and enhancing PD-1 binding capacity, in order to improve the therapeutic index and concentrate IL-12 activity in the tumor microenvironment.
It has achieved effective treatment of 'cold' tumors, reduced systemic side effects, improved the therapeutic index, and enhanced activity against the tumor microenvironment.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024139201-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024139201-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024139201-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
INTERLEUKIN-12 P40 VARIANTS, PD-1 ANTIGEN-BINDING DOMAINS AND USES THEREOFFIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to IL-12p40 variants, potency reduced interleukin-12 (IL-12) variants including such IL-12p40 variant and immunocytokines that include such IL-12 variants plus uses of the same as well as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domains and fusion proteins thereof as well as uses of the same.BACKGROUND
[0002] The interleukin-12 (IL-12) family of cytokines includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-39. These cytokines bind to receptors and function through downstream activation of JAK-STAT signaling molecules. The IL-12 family of cytokines play a role in maintaining a balance between effector and regulatory immune responses in tumorigenesis. IL-12 and IL-23 both include an IL-12p40 subunit component which binds IL-12 receptor subunit IL-12Rβ1. IL-12p40, induced in excess over the other subunits of IL-12 and IL-23, can exist in a monomeric or homodimeric form which function as an antagonist by competitively binding to IL-12 receptor. IL-12p40 homodimers have been shown to prevent and treat autoimmune arthritis in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. IL-12 is produced and expressed primarily by antigen-presenting cells, such as dentritic cells (DCs) and activated macrophages, depending on the immune context. Human interleukin-12 (hIL-12) is a heparin-binding cytokine whose activity is enhanced by heparin and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans. It has been posited that binding to sulfated glycosaminoglycans present in the extracellular matrix keeps hIL-12 localized to a site of injury or infection and prevents its systemic dissemination. In addition to this localization effect, recent studies indicated that sulfated GAGs, including heparin, increased hIL-12 concentrations at the cell surface. Potential heparin binding sites were identified on R301 and K302 of the hIL-12p40 subunit.
[0003] IL-12, composed of an IL-12p40 subunit and an IL-12p35 subunit which are disulfide bonded, binds to the IL-12 receptor (aheterodimer composed of two subunits, IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2) , and is commonly expressed in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, monocytes, macrophages, and DC populations. IL-12p40 promotes the stabilization and export of IL-12p35 which is the limiting factor for heterodimer formation. IL-12 signaling via STAT-4 is critical for Th1 differentiation and the acquisition of cytolytic functions by CD8+ T cells. IFN-γ, in turn, strongly modifies the tumor microenvironment. The best studied beneficial mechanisms are as follows: (i) enhancing MHC I antigen presentation in tumor cells, (ii) transforming M2 macrophages into activated antitumor M1 macrophages, (iii) inducing the expression of CXCL9, 10, and 11 chemokines to attract NK, Th1, and CD8+ T cells, and (iv) acting on endothelial cells to mediate anti-angiogenesis in a CXCR3-dependent fashion while enhancing the expression of homing receptors for T-cell recruitment.
[0004] IL-12 has the potential to turn so-called "cold" tumors which lack immune cell infiltration into "hot" tumors which have a high degree of immune cell infiltration and are thus more susceptible to immune attack, However, a narrow therapeutic index with severe adverse events associated with systemic administration of IL-12 has been observed in clinical investigations. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an important cell surface receptor that serves to dampen T cell activation signals and functions as a checkpoint molecule that limits anti-tumor immunity. Although some PD-1 expressions have been observed on a variety of immune cell subsets, including B cells and innate immune cells, high expression of PD-1 is predominantly seen on CD8 and CD4 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and is enriched in the TME compared to circulating T cell subsets.
[0005] There remains a need for improved therapeutics to treat malignant neoplastic disorders in patients, particularly those with “cold” tumors, that provide an improved safety profile and desirable pharmacokinetic and / or pharmacodynamic properties (e.g., less frequent dosing) .SUMMARY
[0006] The present disclosure provides human IL-12p40 variants, IL-12 variants thereof and immunocytokines including the same as well as uses thereof plus programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domains and fusion proteins thereof as well as uses of the same. Also provided are polynucleotides encoding the IL-12p40 variants, IL-12 variants, PD-1 antigen-binding domains and fusion proteins described herein, expression vectors including same, host cells including such expression vectors and methods of producing such IL-12p40 variants, IL-12 variants, PD-1 antigen-binding domains and fusion proteins. Further, provided are pharmaceutical compositions of the IL-12p40 variants, IL-12 variants, immunocytokines and PD-1 antigen-binding domains described herein. Additionally, provided are methods of treating a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof including administrating to the patient an effective amount of the IL-12 variant, immunocytokine or PD-1 antigen-binding domain.
[0007] Notably, the IL-12p40 variants have markedly reduced receptor-binding affinity as compared to wild-type human IL-12p40 and the IL-12 variants described herein have reduced IL-12 potency as compared to wild-type human IL-12. Without being bound to theory, the IL-12p40 variants (as well as IL-12 variants and immunocytokines thereof) described herein are believed to provide therapeutic IL-12 activity in patients in need thereof with a greater therapeutic index than wild-type systemically delivered human IL-12. Furthermore, the immunocytokines described herein are believed to have enhanced IL-12 activity upon binding PD-1 via a cis-signaling effect in cell populations with high levels of PD-1 expression as found in the tumor microenvironment thereby resulting in activity biased toward the tumor microenvironment instead of systemic activity.
[0008] The PD-1 antigen-binding domains are capable of binding to human PD-1 and inhibiting binding of human programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to human PD-1. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domains have improved affinity and antagonistic activity as compared to reference anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] Figure 1: Functional characterization of reference proteins. (A-B) Functional characterization of V1 and V2 in Fc or single-chain format in HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay. (C-E) Effects of V1 and V2 in Fc or single-chain format in NK92MI-cell and human CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay. (F) Effects of V1-Fc and V2-Fc in human MLR assay.
[0010] Figure 2: Functional characterization of purified hIL-12-sc variants using the HEK293. hIL-12 reporter assay.
[0011] Figure 3: Effects of hIL-12-sc variants on IFN-γ release in NK92MI-cells.
[0012] Figure 4: Effects of hIL-12-sc variants on IFN-γ release in human CD8+ T-cells.
[0013] Figure 5: Effects of hIL-12-sc variants with AA mutation on IFN-γ release in human CD8+ T-cells.
[0014] Figure 6: Effects of muteins #70, #90, #L11, and #L20 in sc or Fc format on IFN-γ release in in NK92MI cells and CD8+ T-cells.
[0015] Figure 7: Functional characterization of hIL-12-Fc variants hIL12B 1-Fc-heterodimer, hIL12B 2-Fc-heterodimer, and hIL12B 88-Fc-heterodimer in CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay and MLR assay.
[0016] Figure 8: Characterization of hIL-12-sc-Fc variants in CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay and MLR assay.
[0017] Figure 9: Functional characterization of Fc-hIL-12 variants in CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay and MLR assay.
[0018] Figure 10: Functional characterization of Fc-hIL-12 variants in the COVID-19 S-protein recall assay.
[0019] Figure 11: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokine in the 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-PD-1 reporter assay.
[0020] Figure 12: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokine in HEK293-hIL12 reporter cell without PD-1 expression.
[0021] Figure 13: Human PD-1 and hIL-12 receptor β1 expression level on HEK293-hPD-1 / hIL-12R reporter cell
[0022] Figure 14: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines in HEK293. hIL-12 reporter cell with moderate PD-1 expression (clone P5G9) .
[0023] Figure 15: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines in HEK293. hIL-12 reporter cell with high PD-1 expression (clone P5E3) .
[0024] Figure 16: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines and their relative hIL-12 control variants in MLR assay.
[0025] Figure 17: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines and related hIL-12 variants in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody in MLR assay.
[0026] Figure 18: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines in CD8+ T-cell IFN-γrelease assay.
[0027] Figure 19: Functional characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines and related IL-12 variants in primary NK cells IFN-γ release assay.
[0028] Figure 20: Human IFN-γ release by immunocytokines in COVID-19 S protein recall assay.
[0029] Figure 21: Mouse IFN-γ release by surrogate immunocytokines in human PD-1 knock-in mouse MLR assay.
[0030] Figure 22: Immunocytokine Bis-m34 significantly delayed B16F10 syngeneic tumor growth and maintained body weight.
[0031] Figure 23: Immunocytokine Bis-m34 resulted in great anti-tumor effects in CT26 syngeneic tumor model.
[0032] Figure 24: Effects of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokine on ex vivo human PBMC mediated killing of tumor cells and release of IFN-γ.
[0033] Figure 25: Schematic representation of hIL-12 variants in different formats.
[0034] Figures 26A-26C are graphs that depict optical density (OD) at 450 nm, corresponding to antibody titer, of different dilutions of serum obtained from camels ( “#1 camel” and “#2 camel” ) both prior to ( “pre-serum” ) and following immunization to elicit anti-PD-1 antibodies that are assayed for such antibodies by ELISA. Figures 26A, 26B, and 26C reflect results from consecutive test bleeds 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
[0035] Figures 17A-27D are graphs that depict mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) , corresponding to binding to PD-1, in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells or CHO-K1-cynomolgus monkey (CHO-K1-cyno) PD-1 cells following treatment with different concentrations of negative control (hIgG1) or VHH-hFc antibody. Specifically, Figure 27A and Figure 27B reflect results in CHO-K1-human PD-1 and CHO-K1-cyno PD-1, respectively, from VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies Pnano-1, Pnano-2, Pnano-3, Pnano-4, and Pnano-5. Similarly, Figure 27C and Figure 27D reflect results in CHO-K1-human PD-1 and CHO-K1-cyno PD-1, respectively, from VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies Pnano-6, Pnano-7, Pnano-8, Pnano-9, Pnano-10, Pnano-11, Pnano-12, Pnano-13, Pnano-15, Pnano-17, Pnano-19, and Pnano-21. Figures 28A-28B are graphs that depict %inhibition of human PD-L1 binding to PD-1 in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells following treatment with different concentrations of isotype control (hIgG1) , pembrolizumab modified to include hIgG1 instead of IgG4 ( “Keytruda-hIgG1” ) or VHH-hFc monovalent antibody. Specifically, Figure 28A reflects results from VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies Pnano-1, Pnano-2, Pnano-3, Pnano-4, and Pnano-5. Figure 28B reflects results in CHO-K1-human PD-1 and CHO-K1-cyno PD-1, respectively, from VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies Pnano-6, Pnano-7, Pnano-8, Pnano-9, Pnano-10, Pnano-11, Pnano-12, Pnano-13, Pnano-15, Pnano-17, Pnano-19, and Pnano-21.
[0036] Figures 29A-29F depict results from epitope binning of anti-PD-1 antibodies binding to PD-1 by Octet. Specifically, Figures 29A-29D are graphs of nm (corresponding to PD-1 binding) vs. time of competitive immunoassays using agonist PD-1 antibody ANB030 in combination with antagonist anti-PD-1 antibody (VHH-hFc monovalent antibody Pnano-5, Pnano-7, Pnano-9, or pembrolizumab) . Figure 29E is a graph of nm vs. time of ANB030 binding to PD-1 without any other PD-1 antibody ( “blank” control) . Figure 29F provides a tabular summary of the aforementioned results of the competitive immunoassays.
[0037] Figures 30A-30B are graphs that depict mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) , corresponding to binding to PD-1, in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells or CHO-K1-cyno PD-1 cells, respectively, following treatment with different concentrations of Pnano-9-his or HuPnano-9 g1, HuPnano-9 g2, HuPnano-9 g3, HuPnano-9 g4, or HuPnano-9 g5.
[0038] Figure 31 is a graph that depicts %inhibition of human PD-L1 binding to PD-1 in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells following treatment with different concentrations of hIgG1, HuPnano-9 g1, HuPnano-9 g2, HuPnano-9 g3, HuPnano-9 g4, or HuPnano-9 g5.
[0039] Figures 32A-32B are graphs that depict that depict mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) , corresponding to binding to PD-1, in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells or CHO-K1-cyno PD-1 cells, respectively, following treatment with different concentrations of isotype control hIgG1, pembrolizumab modified to include hIgG1 instead of IgG4 ( “Keytruda (hIgG1) ” ) or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc.
[0040] Figure 33 is a graph that depicts %inhibition of human PD-L1 binding to PD-1 in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells following treatment with different concentrations of hIgG1, HuPnano-9 g2, HuPnano-9 g2-bivalent-his, or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc.
[0041] Figure 34 is a graph that depicts antibody concentration ( “Ab conc” ) (nM) vs. IFN-γ (pg / mL) in cells following treatment with CD4+ T-cell only, mDC and CD4+ T-cell, isotype control IgG4, pembrolizumab ( “Keytruda-IgG4” ) , HuPnano-9 g2-bivalent-his, or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc assayed by MLR. Figure 35 is a graph that depicts optical density (OD) at 450 nm of different concentrations of pembrolizumab, dupilumab, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc, adalimumab, gantenerumab assayed by BVP-ELISA. Figures 36A-36B are graphs that depict luminescence (relative light units (RLU) ) in 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter cell assay following treatment with different concentrations of either isotype control hIgG1 or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc. Specifically, Figure 36A reflects results from isotype control hIgG1, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc at time zero (T0) , or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc following storage at 5℃ for one month (5C1M) , HuPnano-9 g2-Fc following storage at 25℃ for one week (25C1W) , HuPnano-9 g2-Fc following storage at 25℃ for two weeks (25C2W) , or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc following storage at 25℃ for four weeks (25C4W) . Similarly, Figure 36B reflects results from isotype control hIgG1, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc T0, or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc following storage in a -80℃ freezer overnight, then, thaw at 4℃ for about 8-10 hours which cycle was repeated for a total of three cycles (FT3) .
[0042] Figure 37 is a graph of tumor volume (mm3) vs. days post-treatment in the MC38 model following treatment of mice with either vehicle, huIgG4 isotype, pembrolizumab ( anti-PD-1 antibody at either 0.3 mg / kg or 3 mg / kg) or HuPnano-9 g2 Fc (at either 0.16 mg / kg or 1.6 mg / kg) . Figure 38 is a graph of tumor weight (g) at day 21 in the MC38 animal model following treatment of mice with either vehicle, huIgG4 isotype, pembrolizumab ( “Keytruda” anti-PD-1 antibody at either 0.3 mg / kg or 3 mg / kg) or HuPnano-9 g2 Fc (at either 0.16 mg / kg or 1.6 mg / kg) .
[0043] Figures 392 are graphs that depict mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) , corresponding to binding to PD-1, in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells or CHO-K1-cyno PD-1 cells following treatment with different concentrations of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc or affinity matured purified variants thereof. Specifically, Figures 39A and 39C depict results in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells or CHO-K1-cyno PD-1 cells, respectively, following treatment with HuPnano-9 g2 ( “g2-Fc” ) or affinity matured purified variants thereof, namely, AM1-21-Fc, AM1-52-Fc, AM2-43-Fc, AM2-13-Fc, or AM3-17-Fc. Similarly, Figures 39B and 14D depict results in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells or CHO-K1-cyno PD-1 cells, respectively, following treatment with HuPnano-9 g2 ( “g2-Fc” ) or affinity matured purified variants thereof, namely, AM4-66-Fc, AM6-29-Fc, AM4-39-Fc, AM1-49-Fc, or AM3-25-Fc.
[0044] Figures 40A-40B are graphs that depict mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) , corresponding to inhibition of human PD-L1 binding to PD-1, in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells following treatment with different concentrations of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc or affinity matured purified variants thereof. Specifically, Figures 40A depicts results in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells following treatment with HuPnano-9 g2 ( “g2-Fc” ) or affinity matured purified variants thereof, namely, AM1-21-Fc, AM1-52-Fc, AM2-43-Fc, AM2-13-Fc, or AM3-17-Fc. Similarly, Figures 40B depicts results in CHO-K1-human PD-1 cells following treatment with HuPnano-9 g2 ( “g2-Fc” ) or affinity matured purified variants thereof, namely, AM4-66-Fc, AM6-29-Fc, AM4-39-Fc, AM1-49-Fc, or AM3-25-Fc.
[0045] Figures 3 are graphs that depict luminescence (RLU) , corresponding to PD-L1 binding, in 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter cell assay following treatment with different concentrations of either hIgG1, pembrolizumab ( “Keytruda-hIgG4” ) , HuPnano-9 g2-Fc ( “g2-Fc” ) , or affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants. Specifically, Figure 41A reflects results from affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants AM1-21-Fc ( “AM01-21-Fc” ) , AM1-52-Fc ( “AM01-52-Fc” ) , AM2-43-Fc ( “AM02-43-Fc” ) , and AM3-17-Fc ( “AM03-17-Fc” ) . Similarly, Figure 41B reflects results from affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants AM1-52-Fc, AM2-13-Fc, AM4-66-Fc, and AM6-29-Fc. Likewise, Figure 41C reflects results from affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants AM1-52-Fc, AM4-39-Fc, AM1-49-Fc, and AM3-25-Fc.
[0046] Figures 42A-42C are graphs that depict antibody concentration ( “Ab conc” ) (nM) vs. IFN-γ (pg / mL) in cells following treatment (3 days of co-culture) with mDC and pan T-cell at a ratio of 1: 10, pan T cell only, or anti-PD-1 antibody (pembrolizumab ( “Keytruda-hIgG4” ) , HuPnano-9 g2-Fc, or affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants assayed by MLR. Specifically, Figure 42A reflects results from affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants AM02-43-Fc, AM01-52-Fc, and AM01-21-Fc. Similarly, Figure 42B reflects results from affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants AM4-66-Fc, AM2-13-Fc, AM3-17-Fc. Likewise, Figure 42C reflects results from affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants AM3-25-Fc, AM1-49-Fc, and AM4-39-Fc.
[0047] Figure 43 is a graph that depicts optical density (OD) at 450 nm of different concentrations of antibody, namely, affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variant (AM2-43-Fc, AM1-21-Fc, AM3-17-Fc or AM1-52-Fc) , adalimumab, pembrolizumab ( “Keytruda” ) , dupilumab, or gantenerumab assayed by BVP-ELISA.
[0048] Figure 44 is a graph of tumor volume (mm3) vs. days post-treatment in the MC38 model following treatment of mice with either huIgG4 (10mg / kg) , pembrolizumab ( “Keytruda” ) (1.85 mg / kg) , or affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2 Fc variant (1 mg / kg) , namely, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc or HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17-Fc.
[0049] Figure 45 depicts a sequence alignment of VHH domains from Pnano-1, Pnano-2, Pnano-3, Pnano-4, and Pnano-5, Pnano-6, Pnano-7, Pnano-8, Pnano-9, Pnano-10, Pnano-11, Pnano-12, Pnano-13, Pnano-15, Pnano-17, Pnano-19, and Pnano-21.
[0050] Figure 46 depicts a sequence alignment of VHH domains from Pnano-9, HuPnano-9 g1, HuPnano-9 g2, HuPnano-9 g3, HuPnano-9 g4, HuPnano-9 g5, HuPnano-9 g2 AM2-13, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-21, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52, HuPnano-9 g2 AM4-66, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17, HuPnano-9 g2 AM6-29, HuPnano-9 g2 AM4-39, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-49, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-25, and HuPnano-9 g2 AM2-43.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0051] The present invention may be understood more readily be reference to the following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention and the Examples included herein.
[0052] Exemplary embodiments (E) of the invention provided herein include:
[0053] E1. An interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12p40) variant comprising:
[0054] (i) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and
[0055] (ii) at least two amino acid substitutions corresponding to W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, or K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from W37F; P42R; E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; F82I; K106I or K106L; E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R; D115L; K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I; and K219E, K219F, or K219Y;
[0056] wherein said amino acid substitutions comprise at least one amino acid substitution selected from E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; and F82I; and when said amino acid substitution is E81K, at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from K106I or K106L; E108V, E108I, or E108R; and K219F or K219Y;
[0057] optionally, further comprising one or more additional amino acid substitutions corresponding to R301 and K302 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from R301A and K302A.
[0058] E2. The IL-12p40 variant of E1, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is selected from F82I; and E81K or E81V; and at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from D115L; and K219E, K219F or K219Y; optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65 or 67-77.
[0059] E3. The IL-12p40 variant of E1, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; optionally, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is E81K, E81R, or E81T, and at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from K106I; and E108V or E108R. E4. The IL-12p40 variant of E1, wherein said amino acid substitutions comprise at least one of the following amino acid substitutions:
[0060] (1) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I,
[0061] (2) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106L,
[0062] (3) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I,
[0063] (4) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106L,
[0064] (5) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I,
[0065] (6) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I,
[0066] (7) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L,
[0067] (8) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V,
[0068] (9) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108Y,
[0069] (10) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V,
[0070] (11) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I,
[0071] (12) W37F / E81R / K106I / E108V,
[0072] (13) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V,
[0073] (14) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,
[0074] (15) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I,
[0075] (16) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108I,
[0076] (17) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R,
[0077] (18) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,
[0078] (19) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R,
[0079] (20) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108Y,
[0080] (21) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108V,
[0081] (22) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108R,
[0082] (23) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108I,
[0083] (24) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,
[0084] (25) E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,
[0085] (26) E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,
[0086] (27) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,
[0087] (28) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,
[0088] (29) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,
[0089] (30) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,
[0090] (31) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,
[0091] (32) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,
[0092] (33) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,
[0093] (34) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,
[0094] (35) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,
[0095] (36) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,
[0096] (37) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I,
[0097] (38) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,
[0098] (39) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,
[0099] (40) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I,
[0100] (41) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,
[0101] (42) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,
[0102] (43) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,
[0103] (44) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217F,
[0104] (45) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,
[0105] (46) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,
[0106] (47) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I,
[0107] (48) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217I,
[0108] (49) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217Y,
[0109] (50) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217F,
[0110] (51) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108I / K217F,
[0111] (52) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217I,
[0112] (53) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217W,
[0113] (54) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / K217W,
[0114] (55) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L / K217W,
[0115] (56) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / K217W,
[0116] (57) W37F / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W,
[0117] (58) P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W,
[0118] (59) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W,
[0119] (60) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R / K217W,
[0120] (61) W37F / P42R / E81T / E108R / K217W,
[0121] (62) W37F / P42R / E81V / E108R / K217W,
[0122] (63) F82I / D115L / K219E,
[0123] (64) E81V / F82I,
[0124] (65) W37F / F82I / D115L,
[0125] (66) W37F / E81V / K219E,
[0126] (67) W37F / F82I / K219Y,
[0127] (68) W37F / F82I / D115L / K219Y,
[0128] (69) W37F / E81K / D115L / K219F,
[0129] (70) W37F / E81V / D115L / K219F,
[0130] (71) W37F / E81V / F82I / K219Y,
[0131] (72) W37F / E81K / F82I / K219Y,
[0132] (73) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A,
[0133] (74) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or
[0134] (75) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A;
[0135] optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-77.
[0136] E5. The IL-12p40 variant of E1, wherein said amino acid substitutions comprise at least one of the following amino acid substitutions:
[0137] (A) F82I / D115L / K219E,
[0138] (B) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I,
[0139] (C) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R,
[0140] (D) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,
[0141] (E) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A,
[0142] (F) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or
[0143] (G) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A;
[0144] optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65, 7, 19, 20, 75, 76 or 77.
[0145] E6. An IL-12 variant comprising the IL-12p40 variant of E1 and an IL-12p35 subunit, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant is linked to the IL-12p35 subunit.
[0146] E7. The IL-12 variant of E6, further comprising at least one fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein at least one of the IL-12p40 variant and the IL-12p35 subunit is linked to the Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus or C-terminus; optionally, wherein the Fc domain subunit is derived from human IgG1 and the Fc domain subunit comprises at least two amino acid substitutions selected from C220S; L234A; L235A; M252Y; S254T; T256E; Y349C; S354C; T366W or T366S; L368A; and Y407V.
[0147] E8. The IL-12 variant of E7, comprising a second Fc domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein at least one of the IL-12p40 variant and the IL-12p35 subunit is linked to the second Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus or C-terminus, optionally, wherein the second Fc domain subunit is derived from human IgG1 and the second Fc domain subunit comprises at least two amino acid substitutions selected from C220S; L234A; L235A; M252Y; S254T; T256E; Y349C; S354C; T366W or T366S; L368A; and Y407V.
[0148] E9. The IL-12 variant of E6, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises amino acid substitution F82I / D115L / K219E, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65.
[0149] E10. An immunocytokine comprising the IL-12 variant of E6 and at least one programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domain.
[0150] E11. The immunocytokine of E10, wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises a variable region comprising:
[0151] (i) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237,
[0152] (ii) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238, and
[0153] (iii) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 242 and 244, optionally, wherein the variable region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%sequence identity to at least one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 264, 270 or 272. E12. The immunocytokine of E11, further comprising at least one Fc domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, optionally, wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain is linked to the Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus and the IL-12 variant is either linked to the same Fc domain subunit at its C-terminus or is linked to a second Fc domain subunit, comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, at either its N-terminus or its C-terminus.
[0154] E13. The immunocytokine of E11, comprising two PD-1 antigen-binding domains, optionally wherein the two PD-1 antigen-binding domains are linked in tandem.
[0155] E14. The immunocytokine of E11, wherein the variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 264, 270 or 272.
[0156] E15. The immunocytokine of E11, wherein said IL-12p40 variant comprises at least one of the following amino acid substitutions:
[0157] (A) F82I / D115L / K219E,
[0158] (B) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I,
[0159] (C) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R,
[0160] (D) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,
[0161] (E) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A,
[0162] (F) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or
[0163] (G) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A;
[0164] optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65, 7, 19, 20, 75, 76 or 77.
[0165] E16. A polynucleotide encoding the IL-12p40 variant of E1.
[0166] E17. An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of E16.
[0167] E18. A host cell comprising the expression vector of E17.
[0168] E19. A method of producing the IL-12p40 variant of E1 comprising culturing the host cell of E17 under conditions suitable for expressing the expression vector, optionally further comprising isolating the IL-12p40 variant.
[0169] E20. A polynucleotide encoding the IL-12 variant of E6.
[0170] E21. An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of E20.
[0171] E22. A host cell comprising the expression vector of E21.
[0172] E23. A method of producing the IL-12 variant of E6 comprising culturing the host cell of E22 under conditions suitable for expressing the expression vector, optionally further comprising isolating the IL-12 variant.
[0173] E24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-12p40 variant of E1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0174] E25. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-12 variant of E6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0175] E26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the immunocytokine of E11 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0176] E27A. A method of treating a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof comprising administrating to the patient an effective amount of the IL-12 variant of E6, optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0177] E28A. A method of treating a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof comprising administrating to the patient an effective amount of the immunocytokine of E11, optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0178] E29. The method of E27A, wherein the method further comprises administering to the patient at least one other therapeutic agent.
[0179] E30. The method of E28A, wherein the method further comprises administering to the patient at least one other therapeutic agent.
[0180] E27B. The IL-12 variant of E6 for use in treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0181] E27C. Use of the IL-12 variant of E6 for preparation of a medicament for treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0182] E28B. The immunocytokine of E11 for use in treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0183] E28C. Use of the immunocytokine of E11 for preparation of a medicament for treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0184] E31. A programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domain comprising at least one of the following:
[0185] (i) a complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 77%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 239, optionally wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further comprises (a) a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and (b) a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238; or
[0186] (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to at least one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 262-293.
[0187] E32. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31 comprising (i) , wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further comprises a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238. E33. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E32, wherein the CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 239-249 and the CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238.
[0188] E34. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E32, wherein the CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-249; and the CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238; optionally, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 264.
[0189] E35. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E32, wherein the CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242 and the CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238, optionally, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270.
[0190] E36. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E33, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 262.
[0191] E37. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E36, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 262-277.
[0192] E38. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E36, comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270.
[0193] E39. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E32, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain is humanized.
[0194] E40. A fusion protein comprising the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31 and at least one Fc domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain.
[0195] E41. The fusion protein of E40, wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG selected from IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4; optionally wherein the human IgG is IgG1 and said Fc domain subunit comprises mutations L234A, L235A and P329G.
[0196] E42. The fusion protein of E41, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270.
[0197] E43. The fusion protein of E41, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272.
[0198] E44. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0199] E45. A polynucleotide encoding the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31.
[0200] E46. An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of E45.
[0201] E47. A host cell comprising the expression vector of E46.
[0202] E48. A method for producing the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31, comprising culturing the host cell of E47 under conditions suitable for expression of the expression vector; and, optionally, isolating the PD-1 antigen-binding domain.
[0203] E49. A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of E40.
[0204] E50. An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of E49.
[0205] E51. A host cell comprising the expression vector of E50.
[0206] E52. A method for producing the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E51, comprising culturing the host cell of E47 under conditions suitable for expression of the expression vector; and, optionally, isolating the PD-1 antigen-binding domain.
[0207] E53A. A method of treating malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administrating a therapeutically effective amount of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31 to the patient; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder comprises cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) .
[0208] E54. The method of E53, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.
[0209] E55. A method of enhancing an immune response in a patient in need thereof, comprising administrating a therapeutically effective amount of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31 to the patient.
[0210] E53B. The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31 for use in treatment of cancer or enhancement of an immune response in a patient, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder comprises cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-l or PD-L1; optionally, the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.
[0211] E53C. Use of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of E31 for preparation of a medicament for treatment of cancer in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder comprises cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or PD-Ll; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.
[0212] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[0213] Incorporation By Reference
[0214] All references cited herein are incorporated by reference, as if each individual reference were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0215] Reference is for example made to the standard handbooks, such as Sambrook et al, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” (2nd. Ed. ) , Vols. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989) ; F. Ausubel et al, eds., “Current protocols in molecular biology” , Green Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York (1987) ; Lewin, “Genes II” , John Wiley &Sons, New York, N. Y., (1985) ; Old et al., “Principles of Gene Manipulation: An Introduction to Genetic Engineering” , 2nd edition, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (1981) ; Roitt et al., “Immunology” (6th. Ed. ) , Mosby / Elsevier, Edinburgh (2001) ; Roitt et al., Roitt's Essential Immunology, 10th Ed. Blackwell Publishing, U K (2001) ; and Janeway et al., “Immunobiology” (6th Ed. ) , Garland Science Publishing / Churchill Livingstone, New York (2005) , as well as to the general background art cited herein.
[0216] Terms
[0217] Unless indicated or defined otherwise, all terms used have their usual meaning in the art, which will be clear to the skilled person.
[0218] As used herein, the singular form “a” , “an” , and “the” include plural references unless indicated otherwise. For example, “an” IL-12p40 variant includes one or more IL-12p40 variants.
[0219] Where aspects or embodiments of the invention are described in terms of a Markush group or other grouping of alternatives, the present invention encompasses not only the entire group listed as a whole, but each member of the group individually and all possible subgroups of the main group, but also the main group absent one or more of the group members. The present invention also envisages the explicit exclusion of one or more of any of the group members in the claimed invention.
[0220] As used herein, the term “IL-12 variant” refers to any IL-12 molecule that contains at least one amino acid substitution in at least one of the IL-12p35 or IL-12p40 subunits as compared to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type human IL-12p35 subunit or the wild-type human IL-12p40 subunit. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a cytokine with multiple functions in the immune system. IL-12 is a heterodimer containing two subunits, p35 (encoded by the IL-12A gene) and p40 (encoded by the IL-12B gene) . IL-12 binds and crosslinks the heterodimeric IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) chains IL-12p35 (also known as IL-12Rβ1) and IL-12p40 (also known as IL-12Rβ2) . IL-12R is upregulated by T cell receptor (TCR) activation, thereby boosting T cell sensitivity to IL-12 stimulation. After IL-12 binds to the IL-12R, STAT4 is phosphorylated (pSTAT4) and pSTAT4 promotes IL-12-dependent effects including interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and cytolytic activation of CD8+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, T regulatory cells, and NK cells.
[0221] As used herein, the term “IL-12p40 variant” refers to an amino acid sequence that specifically binds to IL-12 receptor with less affinity than wild-type human IL-12p40. All references herein to an amino acid sequence of the IL-12p40 variant having an amino acid substitution corresponding to an amino acid number in the precursor form of wild-type human IL-12p40 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) are to the position of the amino acid in the precursor form of the human IL-12p40 sequence which includes the 22 amino acid signal peptide (not to the position of the amino acid in the mature form of the human IL-12p40 protein which lacks the signal peptide) . Accordingly, amino acid substitutions at W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, and K219 in the precursor form of wild-type human IL-12p40 having the signal peptide (SEQ ID NO: 2) correspond to amino acid substitutions at W15, P20, E59, F60 K84, E86, D93, K195, and K197 in the mature form of human IL-12p40 (SEQ ID NO: 1) , respectively. For example, amino acid “W37” in the precursor form of wild-type hIL-12p40 amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) refers to the tryptophan (W) in the 37th amino acid position in the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 which corresponds to the 15th amino acid position in the mature form of wild-type hIL-12p40 (SEQ ID NO: 1) which lacks the 22 amino acid signal peptide.
[0222] The term “Fc domain” or “Fc region” herein is used to define a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. The term includes native sequence Fc regions and variant Fc regions. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of an IgG heavy chain might vary slightly, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to extend from Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain. However, the C-terminal lysine (Lys447) of the Fc region is optionally present. Unless otherwise specified herein, numbering of amino acid residues in the Fc region or constant region is according to the EU numbering system, also called the EU index, as described in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1991. A “subunit” of an Fc domain as used herein refers to one of the two polypeptides forming the dimeric Fc domain, i.e. a polypeptide including C-terminal constant regions of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, capable of stable self-association, e.g., as found in a conventional 4-chain antibody. For example, a Fc domain subunit derived from an IgG Fc domain includes a constant heavy chain 2 (CH2) and a constant heavy chain 3 (CH3) domain. Several modifications to the Fc region are well known in the art to extend half-life, improve efficacy, lower toxicity or eliminate a disulfide bonding site. For example, well known modifications to a Fc region derived from IgG include amino acids mutations C220S, L234A, L235A, M252Y, S254T, T256E, Y349C, S354C, T366S, T366W, L368A and Y407V.
[0223] As used herein, the terms "PD1" , "PD-1" or "human PD-1" (also known as Programmed cell death protein 1, or Programmed Death 1) are used interchangeably and refer to the human protein PD1. As used herein, an antibody "binding to PD-1" , "specifically binding to PD-1" , "that binds to PD-1" or "anti-PD-1 antibody" refers to an antibody that is capable of binding PD-1, especially a PD-1 polypeptide expressed on a cell surface, with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and / or therapeutic agent in targeting PD-1. In one embodiment, the extent of binding of an anti-PD-1 antibody to an unrelated, non-PD-1 protein is less than about 10%of the binding of the antibody to PD-1 as measured, e.g., by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or flow cytometry (FACS) or by a Surface Plasmon Resonance assay using a biosensor system such as a system.
[0224] As used herein, a “fragment” or “portion” of an antibody or polypeptide may be made by truncation, e.g., by removal of one or more amino acids from the amino terminal end, the carboxy terminal end or both ends of a polypeptide. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, up to 20, up to 30 up to 40, up to 50, up to 60, up to 70, up to 80 up to 100 or more amino acids may be removed from the amino terminal end, the carboxy terminal end or both ends of the polypeptide to produce a fragment or portion. A fragment or portion may be made by one or more deletions of amino acids from the polypeptide. A fragment or portion may be made by one or more deletions of amino acids from the polypeptide as well as removal of one or more amino acids from the amino terminal end, the carboxy terminal end or both ends of a polypeptide.
[0225] “VHH (Heavy-Chain Variable) ” also known as VHH antibody fragments, and VHH antibodies, have originally been described as the antigen binding immunoglobulin (variable) domain of “heavy chain antibodies” (i.e. of “antibodies devoid of light chains” ; Hamers-Casterman C, Atarhouch T, Muyldermans S, Robinson G, Hamers C, Songa E B, Bendahman N, Hamers R.: “Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains” ; Nature 363, 446-448 (1993) ) . The term “VHH” has been chosen in order to distinguish these variable domains from the heavy chain variable domains that are present in conventional 4-chain antibodies (which are referred to herein as “VH” or “VH” ) and from the light chain variable domains that are present in conventional 4-chain antibodies. VHH can specifically bind to an epitope without an additional antigen binding domain (as opposed to VH or VL in a conventional 4-chain antibody, in which case the epitope is recognized by a VL domain together with a VH) . VHH is a small, robust and efficient antigen recognition unit formed by a single immunoglobulin domain. The amino acid residues of a VHH domain are numbered according to the general numbering for VH domains given by Kabat et al. ( “Sequence of proteins of immunological interest” , US Public Health Services, NIH Bethesda, MD, Publication No. 91) , as applied to VHH domains from Camelids, as shown e.g. in FIG. 2 of Riechmann and Muyldermans, J. Immunol. Methods 231, 25-38 (1999) .
[0226] As used herein, a “polynucleotide” refers to a chain of nucleotides of any length. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a chain by DNA or RNA polymerase. A polynucleotide may include modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and their analogs. If present, modification to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the chain. The sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non-nucleotide components. A polynucleotide may be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component. Other types of modifications include, for example, “caps” , substitution of one or more of the naturally occurring nucleotides with an analog, internucleotide modifications such as, for example, those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methyl phosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoamidates, carbamates) and with charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates) , those containing pendant moieties, such as, for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine) , those with intercalators (e.g., acridine, psoralen) , those containing chelators (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, boron, oxidative metals) , those containing alkylators, those with modified linkages (e.g., alpha anomeric nucleic acids) , as well as unmodified forms of the polynucleotide (s) . Further, any of the hydroxyl groups ordinarily present in the sugars may be replaced, for example, by phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, protected by standard protecting groups, or activated to prepare additional linkages to additional nucleotides, or may be conjugated to solid supports. The 5’ and 3’ terminal OH can be phosphorylated or substituted with amines or organic capping group moieties of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Other hydroxyls may also be derivatized to standard protecting groups. Polynucleotides can also contain analogous forms of ribose or deoxyribose sugars that are generally known in the art, including, for example, 2’-O-methyl-, 2’-O-allyl, 2’-fluoro-or 2’-azido-ribose, carbocyclic sugar analogs, alpha-or beta-anomeric sugars, epimeric sugars such as arabinose, xyloses or lyxoses, pyranose sugars, furanose sugars, sedoheptuloses, acyclic analogs and abasic nucleoside analogs such as methyl riboside.
[0227] The term “identity” or “identical to” refers to the overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g., between polynucleotides (e.g., DNA molecules or RNA molecules) or between polypeptides. “Identity” measures the percent of identical matches between two or more sequences with gap alignments addressed by a particular mathematical model of computer programs (e.g., algorithms) , which are well known in the art.
[0228] As used herein, the phrase “percent sequence identity” with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
[0229] The terms “treating” , “treat” or “treatment” refer to any type of treatment, e.g. such as to relieve, alleviate, or slow the progression of the patient's disease, disorder or condition or any tissue damage associated with the disease. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder, or condition is cancer.
[0230] The term "antibody" is used in the broadest sense, and specifically covers monoclonal antibodies (including full-length monoclonal antibodies) . Antibodies and immunoglobulins are usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains (composed of two immunoglobulin heavy and light chain pair) . Each heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (VH) followed by a number of constant domains. Each light chain has a variable domain at one end (VL) and a constant domain at the other end. Generally, antibodies are considered immunoglobulins (Igs) with a defined or recognized specificity. Thus, while antibodies exhibit binding specificity to a specific target, immunoglobulins include both antibodies and other antibody-like molecules which lack target specificity. The antibodies of the application can be of any class (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, IgA and so on) , or subclass (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG2a, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2 and so on) ( "type" and "class" , and "subtype" and "subclass" , are used interchangeably herein) .
[0231] The terms "complementarity determining region, " and "CDR, " which are synonymous with "hypervariable region" or "HVR, " are known in the art and refer to noncontiguous sequences of amino acids within antibody variable regions, which confer antigen specificity and / or binding affinity. In general, there are three CDRs in each heavy chain variable region (CDR-H1, CDR-H2, CDR-H3) and three CDRs in each light chain variable region (CDR-Ll, CDR-L2, CDR-L3) .
[0232] The terms "framework regions" and "FR" are known in the art to refer to the non-CDR portions of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains. In general, there are four FRs in each full-length heavy chain variable region (FR-Hl, FR-H2, FR-H3, and FR-H4) , and four FRs in each full-length light chain variable region (FR-Ll, FRL2, FR-L3, and FR-L4) . The precise amino acid sequence boundaries of a given CDR or FR can be readily determined using any of a number of well-known schemes, including those described by Kabat et al. (1991) , "Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, " 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD ( "Kabat" numbering scheme) , AI-Lazikani et al., (1997) 1MB 273, 927-948 ( "Chothia" numbering scheme) ; MacCallum et al., J. Mol. Biol. 262: 732-745 (1996) , "Antibody-antigen interactions: Contact analysis and binding site topography, " J. Mol. Biol. 262, 732-745. " ( "Contact" numbering scheme) ; Lefranc MP et al., "IMGT unique numbering for immunoglobulin and T cell receptor variable domains and Ig superfamily V-like domains, " Dev Comp Immunol, 2003 Jan; 27 (1) : 55-77 ( "IMGT" numbering scheme) ; Honegger A and Phickthun A, "Yet another numbering scheme for immunoglobulin variable domains: an automatic modeling and analysis tool, " J. Mol. Biol, 2001 Jun 8; 309 (3) : 657-70, ( "Aho" numbering scheme) ; and Whitelegg NR and Rees AR, "W AM: an improved algorithm for modelling antibodies on the WEB, " Protein Eng. 2000 Dec; 13 (12) : 819-24 ( "AbM" numbering scheme. In certain embodiments, the CDRs of the antibodies described herein can be defined by a method selected from Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, Aho, AbM, or combinations thereof.
[0233] The term "variable" in the context of a variable domain of antibodies refers to certain portions of the pertinent molecule which differ extensively in sequence between and among antibodies and are used in the specific recognition and binding of a particular antibody for its particular target. However, the variability is not evenly distributed through the variable domains of antibodies. The variability is concentrated in three segments called complementarity determining regions (CDRs; i.e., CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3) also known as hypervariable regions.
[0234] The term "antibody fragment" refers to a portion of an intact or a full-length chain or an antibody, generally the target binding or variable region. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab’ , F (ab’ ) 2 and Fv fragments. A "functional fragment" is one which can prevent or substantially reduce the ability of the receptor to bind to a ligand or to initiate signaling. As used herein, functional fragment generally is synonymous with, "antibody fragment" and with respect to antibodies, can refer to fragments (including Fv, Fab, and F (ab’ ) 2) which can prevent or substantially reduce the ability of the receptor to bind to a ligand or to initiate signaling.
[0235] "Single-chain Fv, " "scFv" or "scAb" antibody fragments include the VH and VL domains of an antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Generally, the Fv polypeptide further includes a polypeptide linker, often a flexible molecule, between the VH and VL domains, which enables the sFv to form the desired structure for target binding.
[0236] An "Fv" fragment consists of a dimer of one heavy and one light chain variable domain in a non-covalent association (VH-VL dimer) . In that configuration, the three CDRs of each variable domain interact to define a target binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer, as in an intact antibody.
[0237] As used herein, the term “linker” refers to a molecule that functions to connect two distinct molecules. For example, the molecules being connected by the linker may be two distinct binding moieties or a heavy-chain / light-chain pair. A number of strategies may be used to covalently link molecules together. These include but are not limited to polypeptide linkages between N-and C-termini of proteins or protein domains, linkage via disulfide bonds, and linkage via chemical cross-linking reagents. In one aspect of this embodiment, the linker is a peptide bond, generated by recombinant techniques or peptide synthesis. The linker peptide may predominantly include the following amino acid residues: Gly, Ser, Ala, or Thr. The linker peptide should have a length that is adequate to link two molecules in such a way that they assume the correct conformation relative to one another so that they retain the desired activity. In one embodiment, the linker is from about 1 to 50 amino acids in length or about 1 to 30 amino acids in length. In one embodiment, a linker of 1 to 20 amino acids in length may be used. Useful linkers include glycine-serine polymers, including for example (GS) n, (GSGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 227) , (GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 228) , and (GGGS) n (SEQ ID NO: 229) , where n is an integer of at least one, glycine-alanine polymers, alanine-serine polymers, and other flexible linkers. Exemplary, linkers for linking antibody fragments or single chain variable fragments can include AAEPKSS (SEQ ID NO: 230) , AAEPKSSDKTHTCPPCP (SEQ ID NO: 231) , GGGG (SEQ ID NO: 232) , or GGGGDKTHTCPPCP (SEQ ID NO: 233) . Alternatively, a variety of non-proteinaceous polymers, including but not limited to polyethylene glycol (PEG) , polypropylene glycol, polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, may find use as a linker.
[0238] The terms "polypeptide" and "protein" are used interchangeably and refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. Polypeptides, including the provided antibodies and antibody chains and other peptides, e.g., linkers and binding peptides, can include amino acid residues including natural and / or non-natural amino acid residues. The terms also include post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation, sialylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation. In some aspects, the polypeptides can contain modifications with respect to a native or natural sequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. These modifications can be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis, or can be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which produce the proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.
[0239] As used herein, the term ‘fusion protein’ refers to a protein that includes a plurality of domains, which may not constitute an entire natural or wild-type protein but may be limited to an active domain of the entire protein responsible for binding to a corresponding receptor on the surface of a cell. The fusion proteins can be generated using recombinant DNA technology means. Tandem fusion, for example, refers to a technique whereby the proteins or protein domains of interest are simply connected end-to-end via fusion of N or C termini between the proteins. This provides a flexible bridge structure allowing enough space between fusion partners to ensure proper folding. However, the N or C terminus of the peptide are often crucial components in obtaining the desired folding pattern in the recombinant protein, with the effect that simple end-to-end conjoining of domains can be ineffective. Alternatively, the process of domain insertion involves the fusion of consecutive protein domains by encoding desired structures into a single polypeptide chain and sometimes the insertion of a domain within another domain. In both these aforementioned processes the domains are ‘directly linked’ or ‘linked directly’ . As used herein, the term “potency” refers to the ability of a given protein to elicit a response at a certain dose or concentration in a given biological system or experimental setting. For example, the potency of the IL-12 variants described herein can be assayed by any suitable method known in the art, such as, for example, an IL-12 HEK reporter assay (e.g., InvivoGen's IL-12 HEK reporter assay (Catalog No. hkb-i112) ) , a ligand-binding assay (e.g., ELISA or flow cytometry) , and / or a functional assay. Generally, changes in potency may be demonstrated graphically as a leftward or rightward shift in a response curve compared to a control (e.g., wild-type human IL-12) . A rightward shift of the response curve is generally indicative of a reduction in potency, whereas a leftward shift of the response curve is generally indicative of an increase in potency.
[0240] As used herein, the phrase “PD-1-antigen binding domain” refers to a variable region (e.g., a VHH domain or fragment thereof) of a heavy-chain antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof that is capable of specifically binding to human PD-1.
[0241] As used herein, the phrase “heavy-chain antibody” refers to an antibody having a monomeric heavy-chain variable region that specifically binds to an antigen. The heavy-chain antibody may be monovalent or multi-valent (e.g., bivalent) . Also, the heavy-chain antibody may be monospecific or multispecific (e.g., bispecific) .
[0242] As used herein, the phrase “VHH domain” abbreviated as “VHH” refers to a monomeric heavy-chain variable region (e.g., derived from a heavy-chain antibody) . The amino acid residues of a VHH domain are numbered according to the general numbering for a variable heavy (VH) domain provided by Kabat et al. ( “Sequence of proteins of immunological interest” , US Public Health Services, NIH Bethesda, MD, Publication No. 91, e.g., as applied to a VHH domain from camelids, see FIG. 2 of Riechmann and Muyldermans, J. Immunol. Methods 231, 25-38 (1999) ) .
[0243] As used herein, the term “humanized” refers to modification of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof derived from a non-human species (e.g., through genetic engineering technology) to reduce immunogenicity when administered to humans yet retain or enhance specificity and binding affinity to target antigen.
[0244] As used herein the phrase "polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide " refers to a polynucleotide sequence that encodes a polypeptide sequence. Such polynucleotide may optionally include additional coding and / or non-coding nucleic acid sequences. Polynucleotides may be in the form of DNA or RNA. DNA forms include cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA. DNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded. DNA can be a coding strand or a non-coding strand. Polynucleotides can be obtained recombinantly using techniques well-known to a skilled artisan or by chemical synthesis. For example, DNA encoding the polypeptides can be chemically synthesized then introduced into various existing DNA molecules (e.g., expression vector wherein the polynucleotide is subject to a suitable promoter or control sequence to regulate its expression thereof; host cell capable of expressing the expression vector when cultured under suitable conditions) . Biomolecules (e.g., polynucleotides, polypeptides) to which the present application relates include biomolecules that exist in isolated form.
[0245] An “isolated” molecule (e.g., polynucleotide, polypeptide) refers to a molecule that by virtue of its origin or source of derivation (1) is not associated with naturally associated components that accompany it in its native state, (2) is substantially free of other molecules from the same source, e.g., species, cell from which it is expressed, library, etc., (3) is expressed by a cell from a different species, or (4) does not occur in nature. Thus, a molecule that is chemically synthesized, or expressed in a cellular system different from the system from which it naturally originates, will be “isolated” from its naturally associated components. A molecule also may be rendered substantially free of naturally associated components by isolation, using purification techniques well known in the art.
[0246] The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of active ingredient that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue, system, or subject that is being sought by a researcher or medical practitioner, which may include preventing, inhibiting or ameliorating a disease, condition or disorder in a subject including wherein the subject has not yet experience or display the pathology or symptomatology of such disease, condition or disorder and wherein the administration of such amount of active ingredient arrests, slows down further development or reverses the pathology or symptomatology associated with such disease, condition or disorder.
[0247] It is understood that aspects and embodiments of the invention described herein include “comprising, ” “consisting, ” and “consisting essentially of” aspects and embodiments.
[0248] IL-12p40 Variants
[0249] In one aspect, the present invention provides interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12p40) variants including: (i) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and (ii) at least two amino acid substitutions corresponding to W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, or K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from W37F; P42R; E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; F82I; K106I or K106L; E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R; D115L; K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I; and K219E, K219F, or K219Y; wherein said amino acid substitutions include at least one amino acid substitution selected from E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; and F82I; and when said amino acid substitution is E81K, at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from K106I or K106L; E108V, E108I, or E108R; and K219F or K219Y; optionally, further including one or more additional amino acid substitutions corresponding to R301 and K302 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from R301A and K302A.
[0250] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence having at least 91%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence having at least 92%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; optionally at least 93%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence having at least 94%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; optionally at least 95%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence having at least 96%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; optionally at least 97%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence having at least 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; optionally at least 99%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0251] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes at least three amino acid substitutions corresponding to W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, or K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from W37F; P42R; E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; F82I; K106I or K106L; E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R; D115L; K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I; and K219E, K219F, or K219Y; optionally, the IL-12p40 variant includes at least four amino acid substitutions corresponding to W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, or K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from W37F; P42R; E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; F82I; K106I or K106L; E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R; D115L; K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I; and K219E, K219F, or K219Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes at least five amino acid substitutions corresponding to W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, or K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from W37F; P42R; E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; F82I; K106I or K106L; E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R; D115L; K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I; and K219E, K219F, or K219Y; optionally, the IL-12p40 variant includes at least six amino acid substitutions corresponding to W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, or K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from W37F; P42R; E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; F82I; K106I or K106L; E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R; D115L; K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I; and K219E, K219F, or K219Y.
[0252] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to W37 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is W37F.
[0253] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to P42 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is P42R.
[0254] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E81 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E81 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E81K. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E81 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E81R. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E81 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E81T. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E81 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E81V. In some embodiments, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes amino acid substitution E81K, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution selected from K106I and K106L. In some embodiments herein, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes amino acid substitution E81K, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution selected from E108V, E108I, and E108R. In some embodiments, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes amino acid substitution E81K, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution selected from K219F and K219Y.
[0255] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to F82 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is F82I.
[0256] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K106I or K106L. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K106I. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K106 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K106L.
[0257] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E108 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E108 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E108V. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E108 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E108Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E108 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E108I. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to E108 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is E108R.
[0258] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to D115 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is D115L.
[0259] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K217 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K217 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K217Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K217 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K217F. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K217 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K217W. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K217 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is or K217I.
[0260] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K219E, K219F, or K219Y.
[0261] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K219E. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K219F. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K219Y.
[0262] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant further includes one or more mutations to reduce its binding to heparin. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant further includes one or more additional amino acid substitutions corresponding to R301 and K302 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from R301A and K302A. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant further includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to R301 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is R301A. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant further includes an amino acid substitution corresponding to K302 of SEQ ID NO: 2 which is K302A. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes at least one amino acid substitution selected from F82I; and E81K or E81V; and at least one amino acid substitution selected from D115L; and K219E, K219F or K219Y; optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65, or 67-72.
[0263] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is F82I; and at least one amino acid substitution selected from D115L; and K219E, K219F or K219Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is F82I; and an amino acid substitution which is D115L. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is F82I; and an amino acid substitution which is K219E, K219F or K219Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is E81K or E81V; and at least one amino acid substitution selected from D115L; and K219E, K219F or K219Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is E81K or E81V; and an amino acid substitution which is D115L. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is E81K or E81V; and an amino acid substitution which is K219E, K219F or K219Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is E81K; and an amino acid substitution which is K219E, K219F or K219Y. In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is E81V; and an amino acid substitution which is K219E, K219F or K219Y.
[0264] In some embodiments, the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid substitution which is E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; optionally, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is E81K, E81R, or E81T, and at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from K106I; and E108V or E108R. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is selected from F82I; and E81K or E81V; and at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from D115L; and K219E, K219F or K219Y; optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65 or 67-77.
[0265] In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; optionally, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is E81K, E81R, or E81T, and at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from K106I; and E108V or E108R.
[0266] In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include at least one of the following amino acid substitutions: (1) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I, (2) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106L, (3) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I, (4) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106L, (5) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I, (6) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I, (7) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L, (8) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V, (9) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108Y, (10) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V, (11) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I, (12) W37F / E81R / K106I / E108V, (13) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V, (14) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V, (15) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I, (16) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108I, (17) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R, (18) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V, (19) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R, (20) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108Y, (21) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108V, (22) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108R, (23) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108I, (24) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, (25) E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, (26) E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, (27) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, (28) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, (29) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, (30) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, (31) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, (32) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, (33) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, (34) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, (35) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, (36) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, (37) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I, (38) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, (39) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, (40) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I, (41) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, (42) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, (43) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, (44) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217F, (45) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, (46) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, (47) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I, (48) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217I, (49) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217Y, (50) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217F, (51) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108I / K217F, (52) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217I, (53) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217W, (54) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / K217W, (55) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L / K217W, (56) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / K217W, (57) W37F / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W, (58) P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W, (59) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W, (60) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R / K217W, (61) W37F / P42R / E81T / E108R / K217W, (62) W37F / P42R / E81V / E108R / K217W, (63) F82I / D115L / K219E, (64) E81V / F82I, (65) W37F / F82I / D115L, (66) W37F / E81V / K219E, (67) W37F / F82I / K219Y, (68) W37F / F82I / D115L / K219Y, (69) W37F / E81K / D115L / K219F, (70) W37F / E81V / D115L / K219F, (71) W37F / E81V / F82I / K219Y, (72) W37F / E81K / F82I / K219Y, (73) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A, (74) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or (75) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A; optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-77.
[0267] In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / K106L, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106L, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81R / K106I / E108V, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / E108Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / E108V, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / E108R, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81R / E108I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / E108I / K217F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81T / E108R / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81V / E108R / K217W, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions F82I / D115L / K219E, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions E81V / F82I, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / F82I / D115L, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81V / K219E, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / F82I / K219Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / F82I / D115L / K219Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / D115L / K219F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81V / D115L / K219F, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81V / F82I / K219Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / E81K / F82I / K219Y, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include amino acid substitutions P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0268] In some embodiments, provided are IL-12p40 variants wherein said amino acid substitutions include at least one of the following amino acid substitutions: (A) F82I / D115L / K219E, (B) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I, (C) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R, (D) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V, (E) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A, (F) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or (G) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A; optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65, 7, 19, 20, 75, 76 or 77.
[0269] In some embodiments, IL-12p40 variants provided herein have reduced binding affinity to the human IL-12 receptor (hIL-12R) as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in a similar assay. In some embodiments, IL-12p40 variants provided herein have reduced binding affinity to the at least one of hIL-12R subunits (i.e., IL-12Rbeta1 or IL-12Rbeta2) as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in a similar assay. Exemplary IL-12p40 variants provided herein include those described in Example 2 (e.g., Table 3) , Table 33, the claims and enumerated embodiments.
[0270] IL-12 Variants
[0271] In another aspect, the present invention provides IL-12 variants including any of the IL-12p40 variants of the present invention described herein and an IL-12p35 subunit, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant is linked to the IL-12p35 subunit.
[0272] In some embodiments, provided are IL-12 variants further including at least one fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain subunit including a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein at least one of the IL-12p40 variant and the IL-12p35 subunit is linked to the Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus or C-terminus; optionally, wherein the Fc domain subunit is derived from human IgG1 and the Fc domain subunit includes at least two amino acid substitutions selected from C220S; L234A; L235A; M252Y; S254T; T256E; Y349C; S354C; T366W or T366S; L368A; and Y407V. In certain embodiments, the IL-12 variants further include a second Fc domain subunit including a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein at least one of the IL-12p40 variant and the IL-12p35 subunit is linked to the second Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus or C-terminus, optionally, wherein the second Fc domain subunit is derived from human IgG1 and the second Fc domain subunit includes at least two amino acid substitutions selected from C220S; L234A; L235A; M252Y; S254T; T256E; Y349C; S354C; T366W or T366S; L368A; and Y407V.
[0273] In some embodiments, provided are IL-12 variants including amino acid substitution F82I / D115L / K219E, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65.
[0274] In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have reduced binding affinity to hIL-12R as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in a similar assay. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have reduced binding affinity to heparin as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in a similar assay. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 3-fold and 22-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 3-fold and 5-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 3-fold and 4-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 12-fold and 22-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have at least 12-fold, at least 13-fold, at least 14-fold, at least 15-fold, at least 16-fold, at least 17-fold, at least 18-fold, at least 19-fold, at least 20-fold, or at least 21-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 5.5-fold and less than a 12-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have at least a 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 6-fold, at least 7-fold, at least 8-fold, at least 9-fold, at least 10-fold, or at least 11-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay described herein.
[0275] In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 350-fold and 34, 625-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 350-fold and 1,730-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have at least 350-fold, at least 400-fold, at least 450-fold, at least 500-fold, at least 550-fold, at least 600-fold, at least 650-fold, at least 700-fold, at least 750-fold, at least 800-fold, at least 850-fold, at least 900-fold, at least 950-fold, at least 1,000-fold, at least 1,050-fold, at least 1,100-fold, at least 1,150-fold, at least 1,200-fold, at least 1,250-fold, at least 1,300-fold, at least 1,350-fold, at least 1,400-fold, at least 1,450-fold, at least 1,500-fold, at least 1,550-fold, at least 1,600-fold, at least 1,650-fold, at least 1,700-fold, or at least 1,725-fold reduction in potency (optionally, no greater than a 1,730-fold reduction in potency) as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between an 18,000-fold and 35,000-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12 in the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have at least 18,000-fold, at least 18,500-fold, at least 19,000-fold, at least 19,500-fold, at least 20,000-fold, at least 20,500-fold, at least 21,000-fold, at least 21,500-fold, at least 22,000-fold, at least 22,500-fold, at least 23,000-fold, at least 23,500-fold, at least 24,000-fold, at least 24,500-fold, at least 25,000-fold, at least 25,500-fold, at least 26,000-fold, at least 26,500-fold, at least 27,000-fold, at least 27,500-fold, at least 28,000-fold, at least 28,500-fold, at least 29,000-fold, at least 29,500-fold, at least 30,000-fold, at least 30,500-fold, at least 31,000-fold, at least 31,500-fold, at least 32,000-fold, at least 32,500-fold, at least 33,000-fold, at least 33,500-fold, at least 34,000-fold, or at least 34,500-fold reduction in potency) as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have between a 1,740-fold and less than 18,000-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay described herein. In some embodiments, IL-12 variants provided herein have at least 1,750-fold, at least 1,800-fold, at least 1,900-fold, at least 2,000-fold, at least 2,500-fold, at least 3,000-fold, at least 3,500-fold, at least 4,000-fold, at least 4,500-fold, at least 5,000-fold, at least 5,500-fold, at least 6,000-fold, at least 6,500-fold, at least 7,000-fold, at least 7,500-fold, at least 8,000-fold, at least 8,500-fold, at least 9,000-fold, at least 9,500-fold, at least 10,000-fold, at least 10,500-fold, at least 11,000-fold, at least 11,500-fold, at least 12,000-fold, at least 12,500-fold, at least 13,000-fold, at least 13,500-fold, at least 14,000-fold, at least 14,500-fold, at least 15,000-fold, at least 15,500-fold, at least 16,000-fold, at least 16,500-fold, at least 17,000-fold, or at least 17,500-fold reduction in potency as compared to wild-type hIL-12p40 in the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay described herein.
[0276] Exemplary IL-12 variants provided herein include those described in Examples 3 and 4, Table 33, the claims and enumerated embodiments.
[0277] Immunocytokines
[0278] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides immunocytokines including any of the IL-12 variants of the present invention described herein and at least one programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domain.
[0279] In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes a variable region including: (i) a CDR1 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237, (ii) a CDR2 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238, and (iii) a CDR3 including an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 242 and 244, optionally, wherein the variable region includes an amino acid sequence having at least 70%sequence identity to at least one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 264, 270 or 272.
[0280] In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes a variable region including a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 239, optionally, wherein the variable region includes an amino acid sequence having at least one of the following:
[0281] (i) at least 70%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (ii) at least 75%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (iii) at least 80%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (iv) at least %sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (v) at least 90%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (vi) at least 95%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (vii) at least 96%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (viii) at least 97%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (ix) at least 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (x) at least 99%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264; (xi) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 264.
[0282] In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes a variable region including a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242, optionally, wherein the variable region includes an amino acid sequence having at least one of the following: (i) at least 70%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (ii) at least 75%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (iii) at least 80%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (iv) at least 85%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (v) at least 90%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (vi) at least 95%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (vii) at least 96%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (viii) at least 97%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (ix) at least 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (x) at least 99%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270; (xi) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270. In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes a variable region including a CDR3 having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 244, optionally, wherein the variable region includes an amino acid sequence having at least one of the following:
[0283] (i) at least 70%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (ii) at least 75%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (iii) at least 80%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (iv) at least 85%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (v) at least 90%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (vi) at least 95%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (vii) at least 96%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (viii) at least 97%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (ix) at least 98%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (x) at least 99%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272; (xi) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272.
[0284] In some embodiments, the immunocytokines further include at least one Fc domain subunit including a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, optionally, wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain is linked to the Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus and the IL-12 variant is either linked to the same Fc domain subunit at its C-terminus or is linked to a second Fc domain subunit, including a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, at either its N-terminus or its C-terminus.
[0285] In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines including two PD-1 antigen-binding domains, optionally wherein the two PD-1 antigen-binding domains are linked in tandem.
[0286] In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines wherein the variable region includes the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 264, 270 or 272.
[0287] In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines wherein said IL-12p40 variant includes at least one of the following amino acid substitutions: (A) F82I / D115L / K219E, (B) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I, (C) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R, (D) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V, (E) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A, (F) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or (G) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A; optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant includes an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65, 7, 19, 20, 75, 76 or 77.
[0288] Exemplary immunocytokines provided herein include those described in Examples 5-8, Table 33, the claims and enumerated embodiments.
[0289] PD-1 Antigen-Binding Domains
[0290] In another aspect, provided are programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domains including at least one of the following:
[0291] (i) a complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) including an amino acid sequence having at least 77%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 239, optionally wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further includes (a) a CDR1 including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and (b) a CDR2 including an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238; or
[0292] (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to at least one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 262-293.
[0293] In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (i) a complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) including an amino acid sequence having at least 77%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 239, optionally wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further includes (a) a CDR1 including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and (b) a CDR2 including an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (i) , a CDR3 including an amino acid sequence having at least 77%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 239) , wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further includes (a) a CDR1 including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and (b) a CDR2 including an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (i) , a CDR3 including an amino acid sequence having at least 77%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 239) , wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further includes (a) a CDR1 including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and (b) a CDR2 including the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (i) a CDR3 including an amino acid sequence having at least one of the following: at least 77%, at least 80%, at least 83%, at least 85%, at least 87%, at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 239. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes a CDR2 including an amino acid sequence having at least one of the following: at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) , an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to at least one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 262-293. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 262. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 263. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 264. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 265. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 266. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 267. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 268. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 269. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 270. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 271. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 272. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 273. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 274. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 275. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 276. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 277. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 278. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 279. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 280. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 281. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 282. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 283. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 284. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 285. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 286. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 287. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 288. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 289. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 290. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 291. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 292. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 293. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes (i) , wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further includes a CDR1 including an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and a CDR2 including an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238. In some embodiments, provided are PD-1 antigen-binding domains wherein the CDR3 includes an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 239-249 and the CDR2 includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238. In some embodiments, provided are PD-1 antigen-binding domains wherein the CDR3 includes an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-249; and the CDR2 includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238; optionally, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 264. In some embodiments, provided are PD-1 antigen-binding domains wherein the CDR3 includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242 and the CDR2 includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238, optionally, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 262. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 262-277. In some embodiments, the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270. In some embodiments, provided are PD-1 antigen-binding domains wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain is humanized.
[0294] Exemplary PD-1 antigen-binding domains provided herein include those described in Examples 9-13, Table 33, the claims and enumerated embodiments.
[0295] Fusion Proteins
[0296] In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins including one or more of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain (s) (of the present invention described herein) and at least one Fc domain subunit including a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG selected from IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4; optionally wherein the human IgG is IgG1 and said Fc domain subunit includes mutations L234A, L235A and P329G. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG which is IgG1. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG which is IgG2. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG which is IgG3. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG which is IgG4. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG1 and said Fc domain subunit includes mutations L234A, L235A and P329G. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272.
[0297] Exemplary fusion proteins provided herein include those described in Examples 9-13, Table 33, the claims and enumerated embodiments.
[0298] Polynucleotides Encoding Polypeptides, Expression Vectors, Host Cells, and Methods of Manufacture In some embodiments, provided are polynucleotides each of which encodes one or more IL-12p40 variant (s) (of the present invention described herein) . In some embodiments, provided are expression vectors including such polynucleotide. In some embodiments, provided are host cells including such expression vector. In some embodiments, provided are methods of producing the IL-12p40 variant (s) including culturing such host cell under conditions suitable for expressing the expression vector, optionally further including isolating the IL-12p40 variant (s) .
[0299] In some embodiments, provided are polynucleotides each of which encodes one or more IL-12 variant (s) (of the present invention described herein) . In some embodiments, provided are expression vectors including such polynucleotide. In some embodiments, provided are host cells including such expression vector. In some embodiments, provided are methods of producing the IL-12 variant (s) including culturing such host cell under conditions suitable for expressing the expression vector, optionally further including isolating the IL-12 variant (s) .
[0300] In some embodiments, provided are polynucleotides each of which encodes one or more PD-1 antigen-binding domain (s) (of the present invention described herein) . In some embodiments, provided are expression vectors including such polynucleotide. In some embodiments, provided are host cells including such expression vector. In some embodiments, provided are methods for producing the PD-1 antigen-binding domain (s) , including culturing such host cell under conditions suitable for expression of the expression vector; and, optionally, isolating the PD-1 antigen-binding domain (s) .
[0301] In some embodiments, provided are polynucleotides each of which encodes one or more fusion protein (s) (of the present invention described herein) . In some embodiments, provided are expression vectors including such polynucleotide. In some embodiments, provided are host cells including such expression vector. In some embodiments, provided are methods for producing the fusion protein (s) , including culturing such host cell under conditions suitable for expression of the expression vector; and, optionally, isolating the fusion protein (s) .
[0302] Each of the polynucleotides of the present invention described herein can be used to infect, transfect, transform, or otherwise render a suitable cell transgenic for such polynucleotide, thus enabling the production of the polypeptide (s) encoded by such polynucleotide.
[0303] Standard cell lines and methods for the production of polypeptides from a large-scale cell culture are known in the art. In certain embodiments, the cell is a Eukaryotic cell. In certain embodiments, the Eukaryotic cell is a mammalian cell. In certain embodiments, one or more of the polynucleotides described herein is integrated into a genomic locus of a cell useful for producing the encoded polypeptide (s) . In certain embodiments, described herein is a method of making one or more polypeptide (s) of the present invention including the step of culturing a cell including one or more polynucleotide (s) encoding such polypeptide (s) under conditions in vitro sufficient to allow production of said polypeptide (s) .
[0304] Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0305] In some embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical compositions including one or more of the IL-12p40 variant (s) (of the present invention described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0306] In some embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical compositions including one or more of the IL-12 variant (s) (of the present invention described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0307] In some embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical compositions including one or more of the immunocytokine (s) (of the present invention described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0308] In some embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical compositions including one or more PD-1 antigen-binding domain (s) (of the present invention described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0309] In some embodiments, provided are pharmaceutical compositions including one or more of the fusion protein (s) (of the present invention described herein) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0310] Methods and Uses
[0311] In some embodiments, provided are methods of treating a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof including administrating to the patient an effective amount of one or more of the IL-12 variant (s) (of the present invention described herein) , optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer. In some embodiments, the method further includes administering to the patient at least one other therapeutic agent.
[0312] In some embodiments, provided are IL-12 variants (of the present invention described herein) for use in treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer. In some embodiments, provided are uses of the IL-12 variants (of the present invention described herein) for preparation of a medicament for treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0313] In some embodiments, provided are methods of treating a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof including administrating to the patient an effective amount of one or more the immunocytokine (s) (of the present invention described herein) , optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer. In some embodiments, the method further includes administering to the patient at least one other therapeutic agent.
[0314] In some embodiments, provided are immunocytokines (of the present invention described herein) for use in treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer. In some embodiments, provided are uses of the immunocytokines (of the present invention described herein) for preparation of a medicament for treatment of a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.
[0315] In some embodiments, provided are methods of treating malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, including administrating a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain (s) (of the present invention described herein) to the patient; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder includes cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) . In some embodiments, provided are methods wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors. In some embodiments, provided are methods of enhancing an immune response in a patient in need thereof, including administrating a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain (s) (of the present invention described herein) to the patient. In some embodiments, provided are PD-1 antigen-binding domains (of the present invention described herein) for use in treatment of cancer or enhancement of an immune response in a patient, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder includes cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-l or PD-L1; optionally, the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors. In some embodiments, provided are uses of the PD-1 antigen-binding domains (of the present invention described herein) for preparation of a medicament for treatment of cancer in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder includes cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or PD-Ll; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.
[0316] In some embodiments, provided are methods of treating malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, including administrating a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the fusion protein (s) (of the present invention described herein) to the patient; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder includes cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) . In some embodiments, provided are methods wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors. In some embodiments, provided are methods of enhancing an immune response in a patient in need thereof, including administrating a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of the fusion protein (s) (of the present invention described herein) to the patient. In some embodiments, provided are fusion proteins (of the present invention described herein) for use in treatment of cancer or enhancement of an immune response in a patient, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder includes cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-l or PD-L1; optionally, the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors. In some embodiments, provided are uses of the fusion proteins (of the present invention described herein) for preparation of a medicament for treatment of cancer in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder includes cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or PD-Ll; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.
[0317] It is to be understood that within the scope of the present application, the above-described technical features of the present application and the technical features specifically described in the following (e.g., examples) may be combined with each other to form additional technical solutions.
[0318] EXAMPLES
[0319] Example 1. Characterization of reference hIL-12 variants
[0320] Two potency reduced hIL-12 variants described in US Patent No. 11, 358, 999 (referred to herein as “V1” and “V2” ) , were used as references. As compared to wild-type precursor hIL-12p40, V1 has E81K / K121Y mutations whereas V2 has E81K / K121E / K286E mutations (corresponding to E59K / K99Y mutations and E59K / K99Y / K264E mutations, respectively, with the amino acid positions referencing mature hIL-12p40) . V1-sc and V2-sc refer to a single-chain format of the V1 and V2 hIL-12p40 variants, respectively, wherein a hIL-12p40 variant is attached via a (G4S) 3 linker to the N-terminal of a wild-type hIL-12p35 subunit thereby forming a fusion protein (hIL-12 variant) . Additionally, the fusion protein included a 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 296) at the C-terminus to facilitate protein purification. The structures of V1-sc and V2-sc are shown in Figure 25A. V1-Fc and V2-Fc refer to a heterodimeric format of the V1 and V2 hIL-12p40 variants, respectively, with one of either hIL-12p40 variant or a wild-type hIL-12p35 subunit N-terminally linked to each arm of a Fc fragment thereby forming an IL-12 variant that includes a Fc domain as shown in Figure 25B. More specifically, one Fc chain has a hIL-12p40 variant attached via a (G4S) 2 linker to its N-terminus and the other Fc chain has a wild-type IL-12p35 subunit attached via a (G4S) 2 linker to its N-terminus.
[0321] V1 and V2 were compared with wild-type recombinant human IL-12 (wildtype hIL-12p40 attached via a (G4S) 2 linker to the N-terminus of wild-type hIL-12p35 subunit) having a 6×His tag (SEQ ID NO: 296) at the C-terminus to facilitate protein purification (hIL-12-his) in both formats (single-chain and Fc) in a HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay. Briefly, the HEK293-hIL12 reporter cells from Genomeditech were plated at 1.5×104 cells / well in a 96-well flat-bottom white microplate (Greiner) one day before the assay. On the day of the assay, the medium was removed from the pre-plated HEK293-hIL12 reporter cells. Then, 100 μL of hIL-12 variant was added to the plate and incubated in a humidified 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator for 4 hours. Luciferase activity was measured by ONE-GloTM Luciferase Assay System (Promega) using a microplate reader Envision (PerkinElmer) . The activity percentage was calculated as follows:
[0322] V1-sc and V2-sc exhibited 2.4 and 4.7-fold reductions in potency compared with hIL-12-his in this HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay (Figure 1A-B and Table 1) . V1-Fc and V2-Fc exhibited 6.5 and 80.4-fold reductions in potency compared with hIL12-WT-Fc in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay (Figure 1A-B and Table 1) .
[0323] An NK92MI cell assay was established to assess the functional activities of hIL-12 variants on NK92MI cell line. Briefly, NK92MI cells were plated 2×104 cells / well (100 μL) in a 96-well U-bottom clear microplate with 10 μg / mL heparin. Then, 100 μL of diluted hIL-12 variant was added to the assay plate. After a 24-hour incubation, the supernatants were collected to evaluate the level of IFN-γ using HTRF (PerkinElmer) .
[0324] Additionally, a primary human CD8+ T cell assay was established to evaluate the functionality of the hIL-12 variants. Briefly, frozen human CD8+ T cells or fresh human PBMCs were purchased from Oricells. An anti-CD3 antibody (Thermofisher) was pre-coated at 2 μg / mL in a 96-well U-bottom clear microplate at 4℃ overnight, one day before the assay. On the day of the assay, CD8+ T cells were either isolated from fresh PBMCs using a CD8+ T cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec) following the manufacture’s instruction or a vial of frozen CD8+ T cells thawed in a quick water bath. The cells were then resuspended at 5×105 cells / mL in a medium containing 1 μg / mL anti-CD28 (Thermofisher) and 10 ng / mL human IL-2 (Acro Biosystem) . The CD8+ T cell suspension, 100 μL, was added to the pre-coated assay plate, the hIL-12-sc variant was subsequently added to the assay plate and incubated for 48 hours. The cell supernatants were collected to evaluate the level of IFN-γ (secreted by CD8+ T cells) using HTRF (PerkinElmer) .
[0325] In the above described NK92MI-cell and human CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assays, as shown in Figure 1C-E, V1-sc and V1-Fc displayed comparable potency, while V2-Fc showed significantly less potent than V2-sc, also indicating that single-chain and Fc fusion formats could affect the potency of hIL-12 variants.
[0326] Furthermore, the reference hIL-12 variants and wild-type IL-12 in the Fc fusion format were tested in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. Briefly, matured human dendritic cells (DC) and PBMCs were purchased from Oricells. A total of 1×104 matured DC and 1×105 PBMC were co-cultured in a total volume of 200 μL in a 96-well plate, either in the absence or presence of hIL-12 variants for 3 days. The supernatant was harvested for the assessment of IFN-γ. The concentration of IFN-γ was measured using HTRF (PerkinElmer) . V1-Fc and V2-Fc exhibited 588-fold and greater than 10,000-fold reductions in potency compared with wild-type hIL-12-Fc, respectively, as shown in Figure 1F and Table 2. V1-sc, V2-sc, V1-Fc and V2-Fc were used as references for the screening of hIL-12 variants.
[0327] Table 1. EC50 (nM) summary of reference proteins, V1 and V2, in Fc or single chain (sc) format in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay
[0328] Table 2. EC50 summary of V1-Fc and V2-Fc in the MLR assay
[0329] Example 2. Screening and characterization of hIL-12 variants
[0330] The enumeration of amino acids shall start at the first amino acid of the wild-type hIL-12p40 containing signal peptide (also referred to herein as (wild-type) precursor hIL-12p40) . The amino acids at sites W37, P42, E81, F82, D115, K106, E108, D115, K217, and K219 in the hIL-12p40 subunit were identified as potential sites for introducing affinity-modulating substitutions at the hIL-12p40 / hIL-12Rβ1 interface. Several hIL-12p40 variants were generated which when combined with an IL-12p35 subunit exhibited reduced affinity of to the hIL-12 receptor.
[0331] One hundred twenty-seven different hIL-12p40 variants with mutations in the hIL-12p40 subunit at the hIL-12p40 / hIL-12Rβ1 interface were generated using computer aided drug design (Table 3) . Corresponding hIL-12 variants in single-chain format (hIL-12-sc variants) were generated having a hIL-12p40 variant attached via a (G4S) 3 linker to the N-terminus of a wild-type hIL-12p35 subunit (shown in Figure 25A) . The hIL-12 variant fusion proteins, constructed with a pcDNA3.4 vector using standard gene synthesis or site-directed mutagenesis, also included a 6xHis tag (SEQ ID NO: 296) at the C-terminus of the hIL-12 variant fusion protein to facilitate protein purification.
[0332] Table 3. Mutations in wild-type precursor form of hIL-12p40 subunit corresponding to IL-12p40 variant (and counterpart hIL-12 variants)
[0333] Reference molecule-containing cell supernatant was diluted from 1: 250 to 1: 16384000 with potencies assessed using the HEK293-hIL12 reporter cell assay. All hIL-12-sc variants achieved the maximum level of relative light unit (RLU) when diluted in 1: 1000; however, at a 1: 16000 dilution, the potency gap between V2-sc and V1-sc was largest (data not shown) . Therefore, the supernatants of hIL-12 variants were diluted 1000-fold and 16000-fold, respectively, for screening and the RLU determined in the aforementioned reporter cell assay. The ratio of RLU of each of the 127 IL-12-sc variants (detailed in Table 3) to that of V2-sc was determined and is summarized in Table 4.
[0334] Table 4. Summary of RLU ratios of diluted supernatants from hIL-12-sc variants compared to V2-sc in the HEK293. hIL-12 reporter assay
[0335] Sixty-seven purified hIL-12-sc variants were further evaluated in the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay and the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay (Table 5, Figure 2A-O, Figure 3A-O) . In the HEK293-hIL12 reporter assay, the 67 hIL-12-sc variants were 3.82-fold to 21.3-fold less potent than hIL-12-his in single-chain format, while the reference variants V1-sc and V2-sc were 5.65-fold and 11.82-fold less potent than hIL-12-his, respectively (Figure 2A-O, Table 5) . In the NK92MI-cell IFN-γ release assay, the 67 hIL-12-sc variants were 367-fold to 34, 606-fold less potent than hIL-12-his in single-chain format, and the reference V1-sc and V2-sc were 1, 747-fold and 17, 900-fold less potent than hIL-12-his in single-chain format, respectively (Table 5, Figure 3A-O) .
[0336] Table 5. Summary of EC50 (ng / mL) values for purified hIL-12-sc variants in the HEK293. hIL-12 reporter assay and the NK92MI cell IFN-γ release assay
[0337] For the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay, results from hIL-12-sc variants evaluated are presented in Figure 4A-I with a summary of the EC50 values provided in Table 6.
[0338] Table 6. Summary of EC50 (ng / mL) values for hIL-12-sc variants from human CD8+ T-cell IFN-γrelease assay
[0339] Based on the data from the HEK293-hIL-12 reporter assay, NK92MI cell IFN-γ release assay, and CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay, 33 hIL-12-sc variants were categorized into four potency groups with a range of relative potency as compared to the hIL-12 reduced references: (i) more potent than V1-sc (3 total) , (ii) V1-sc-like potency (20 total) , (iii) potency between V1-sc and V2-sc (6 total) , and (iv) V2-sc-like potency (4 total) (Table 7) .
[0340] Table 7. Classification of 33 hIL-12-sc variants into four potency groups
[0341] Towards further reducing the potency of hIL-12 by modifying heparin-binding sites, site-directed mutagenesis introduced R301A and K302A mutations (collectively referred to herein as “AA” ) into the hIL-12p40 subunit of hIL-12-sc variants (containing mutations at the hIL-12p40 / hIL-12Rβ1 interface) . These “AA” mutated hIL-12-sc variants were then evaluated for IFN-γ release in CD8+ T cells. IFN-γrelease results are shown in Figure 5A-B with an EC50 summary provided in Table 8. The EC50 values of 5-AA-sc, 27-AA-sc, and 32-AA-sc were 37.46 nM, 11.31 nM, and 55.79 nM, respectively, in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay.
[0342] Table 8. Summary of EC50 (nM) values for hIL-12-sc variants (with AA mutations in IL-12p40 subunit) in the human CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay
[0343] Example 3. Characterization of hIL-12B-Fc heterodimeric variants
[0344] Fc variants of the hIL-12p40 variants were generated in a heterodimer format with one arm of each Fc region bearing either a hIL-12p40 variant or a wild-type hIL-12p35 subunit (see Figure 25B; referred to herein as “hIL-12B-Fc variants” ) . The Fc region included mutations to enable heterodimer formation (knob-into-hole) and Fc silencing. The "knob" Fc region had a hIL-12p40 variant attached to its N-terminus via a (G4S) 2 linker, and the "hole" Fc region had a wild-type hIL-12p35 subunit attached to its N-terminus via a (G4S) 2 linker. It is understood that an alternative configuration could be generated with the hIL-12p40 attached to the “hole” Fc region and the IL-12p35 attached to the “knob” region. In the NK92MI cell IFN-γ release assay, hIL-12B-Fc variants, hIL-12B 70-Fc-heterodimer, hIL-12B 90-Fc-heterodimer, hIL-12B L11-Fc-heterodimer, and hIL-12B L20-Fc-heterodimer, showed comparable potency to V2-Fc (in the same format) (Figure 6A-B) . Likewise, hIL-12-sc variants, 70-sc, 90-sc, L11-sc, and L20-sc, displayed similar potency to V2-sc, mirroring the trend observed for this Fc format. However, hIL-12 variants 70, 90, L11, and L20 in either sc or this Fc format exhibited moderate potency, comparable to a level between V2 and V1 in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay (Figure 6C-D) . Notably, the hIL-12-sc variants, 70-sc, 90-sc, L11-sc, and L20-sc, were more potent than their corresponding counterparts in this Fc format (namely, hIL-12B 70-Fc-heterodimer, hIL-12B 90-Fc-heterodimer, hIL-12B L11-Fc-heterodimer, and hIL-12B L20-Fc-heterodimer, respectively) , suggesting that the format impacts potency for the same mutation sites of IL-12p40 (Table 9, Figure 6E) . Specifically, the potency of hIL-12B 70-Fc-heterodimer, hIL-12B 90-Fc-heterodimer, hIL-12B L11-Fc-heterodimer, and hIL-12B L20-Fc-heterodimer was reduced by 1480 to 1920-fold compared to hIL-12-WT-Fc in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay. Additionally, hIL-12B-Fc variants hIL-12B 1-Fc-heterodimer , hIL-12B 2-Fc-heterodimer , and hIL-12B 88-Fc-heterodimer exhibited V1-Fc-like potency in both the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release and MLR assays (Figure 7A-B, Table 10) , with potency reductions of 8.4–379.5-fold relative to hIL-12-WT-Fc in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay.
[0345] Table 9. Summary of EC50 (ng / mL) values for hIL-12-sc variants and IL-12B-Fc variants in NK92MI-cells and CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay
[0346] Table 10. Summary of EC50 (nM) values of hIL-12B-Fc variants in CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release and MLR assays
[0347] Example 4. Characterization of hIL-12-sc-Fc variants
[0348] Fc variants of the hIL-12p40 variants were generated in a heterodimer format with only one arm of a Fc region having a hIL-12-sc variant (see Figure 25C; referred to herein as “hIL-12-sc-Fc variants” ) . Specifically, a hIL-12-sc variant was N-terminally linked to one arm of a Fc region via a (G4S) 2 linker (unlike the N-terminal of the other Fc arm was ) . The Fc region included mutations to enable heterodimer formation (knob-into-hole) and Fc silencing. It is understood that an alternative configuration to that depicted in Figure 25C could be generated with the hIL-12-sc variant attached to the “hole” Fc region instead of attached to the “knob” region. The potency of hIL-12-sc-Fc variants were evaluated by the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay and / or MLR assay. As reflected in Figure 8, hIL-12-sc-Fc variants 5-AA sc-Fc, 27-AA sc-Fc, and 32-AA sc-Fc were less potent than V2-Fc; hIL-12-sc-Fc variants 1 sc-Fc, 2 sc-Fc, 3 sc-Fc, 88 sc-Fc, 96 sc-Fc, 97 sc-Fc, L1 sc-Fc, L19 sc-Fc, and L21 sc-Fc, displayed comparable potency to V1-Fc; and hIL-12-sc-Fc variant L22 sc-Fc, showed moderate potency at a level between that of V1-Fc and V2-Fc. EC50 values of hIL-12-sc-Fc variants are summarized in Table 11. The potency of 1 sc-Fc, 2 sc-Fc, 3 sc-Fc, 88 sc-Fc, 96 sc-Fc, 97 sc-Fc decreased 98 to 882.6-fold compared with hIL-12-WT-Fc in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay.
[0349] Table 11. Summary of EC50 (nM) values of hIL-12-sc-Fc variants in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release and MLR assays
[0350] Example 5. Characterization of Fc-hIL-12 variants
[0351] Fc variants of the hIL-12 variants were generated in a format with only one arm of a Fc region having a hIL-12-sc variant attached to the C-terminus of the Fc region (see Figure 25D; referred to herein as “Fc-hIL-12 variants” ) . The Fc region included mutations to enable heterodimer formation (knob-into-hole) and Fc silencing. The hIL-12-sc variants were linked to the C-terminus of the Fc fragment's knob chain to create Fc-hIL-12 variants, as illustrated in Figure 25D. It is understood that an alternative configuration to that depicted in Figure 25D could be generated with the hIL-12-sc variant attached to the “hole” Fc region instead of attached to the “knob” region. The activity of these Fc-hIL-12 variants was evaluated using the HEK293-hIL-12 reporter cell assay. Table 12 summarizes the EC50 (nM) values of the Fc-hIL-12 variants (referred to herein as “BisC- [IL-12-sc variant#] ” as these provide a control for the corresponding immunocytokines including an anti-PD1 domain depicted in Figure 25E) . Notably, BisC-40, BisC-41, BisC-42, BisC-65, BisC-69, and BisC-71 exhibited a 20-to 80-fold reduction in potency compared to hIL-12-WT-Fc, while BisC-67, BisC-73, BisC-75, BisC-77, and BisC-79 exhibited a 3-to 10-fold reduction in potency compared to hIL-12-WT-Fc.
[0352] Table 12. Summary of EC50 (nM) values of Fc-hIL-12 variants in the HEK293. hIL-12 reporter assay
[0353] The activity of Fc-hIL-12 variants, BisC-40, BisC-41, and BisC-42, was further evaluated using the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release and MLR assays. As depicted in Figure 9 and Table 13, the potency of Fc-hIL-12 variants, BisC-40, BisC-41, and BisC-42, was reduced by 23323-fold, 11707-fold, and 10876-fold compared to hIL-12-WT-Fc, respectively in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay.
[0354] Table 13. Summary of EC50 (nM) values of Fc-hIL-12 variants in the CD8+ T-cell IFN-γ release assay
[0355] The in vitro potency of various Fc-hIL-12 variants was evaluated by detecting IFN-γ levels using a COVID-19 S protein recall assay. Briefly, frozen human PBMCs from human volunteers who had experienced COVID-19 were acquired, thawed and added to a 96-well U-bottom plates at 4×105 cells / well with 1 μg / mL COVID-19 S protein in 100 μL per well. Then, 100 μL of serial diluted test sample were added to the plates (in duplicate for each concentration) . The plate was incubated at 37℃in a CO2 incubator for 3 days. The culture supernatants were collected to measure the levels of IFN-γusing HTRF (PerkinElmer) . Figure 10 shows that the potency of each of Fc-hIL-12 variants BisC-65, BisC-67, BisC-69, and BisC-71 was between those of V1-Fc and V2-Fc, while the activities of BisC-73, BisC-75, BisC-77, and BisC-79 were comparable to that of V1-Fc. The EC50 (nM) values of Fc-hIL-12 variants are summarized in Table 14.
[0356] Table 14. Summary of EC50 values of Fc-hIL-12 variants in the COVID-19 S-protein recall assay
[0357] Example 6. Characterization of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines
[0358] Immunocytokines with a hIL-12 variant and a human PD-1 (hPD-1) antigen-binding domain (anti-PD-1 / hIL-12) were generated having a Fc region as depicted in Figure 25E. In particular, hIL-12 variants were generated in single-chain format as described above (with a hIL-12p40 variant linked at the N-terminal end of a hIL-12p35 subunit via a (GGGS) 2 linker) , the hIL-12 variants were attached to one arm of a Fc region at its C-terminal end. Fc region modifications included knob-into-hole mutations for heterodimer formation and Fc silencing. The Fc region’s “knob” chain included hIL-12-sc variant at the C-terminus and an anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody at its N-terminus, whereas the Fc region’s “hole” chain carried an anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody at its N-terminus. Figures 25E and 25D illustrate the schematics of these immunocytokines and Fc-hIL-12 controls, respectively. It is understood that an alternative configuration to that depicted in Figure 25E could be generated with the hIL-12-sc variant attached to the “hole” Fc region instead of attached to the “knob” Fc region. The anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody HuPNANO9g2 was used in immunocytokines Bis-03, Bis-06, and Bis-09, while the affinity-matured HuPNANO9g2 AM1-52 was used in immunocytokines Bis-16, Bis-38, Bis-39, Bis-54, Bis-55, Bis-56, Bis-57, Bis-58, Bis-59, Bis-64, Bis-66, Bis-68, Bis-70, Bis-72, Bis-74, Bis-76, and Bis-78. Fc regions of these immunocytokines included amino acid substitutions to avoid disulfide bond formation between the different Fc chains (C220S) , extend half-life (M252Y / S254T / T256E) , silence Fc activity (L234A / L235A) and each chain also had different additional amino acid substitutions to promote heterodimerization . The Fc “knob” chain of immunocytokines Bis-03, Bis-06, Bis-09, Bis-16, Bis-38, Bis-39 has amino acid substitutions C220S / L234A / L235A / P329G / K360E / K409W, whereas the corresponding Fc “hole” chain has amino acid substitutions C220S / L234A / L235A / P329G / Q347R / D399V / F405T. Fc “knob” chain of Bis-54, Bis-56, Bis-58, Bis-64, Bis-66, Bis-68, Bis-70, Bis-72, Bis-74, Bis-76, and Bis-78 has amino acid substitutions C220S / L234A / L235A / M252Y / S254T / T256E / S354C / T366W; and corresponding Fc “hole” chain has amino acid substitutions C220S / L234A / L235A / M252Y / S254T / T256E / Y349C / T366S / L368A / Y407V. Fc “knob” chain of Bis-55, Bis-57, and Bis-59 has amino acid substitutions C220S / L234A / L235A / S354C / T366W, and corresponding Fc “hole” chain has amino acid substitutions C220S / L234A / L235A / Y349C / T366S / L368A / Y407V.
[0359] Figure 25F depicts an alternative format of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines with an Fc region wherein two tandemly linked anti-PD-1 single-domain antibodies were attached to the “hole” chain of the Fc region at its N-terminus whereas hIL-12 variant in single-chain format was linked to the Fc “knob” chain at its C-terminus. The anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody used in immunocytokine was Bis-23 HuPNANO9g2, whereas affinity-matured HuPNANO9g2 AM1-52 and HuPNANO9g2 AM3-17 were used in immunocytokine Bis-24 and Bis-30, respectively.
[0360] Table 15. Summary of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines and the corresponding Fc-hIL-12 variant (control)
[0361] The immunocytokines were evaluated in a PD-1 blocking assay. Briefly, a luciferase reporter assay was established using a co-culture assay with 293T-OS8-PD-L1 cell and Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 cells. The assay involved two steps: first, 50 μL of 293T-OS8-PD-L1 cells were seeded at 1×104 cells / well in a white 96-well flat-bottom microplate (Greiner) , and 50 μL of immunocytokine solutions (prepared at 3× concentration in assay medium) were added to the plate. Next, 50 μL of Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1-luciferase cells were added to the plate at 1×105 cells / well. The plate was then incubated for 5 hours in a humidified incubator at 37℃ and 5%CO2. Luciferase activity was detected using the ONE-GloTM Luciferase Assay System (Promega) and a microplate reader Envision (PerkinElmer) . HuPnano-9 g2-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc and Keytruda served as positive controls. The EC50 values derived from the Jurkat-NFAT reporter assay are presented in Table 16. As shown in Figure 11, immunocytokines Bis-03, Bis-06, and Bis-09, which include anti-PD-1 and hIL-12 variant components, demonstrated similar or slightly reduced PD-1 blocking activity compared to Keytruda but were more potent than HuPnano-9 g2-Fc. In contrast, immunocytokines Bis-16, Bis-38, Bis-39, Bis-54, Bis-55, Bis-56, Bis-57, Bis-58, and Bis-59, all exhibited enhanced PD-1 binding affinity and superior blocking activity relative to Keytruda. Immunocytokine Bis-23, containing the anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody HuPnano-9 g2, displayed PD-1 blocking activity comparable to HuPnano-9 g2-Fc. In contrast, immunocytokines Bis-24 and Bis-30, which each include an affinity-matured anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody, exhibited PD-1 blocking activity comparable to Keytruda but both these immunocytokines exhibited PD-1 blocking activity that was less potent than anti-PD-1 single-chain antibody HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc.
[0362] Table 16. Summary of EC50 (nM) values of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines in the 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-PD-1 reporter assay
[0363] The activity of various anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines was next assessed using the HEK293. hIL-12 reporter assay. The EC50 values for these immunocytokines are presented in Table 17 (parental, PD-1 negative column) and Figure 12. The data indicates that immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-39, and Bis-16 exhibited reduced IL-12 activity at a level comparable to their respective Fc-hIL-12 variant control, BisC-40, BisC-41, and BisC-42, in hIL-12R+, PD-1-negative cells.
[0364] Table 17. Summary of EC50 (nM) values of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines in the HEK293. hIL-12 reporter assay
[0365] Next, the activity of the anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines was evaluated using a luciferase reporter cell line that is positive for both the hIL-12 receptor and human PD-1 (hPD-1) . Figure 13 shows cell Clone P5E3 exhibited high PD-1 expression, while cell Clone P5G9 exhibited moderate PD-1 expression.
[0366] As reflected in Figures 14 and 15 by comparing the IL-12 activity of each anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokine in PD-1-negative to that in PD-1-positive cell lines, the degree of PD-1-induced hIL-12 activity varies for each immunocytokine. Overall, the IL-12 activity of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines was greater in the PD-1-high clone P5E3 than in the PD-1-moderate clone P5G9, suggesting that these immunocytokines initiate a cis-mediated signaling process dependent on the PD-1 expression level. Various anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines exhibited low activity in hIL-12R+ and PD-1-negative cells; however, their activity was enhanced in hIL-12R+ cells expressing PD-1. As such, these anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines deliver hIL-12 activity in a PD-1-dependent manner. The EC50 values of the anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines in these cell lines, as measured by luciferase expression, are summarized in Table 17.
[0367] The activity of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines was further assessed using the MLR assay. Immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-39, Bis-16, Bis-64, Bis-68, Bis-70, and Bis-72 demonstrated greater potency than their respective Fc-hIL-12 variant (control) , BisC-40, BisC-41, BisC-42, BisC-65, BisC-69, BisC-71, and BisC-73, in the MLR assay (Figure 16 and Table 18) . This indicates that these immunocytokines exhibit targeted hIL-12 activity in a PD-1-dependent manner. Immunocytokines with the same hIL-12 mutation, such as Bis-16, Bis-54, and Bis-55, but with different silenced-Fc mutations, exhibited similar potency (Figures 16C-E) . In a donor with high PD-1 expression, the potency of immunocytokines Bis-64 and Bis-56 increased by 8000-fold and 558-fold, respectively, compared to their respective Fc-hIL-12 variant (control) BisC-65 and BisC-40. Immunocytokines Bis-16, Bis-54, and Bis-55 exhibited similar potency to V1-Fc, whereas immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-56, Bis-57, Bis-39, Bis-58, and Bis-59 were more potent than V1-Fc. The immunocytokines Bis-64, Bis-66, Bis-68, Bis-70, Bis-72, Bis-74, Bis-76, and Bis-78 demonstrated greater potency than V1-Fc and comparable potency to hIL-12-WT-Fc. Additionally, as reflected in Figure 17, immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-39, and Bis-16 exhibited greater IL-12 activity than that exhibited from the combination of anti-PD-1 antibody HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc with Fc-hIL-12variants (BisC-40, BisC-41, and BisC-42) .
[0368] Table 18. Summary of EC50 values of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines in the MLR assay
[0369] The anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines were also evaluated in the primary human CD8+ T cell IFN-γrelease assay (described above) . Immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-39, and Bis-16 exhibited greater activity than Fc-hIL-12 variant BisC-40, BisC-41, and BisC-42 (Figure 18 and Table 19) .
[0370] The effect of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines was also evaluated by measuring the amount of IFN-γ released from primary NK cells. Briefly, human primary NK cells were isolated from human PBMCs purchased from Oricells using an NK cell Isolation kit (Miltenyi Biotec) following the manufacture’s instruction. The NK cells were adjusted to a cell density of 4×105 cells / mL and supplemented with 25 ng / mL IL-18 (RnD system) . A 100 μL aliquot of NK cells was transferred to a 96-well U-bottom microplate. Then, 100 μL of diluted test sample was added to the plate and incubated in a humidified 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator for 48 hours. The culture supernatants were collected to measure the levels of IFN-γ using HTRF (PerkinElmer) . Immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-39, and Bis-16 showed comparable potency to their respective Fc-hIL-12 variants, BisC-40, BisC-41, and BisC-42, likely due to the low expression levels of PD-1 on primary NK cells. This suggests that the enhanced potency of immunocytokines is PD-1-dependent (Figure 19 and Table 19) .
[0371] Table 19. EC50 (nM) summary of anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines, reference IL-12 variants and wild-type hIL-12 in the CD8+ T-cell and primary human NK cell IFN-γ release assay
[0372] The anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines were additionally evaluated for their in vitro effect by measuring IFN-γ production in COVID-19 S protein recall assay. As shown in Figure 20, immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-39, and Bis-16 demonstrated lower potency than V1-Fc in the COVID-19 S-protein recall assay. In contrast, immunocytokines Bis-64, Bis-66, Bis-68, Bis-70, Bis-72, Bis-74, Bis-76, and Bis-78 exhibited greater potency than V1-Fc, particularly at low concentrations, suggesting that these Immunocytokines initiate a cis-mediated signaling process at low doses. Additionally, immunocytokines Bis-38, Bis-39, Bis-16, and Bis-64 showed enhanced potency compared to the corresponding combination treatment (anti-PD-1 antibody HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc and respective Fc-hIL-12 variant control (BisC-40, BisC-41, BisC-42, or BisC-65) .
[0373] Example 7. Mouse surrogate molecules
[0374] Mouse surrogate molecules of anti-PD1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines were generated having the format of Figures 25E. In short, an Fc region with mouse IL-12 (mIL-12) variants in a single-chain format (having a mIL-12p40 subunit attached to mIL-12p35 subunit at its N-terminus) , then attached to the C-terminus of one chain of the Fc region and an anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody attached to the N-terminus of each arm of the Fc region. The Fc region modifications included amino acid substitutions for Fc silencing and knob-into-hole to promote heterodimer formation. In this configuration, the “knob” chain of the Fc region had a mIL-12 in a single-chain format at the C-terminus of the “knob” chain and an anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody at the N-terminus of the “knob” chain, whereas the “hole” chain had an anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody at the N-terminus of the “hole” chain. The anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody used in Bis-m34 was affinity-matured HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52.
[0375] To evaluate the activity of these mouse surrogate molecules, mouse IFN-γ production was measured in a mouse MLR assay using human PD-1 knock-in mice from C57BL / 6-hPD-1 and Balb / c-hPD-1 strains (Gempharmatech Co., Ltd) . Briefly, spleen cell suspensions from mice were prepared by gently pushing the spleens through a cell strainer in cold DPBS. The cells were collected and spun down. Next, the red blood cells were removed by mixing the cells with red blood cell lysate. One milliliter of red blood cell lysate was added to each tube and incubated for 4 minutes, then 10 mL of DPBS was added to stop lysis. The cells were spun down, resuspended in DPBS, filtered through a cell strainer, and spun down again. Finally, after the last wash in RPMI-1640, responder cells from C57BL / 6-hPD-1 spleen were adjusted to the appropriate concentration in complete medium. Stimulator cells from Balb / c-hPD-1 spleen were treated with 20 μg / mL Mitomycin-C (Sigma) at 4×106 cells / ml in RPMI-1640 with 10%FBS for 30 minutes. Seventy-five microliters of responder cells (1×105 cells / well) and 75 μL pre-treated stimulator cells (1×105 cells / well) were added to plates, respectively. The S / R ratio was 1: 1. Then, 50 μL / well of serially diluted test sample was added to the plates (in duplicate for each concentration) . The plates were incubated for 3 days at 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator. The culture supernatants were collected, and mouse IFN-γ levels were detected using ELISA kits (Novus) .
[0376] Mouse surrogate molecules Bis-m34 and BisC-m36 include an anti-PD-1 / mIL-12 variant having the format depicted in Figure 25E whereas BisC-m01 is a mouse wild-type IL-12 in an Fc format (referred to as Fc-mIL-12) as depicted in Figure 25D. Among the surrogate molecules, Bis-m34 exhibited the highest potency, although it was still less potent than BisC-m01 (Figure 21) . Consequently, the mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 and a combination treatment of the anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody (HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc wherein the Fc region has L234A, L235A, and P329G mutations ( “LALAPG” ) that are known to abolish immune effector functions) with the corresponding Fc-mIL-12 variant (BisC-m36) were tested. As shown in Figure 21, mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 was more potent than either the combination treatment (anti-PD-1 single-domain antibody (HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc) and BisC-m36) or treatment with respective Fc-mIL-12 variant (BisC-m36) alone. These findings indicate that mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 initiates a cis-mediated signaling process, particularly at low concentrations, similar to the anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokines.
[0377] The mouse surrogate molecules were also evaluated in syngeneic mice with hPD-1 knock mouse surrogate molecule in. B16F10 and CT26 tumors were induced by subcutaneous injection of 100 μL tumor cell suspension containing 1×105 or 5×105 cells in the flank of the C57Bl / 6. hPD-1 (Biocytogen Pharmaceuticals (Beijing) Co., Ltd. ) or Balb / C. hPD-1 (Gempharmatech Co., Ltd) mouse. Tumor volumes were measured at least twice per week. Tumor volumes (mm3) were calculated as follows: tumor volume = 0.5 × (length) × (width) 2. Treatment started 7 or 15 days after tumor inoculation, when the average tumor size was between 66 and 140 mm3. Before treatment, mice were divided into groups of 8 mice each, with equal tumor size distribution (average and variance) . Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1 mL test solution per mouse, according to the schedule specified for each experiment. In the experiments, the body weight of the mice was monitored twice a week, including on the day of treatment. Mice were observed at least three times weekly for clinical signs of illness.
[0378] In the B16F10 model, anti-PD-1 monotherapy showed no anti-tumor activity compared to an equimolar control antibody, indicating that B16F10 is resistant to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Treatment with 0.1 mg / kg of wild-type (WT) Fc-mIL-12 (BisC-m01) significantly reduced tumor growth; however, notable body weight loss (>10%) was observed within the first week, suggesting poor tolerance of WT Fc-mIL-12 (Figure 22) . In contrast, mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 at doses of 10 mg / kg and 3 mg / kg exhibited dose-dependent anti-tumor activity compared to the isotype control group (Figure 22) , with no significant body weight loss observed in mice treated with mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34. In the CT26 syngeneic tumor model, treatment with 2.7 mg / kg of the anti-PD-1 molecule (HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc) reduced tumor growth, achieving a tumor growth inhibition measured by tumor volume (TGITV) of 46.3%by Day 21. On the same day, 1.3 mg / kg of mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 exhibited anti-tumor activity comparable to equimolar WT Fc-mIL-12 (BisC-m01) , with a TGITV of 99.2%. Five out of eight mice treated with mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 fully eradicated their tumors by Day 21. Additionally, 1 mg / kg of mouse surrogate molecule BisC-m36, a potency-reduced Fc-mIL-12 variant, combined with 2.7 mg / kg of the anti-PD-1 molecule, reduced tumor growth with a TGITV of 83.9%on Day 21 (Figure 23) . At the study endpoint, tumors were collected and weighed, resulting in tumor growth inhibition measured by tumor weight (TGITW) values of 50.8%for anti-PD-1 monotherapy, 84.7%for the mouse surrogate molecule BisC-m36 and anti-PD-1 combination treatment, and 99.1%for mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 treatment alone (Figure 23) . All treatments were well tolerated.
[0379] In summary, mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 exhibited comparable anti-tumor activity to WT Fc-mIL-12. Further, mouse surrogate molecule Bis-m34 exhibited better efficacy than both anti-PD-1 monotherapy and combination therapy (anti-PD-1 and BisC-m36) .
[0380] Example 8. Immunocytokine anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 significantly increased cytotoxicity activity of human PBMC and release of IFN-γ in a human PBMC / tumor cell co-culture system
[0381] Frozen human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors were obtained from STEMCELL. The frozen PBMCs were gently thawed, washed, and resuspended in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10%FBS. A 200 μL aliquot was taken to count the cells and assess viability using the Vi-Cell system. The cells were then plated at a density of 2×106 cells / mL. To activate the T cells, 20 μL / mL of ImmunoCultTM Human CD3 / CD28 T Cell Activator was added to the cell suspension at density of 2×106 cell per mL in T75 flask or 10cm dish. The cells were cultured at 37℃ with 5%CO2 for 2 to 3 days. Human osteosarcoma Saos2-luc cells (1×104) were plated in a 96-well black clear-bottom plate and incubated at 37℃ with 5%CO2 for 24 hours. The following day, 2×104 activated, PD-1 positive PBMCs were added to each well. A 20 μL volume of 6x final doses of treatment articles were added to each well. The co-culture of cells and test sample was further incubated at 37℃ with 5%CO2 for 72 hours. After incubation, the plate was centrifuged at 1600 rpm for 4 minutes. Then, 50 μL of supernatant was transferred to a 96-well V-bottom plate for immediate cytokine measurement or stored at -80℃ for future analysis. Finally, 50 μL of ONE-Glo was added to each well. The plate was shaken in the dark for 10 minutes, and luciferase activity was measured in luminescent mode using a BMG reader. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured using the Human Proinflammatory Panel 1 kit from MSD. The supernatant was diluted 1: 5 with RPMI-1640 prior to the assay. The assay protocol and data analysis were performed according to the recommendations provided in the MSD brochure.
[0382] As shown in Figure 24A, immunocytokine Bis-64 exhibited potent, dose-dependent cytotoxicity against human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells, with activity nearly matching that of wild-type hIL-12-Fc. In contrast, the Fc-hIL-12 variant (control) BisC-65 exhibited reduced cytotoxicity. The anti-PD-1 antibody (HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc) alone demonstrated minimal activity. Additionally, the combination of anti-PD-1 (HupNANO9g2 AM1-52) and Fc-hIL-12 variant (control) BisC-65 yielded activity nearly identical to that of Fc-hIL-12 variant (control) BisC-65 alone. As reflected in Figure 24B, IFN-γ release from the co-culture study, aligned with the observed cytotoxicity results. Immunocytokine Bis-64 led to a significant level of IFN-γ release, comparable to that produced in cells treated with wild-type Fc-hIL-12. In contrast, both Fc-hIL-12 variant (control) BisC-65 (without the anti-PD-1 antibody) and the combination treatment of BisC-65 and the anti-PD-1 antibody resulted in similarly low IFN-γ production. These findings indicate that the anti-PD-1 / hIL-12 immunocytokine provides a stronger cis-effect than the combination treatment of hIL-12 variant and anti-PD-1 antibody. Only very low levels of IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α were detected (data not shown) , with no significant differences observed among the treatment groups.
[0383] Example 9. Generation of VHH single-domain antibodies
[0384] 1. Camel immunization
[0385] Human PD-1-hFc (Cat. No. PD1-H5257, ACROBiosystems) was used as immunogen for camel immunization. Immunization was conducted five times and the titer of anti-serum in multiple test bleeds was tested by ELISA. Briefly, 100 μL human PD-1-his was diluted with PBS per well and incubated on ELISA plates at 4℃ overnight. The next day, unbound human PD-1-his was aspirated from the wells. 200 μL of blocking buffer (PBS with 3%BSA) was added and incubated for 1 hour followed by three washes with 300 μL of PBST. Next, 100 μL of diluted serum was added to the wells and incubated for 1 hour followed by 3 washes with 300 μL of PBST. 100 μL of diluted anti-camel IgG-HRP conjugate was added to the wells and incubated for 1 hour followed by 3 washes with 300 μL of PBST. Finally, 100 μL of TMB substrate was added to each well and incubated for 10-15 min. The reactions were stopped by adding 50 μL of 2 M sulfuric acid to each well. The absorbance was read at 450 nm. As reflected in Figures 26A-C错误!未找到引用源., anti-human PD-1 antibodies isolated from immunized camels reached antibody titers of 106, sufficient for library construction.
[0386] 2. Immune library construction and panning
[0387] RNA was isolated from PBMC lysates of immunized camel and converted to cDNA using PrimeScriptTMRT reagent Kit (Takara Bio Inc.) . VHH sequences were amplified by PCR using antibody signal sequence primers. VHH sequences were cloned into phagemid vector and the resultant product transformed into TG1 host bacteria by electroporation to construct an antibody library displaying the VHH sequences. The library’s capacity was about 2.25E10. The first round of panning was conducted using hPD-1-biotin to enrich specific phages. Cyno-PD-1-hFc was used for further enrichment of human and cynomolgus monkey (cyno) cross-binders in the second round of panning. After depletion with CHO cells to remove the non-target binders, hPD-1 and cyno PD-1 CHO cells were used in the third and fourth rounds of panning, respectively. Finally, human PD-1-his (Cat. No. PD1-H5221, ACROBiosystems) and human PD-L1-hFc fusion protein (Cat No. PD1-H82F3, ACROBiosystems) were used to enrich binding molecules that do not inhibit binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 in incubation buffer and binding molecules that inhibit binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 in elution buffer.
[0388] 3. PPE screening and characterization
[0389] Periplasmic extract (PPE) from clones from panning were characterized in hPD-1 cell-based binding assay. Human HEK293T-PD-1 cells (overexpressing human PD-1) were plated in 96-well plates, PPE was added to the wells of 96-well plates and incubated for 1 hour, then secondary His tag antibody His-647 [iFluor 647] was added to the wells, incubated for 30 min and then analyzed by iQue3 for fluorescence. Amongst the clones which exhibited potent binding to human PD-1 in Human HEK293T-PD-1 cells, select clones were synthesized in VHH-hFc monovalent antibody format for further analysis.
[0390] 4. In vitro characterization of VHH-hFc antibodies
[0391] a. Cell-based binding assay and cell-based inhibition assay
[0392] The binding affinity of VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies was determined in both human PD-1 and cynomolgus monkey PD-1 over-expressing CHO-K1 cells. In brief, 5x104 CHO-K1-hPD-1 or CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cells per well were seeded in 96-well U-bottom plates with FACS buffer (DPBS containing 1% FBS) . Cells were treated with primary antibody (VHH-hFc monovalent antibody or negative control hIgG1) at specific concentrations for 1 hour at 4℃. Primary antibodies were prepared with 4-fold serial dilution in FACS buffer and the primary antibody concentration used in the assay ranged from 200 nM to 0.0122 nM. After primary antibody incubation, cells were washed three times with FACS buffer. Then, cells were treated with secondary antibody (Alexa Flu647-conjugated anti-human IgG Fc, Jackson ImmunoResearch) at 1: 600 dilution in FACS buffer and incubated for 0.5 hour at 4℃. Fluorescent signals of these cells were detected by BD FACS Celesta and the geometric mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) determined. FlowJo software was used for analysis. Data was plotted as the logarithm of antibody concentration versus mean fluorescence intensity. EC50 values were calculated in GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software) using a log (agonist) vs. response-Variable slope (4 parameters) curve fit.
[0393] As reflected in Figures 27A-2D, 17 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies bound to CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. As reflected in Table 20, VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies Pnano-1 to Pnano-5 exhibited similar binding activities in CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cells (see also Figures 27A and 27B) . As reflected in Table 21, VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies Pnano-7, Pnano-9, Pnano-10, Pnano-11, Pnano-12, Pnano-13, Pnano-15, Pnano-17, Pnano-19 and Pnano-21 displayed comparable binding affinities in both in CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cells (see also Figures 27C and 27D) .
[0394] Table 20: EC50 values of 5 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies in CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cell-based binding assays (nM)
[0395] Table 11: EC50 values of 12 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies in CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cell-based binding assays (nM)
[0396] The ability of VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies to inhibit binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 was evaluated in a cell-based inhibition assay where PD-1-expressing cells were first incubated with a particular VHH-hFc antibody or control (positive control: pembrolizumab modified to include hIgG1 instead of IgG4 ( “Keytruda-hIgG1” ) , negative control: hIgG1) followed by incubation with PD-L1. In brief, 1x105 CHO-K1-hPD-1 cells per well were plated in 96-well plates. Cells were incubated with VHH-antibody (diluted in FACS buffer in a series of 4-fold steps with final concentrations either ranging from 200 nM to 0.0122 nM or from or 400 nM to 0.0244 nM) for 30 min at 4℃. After washing the cells twice with FACS buffer, biotinylated Human PD-L1 protein (Cat No. PD1-H82F3, ACROBiosystems) was added at 2 μg / mL and incubated for another 30 min at 4℃. The cells were washed three times with FACS buffer and resuspended in 50 μL of FACS buffer containing Phycoerythrin (PE) -Streptavidin (Biolegend) at 1: 200 dilution in FACS buffer and incubated at 4℃ for 30 min. The PE signals of cells were detected by BD FACS Celesta and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) determined. FlowJo software was used for analysis. The data was plotted as the logarithm of antibody concentration versus inhibition (percentage) . IC50 values were determined in GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software) using a log (inhibitor) vs. response-Variable slope (4 parameters) curve fit.
[0397] Inhibition %= (MFI with PE-Streptavidin -MFI sample) - (MFI with PE-Streptavidin -MFI without PE-Streptavidin) *100
[0398] As reflected in Figures 28A and 28B错误!未找到引用源., 17 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies inhibited PD-L1 binding to PD-1 in CHO-K1-hPD-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. As reflected in Tables 22 and 23, Pnano-9 and Pnano-10 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies exhibited greater maximum inhibition of PD-L1 binding to PD-1 as compared to a reference anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab modified to include hIgG1 instead of IgG4 ( “Keytruda-hIgG1” ) .
[0399] Table 22: IC50 values of 5 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies in CHO-K1-hPD-1 cell-based inhibition assay (nM)
[0400] Table 23: IC50 values of 12 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies in CHO-K1-hPD-1 cell-based inhibition assay (nM)
[0401] b. Epitope binning of VHH-hFc antibodies
[0402] To address whether certain anti-PD-1 VHH-hFc monovalent antibodies (i.e., Pnano-5, Pnano-7, Pnano-9) bind to the same epitope on human PD-1 as other anti-PD-1 antibodies (i.e., pembrolizumab and ANB030 (an anti-PD-1 agonist antibody that does not inhibit PD-1 binding to PD-L1) ) , an epitope binning study of these antibodies (Abs) was conducted with an Octet Red96 using an in-tandem format, in which Abs competed against one another for binding to the human PD-1 protein in a pairwise combinatorial manner. In brief, assays were conducted at 30℃ with continuous agitation at 1000 rpm. After obtaining an initial baseline in kinetics buffer, 10 μg / mL biotinylated human PD-1 was captured onto a streptavidin biosensor for 15 sec. To saturate the binding sites on the human PD-1 antigen, biosensors were exposed for 3 min to a first (saturating) Ab (100 nM) after immersion in kinetics buffer for 30 sec. Then, biosensors were immersed in kinetics buffer for 30 sec and further immersed in wells containing a solution of a second (competing) Ab (100 nM) for 3 min. Data analysis was conducted with Octet Data Analysis HT 11.0 software using Epitope Binning mode. As reflected in Table 24, all of the monovalent VHH-Fc antibodies assayed competed with pembrolizumab ( “Keytruda” ) for binding to human PD-1, indicating that their binding epitopes overlap whereas ANB030 did not compete for binding to human PD-1 and was classified into a distinct epitope bin (see also, Figures 29A-29F) .
[0403] Table 24
[0404] Example 10. Humanization and in vitro characterization
[0405] 1. Pnano-9 humanization
[0406] VHH-hFc antibody Pnano-9 which exhibited the highest potency amongst the VHH-Fc antibodies assayed for binding PD-1 (both human and cynomologus monkey) and inhibiting PD-L1 binding to PD-1 was humanized. In particular, certain camelid-derived amino acid residues in the framework region of Pnano-9 VHH were replaced with their human heavy-chain variable domain equivalent. In short, the amino acid sequences of Pnano-9 VHH were compared to human germline sequences and the best-fit human germline acceptor selected based on homology, canonical structure, and physical properties. Specifically, IGHV3-66*01 / J4*02 was determined to be the best-fit human germline and human subgroup as validated using BLAST comparison. The preliminarily humanized antibody having the CDRs of Pnano-9 VHH grafted into IGHV3-66*01 / J4*02 human germline (referred to as “Hu Pnano-9 g0” ) was further modified based on structure modeling with some amino acid residues in framework regions determined to affect the conformation of CDR loops and affinity of antibody subjected to back mutation to retain camelid-derived amino acid residues in the humanized antibody. Based on the structure modeling, 5 monovalent humanized antibodies (Pnano-9 VHH variants with different back mutation) were generated (referred to herein as HuPnano-9 g1, HuPnano-9 g2, HuPnano-9 g3, HuPnano-9 g4 and HuPnano-9 g5) .
[0407] 2. In vitro characterization of humanized Pnano-9 variants
[0408] a. Cell-based binding and inhibition assay
[0409] The humanized Pnano-9 variants were assayed in a cell-based PD-1 binding assay. In short, 5×104 cells (CHO-K1-hPD-1 or CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1) per well were seeded in 96-well U-bottom plates with FACS buffer (DPBS containing 1%FBS) . Cells were treated with antibody (diluted in series) for 1 hour at 4℃. Antibodies were prepared with 4-fold serial dilution from 200 nM to 0.0122 nM in FACS buffer. After primary antibody incubation, cells were washed three times with FACS buffer. Then, cells were treated with secondary antibody (Alexa Flu647-conjugated anti-His, GenScript, #A01802-100) at 1:1500 dilution in FACS buffer and incubated for 0.5 hour at 4℃. Alexa Fluor 647 signals of these cells were detected by iQue3 (Sartorius) and the geometric mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) determined.
[0410] Notably, all 5 humanized HuPnano-9 variants exhibited comparable PD-1 binding to that of parental antibody (Pnano-9-his) in the CHO-K1-hPD-1 cell-based human PD-1 binding assay (错误!未找到引用源.A, Table ) . In contrast, HuPnano-9 g2 and HuPnano-9 g5 exhibited greater PD-1 binding than other humanized variants in the CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cell-based cyno PD-1 binding assay, with EC50 values of 4.151 nM and 2.616 nM, respectively, which were comparatively lower than that of the parental antibody (0.761 nM) (错误!未找到引用源.B, Table ) .
[0411] Table 25: EC50 values of humanized Pnano-9 variants in CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cell-based binding assay (nM)
[0412] To assess inhibition of human PD-L1 binding to human PD-1, the humanized Pnano-9 variants were assayed in a cell-based inhibition assay using the methods described above (in Example 9, section 4a) . Notably, the humanized Pnano-9 variants exhibited similar IC50 values (3.29~4.01 nM) which were comparable to that of the parental antibody (Pnano-9-his) (2.64 nM) andHuPnano-9 g2 exhibited comparable maximal inhibition percentage to that of the parental antibody (Figure 31 and Table 26) .
[0413] Table 26: IC50 values of humanized Pnano-9 variants in CHO-K1-hPD-1 cell-based inhibition assay (nM)
[0414] A bivalent form of HuPnano-9 g2 was generated using a Fc fragment having L234A, L235A, and P329G mutations (referred to herein as “HuPnano-9 g2-Fc” ) . The cell-based binding assay as well as the cell-based inhibition assay were conducted as described above (in Example 10, section 2a) . HuPnano-9 g2-Fc exhibited comparable binding affinity to reference anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab modified to include hIgG1 instead of IgG4 ( “Keytruda-hIgG1” ) in CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cells (Figures 32A and 32B, Table 27Figures Table ) . Additionally, inhibition of PDL-1 binding to PD-1 by HuPnano-9 g2-Fc was comparable to HuPnano-9 g2-bivalent-his, both of which exhibited greater inhibition activity than HuPnano-9 g2 (Figure 33Figure 33, Table 28TABLE 28) .
[0415] Table 27: EC50 values of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc in CHO-K1-hPD-1 and CHO-K1-Cyno PD-1 cell-based binding assay (nM)
[0416] Table 28: IC50 values of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc in CHO-K1-hPD-1 cell-based inhibition assay (nM)
[0417] b. Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) assay
[0418] T-cell activating potential of anti-PD-1 antibodies was assessed in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay by determining the level of IFN-γ. In brief, human mature DC cells and PBMCs were purchased from Oricells with human CD4+ T cells were isolated from PBMCs using a CD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit (Miltenyi Biotec) . Human mature DC cells (1×104 ) and purified CD4+ T cells (1×105) in a total volume of 200 μL were co-cultured for 3 days in the absence or presence of antibody (either HuPnano-9 g2-bivalent-his, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc or control (hIgG4 was used as a negative control and pembrolizumab was used as a positive control) ) . Antibodies were prepared with 5-fold serial dilution with final concentrations ranging from 20 nM to 0.032 nM. Supernatant cultures were collected for evaluating IFN-γ concentration which was measured by HTRF (PerkinElmer) .
[0419] As reflected in Figure 34Figure 34, IFN-γ levels increased in cells treated with anti-PD-1 antibody (i.e., HuPnano-9 g2-bivalent-his, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc or positive control pembrolizumab) in a dose-dependent manner as compared to cells treated with the hIgG4 negative control.
[0420] 3. Evaluation of stability and nonspecific binding of humanized antibodies
[0421] a. Baculovirus particle (BVP) ELISA
[0422] The poly-specificity of affinity-matured humanized Pnano-9 g2 Fc antibody variants (AM1-21, AM1-52, AM2-43, and AM3-17) were evaluated using a BVP ELISA. Briefly, a stock solution of BVP was obtained by infecting 0.6 × 109 Sf9 insect cells in 200 ml of Sf-900 II SFM (Iinvitrogen#10902-088) with Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (Bac-to-Bac, Invitrogen) at a multiplicity of infection of about 0.5. Following a 40 h incubation at 27℃, infected cells were centrifuged at 100 rpm (50 mm amplitude) , then the supernatant (which contains BVP) was removed and centrifuged at 5,000 × g for 10 min, following which the supernatant (which contains BVP) was removed and centrifuged at 25,000 × g for 4 h at 4℃, then the pellet (which contains BVP) was resuspended in PBS buffer (150 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4) and then layered on a 4 mL 35% (w / v) sucrose cushion in PBS and centrifuged in an P28S-1304 rotor (HITACHI) at 28,000 rpm for 1 h at 4℃. Following that centrifugation, the pellet (containing BVP) was gently rinsed once with PBS and resuspended in 1.2 mL of PBS with protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche) and stock aliquots stored at -80℃. 50 μL BVP stock was diluted with PBS per well and incubated on ELISA plates at 4 ℃ overnight. The next day, unbound BVPs were aspirated from the wells. 250 μL of blocking buffer (PBS with 3%BSA) was added and incubated for 2 hours followed by three washes with 300 μL of PBST. Next, 50 μL of diluted humanized Pnano-9g2 Fc test antibody or control antibody (i.e., dupilumab and gantenerumab were both used as positive controls; pembrolizumab and adalimumab were both used as negative controls) was added to the wells and incubated for 1 hour followed by six washes with 300 μL of PBST. 50 μL of diluted anti-human IgG-HRP conjugate was added to the wells and incubated for 0.5 hour followed by six washes with 300 μL of PBST. Then, 100 μL of TMB substrate was added to each well and incubated for 10-15 min. The reactions were stopped by adding 50 μL of 2 M sulfuric acid to each well. The absorbance was read at 450 nm. As reflected in Figure 35, affinity-matured HuPnano-9 g2 Fc variants exhibited low poly-specificity.
[0423] b. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF)
[0424] DSF assay was conducted to evaluate the thermostability of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc. As reflected in Table 29, Hu Pnano-9 g2-Fc exhibited good melting temperature (Tm) and aggregation temperature (Tagg) values.
[0425] Table 29: Characterization of humanized Pnano-9 antibody by DSF
[0426] c. 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter assay
[0427] HuPnano-9 g2-Fc antibody was assessed for activity in a 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter assay following storage at different temperatures or multiple freeze-thaw cycles. In brief, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc antibody was either stored at 5℃for one month ( “HuPnano-9 g2-Fc 5℃1M” ) or at 25℃ for one week ( “HuPnano-9 g2-Fc 25℃1W” ) , two weeks ( “HuPnano-9 g2-Fc 25℃2W” ) , or four weeks ( “HuPnano-9 g2-Fc 25℃4W” ) . For freeze-thaw stability analysis, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc antibody was thawed at 4℃ with 200 ml of antibody aliquoted into Eppendorf tubes ( “HuPnano-9 g2-Fc T0” ) and antibody aliquot stored in a -80℃ freezer overnight, then, thawed at 4℃ for about 8-10 hours which cycle was repeated for a total of three cycles ( “HuPnano-9 g2-Fc FT3” ) before being assayed for activity. using 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter assay. Two engineered cell lines, 293T-OS8-PD-L1 and Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 were used to assess the activation of PD-1 dependent downstream effects. In brief, 50 μL 293T-OS8-PD-L1 cells were plated (1×104 cells / well) in 96-well flat-bottom white microplates (Greiner) , 3× antibody solution was prepared in assay medium and 50 μL of antibody solution was added to each well. Then, 50 μL Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1-luciferase cells were added to the plates (1×105 cells / well) . Antibodies were prepared with 3-fold serial dilution with final concentrations ranging from 900 nM to 0.137 nM. The plates were incubated in a humidified 37℃, 5% CO2 incubator for 5 hours. Luciferase activity was measured by ONE-GloTM Luciferase Assay System (Promega) using microplate reader Envision (PerkinElmer) . Negative control was hIgG1 and positive controls were HuPnano-9 g2-Fc without storage or free-thaw treatment and HuPnano-9 g2-Fc T0. As reflected in Figures 36A-36B错误!未找到引用源., stability HuPnano-9 g2-Fc antibody exhibited comparable activity to controlsEC50 values (calculated from the Jurkat-NFAT reporter assay) .
[0428] Table 30: EC50 values of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc antibody following stability-related treatment as assessed in 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter assay
[0429] Example 11. In vivo characterization of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc
[0430] The anti-tumor activity of HuPnano-9 g2-Fc was assessed in an in vivo mouse model (using C57BL6 background hPD-1 knock-in (syngeneic) with mouse colon tumors established therein (using either MC38 cells or CT 26 cells) prior to treatment. In brief, 5E05 tumor MC38 cells per mouse were subcutaneously injected in hPD-1 mice which were then randomly divided into treatment groups (8 mice per group) based on tumor volume and body weight. Treatment with either HuPnano-9 g2-Fc (1.6 mg / kg or 0.16 mg / kg) , pembrolizumab (3 mg / kg or 0.3 mg / kg) , isotype control hIgG4 (3 mg / kg) or vehicle alone was administered intraperitoneally (IP) starting at 3 days post-inoculation with MC38 cells (when average tumor volume was 89 mm3) at a dose frequency of twice a week for a total of 6 doses. Throughout the treatment period, mouse body weight and tumor volume were monitored. During the experiment, euthanasia criteria included: 1) individual tumor volume surpassing 3000 mm3; 2) severe tumor rupture without scab formation within 3 days; 3) abnormal behavior or paralysis in the mice; 4) more than a 20%loss in initial body weight at the onset of treatment. At the study's conclusion, tumors were extracted, with tumor weight measured and photographs of the tumors taken. Tumor volumes (in mm3) were calculated using the formula: tumor volume = 0.5 × (length) × (width) 2. The tumor growth inhibition rate was computed as follows: TGITV (%) = [1 - (Ti -T0) / (Ci -C0) ] × 100%(where Ti is the mean tumor volume of the treatment group on day i, T0 is the mean tumor volume of the treatment group on day 0, Ci is the mean tumor volume of the control group on day i, and C0 is the mean tumor volume of the control group on day 0 of treatment) . Similarly, the tumor weight inhibition rate was calculated as follows: (TGITW) : TGITW (%) = (TW control group -TW treatment group) / TW control group × 100%.
[0431] Likewise, the in vivo mouse model using colon tumor cells CT26 instead of MC38 cells was conducted and analyzed in a similar fashion with the following deviations (i) treatment of established tumors started 15 days post-inoculation with CT26 cells (when tumor reached about 140 mm3) , administered at a dose frequency of once a week for a total of 3 doses; (ii) mice with established CT26 tumors were intraperitoneally (IP) administered either 1 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2-Fc-AM1-52 or HuPnano-9 g2-Fc-AM3-17, 1.85 mg / kg pembrolizumab or 10 mg / kg IgG4 isotype.
[0432] No clinical signs of toxicity or body weight loss were observed following treatment with either anti-PD-1 antibody. As reflected in Figure 37, treatments with anti-PD-1 antibody exhibited a reduction in tumor growth, and treatment with 1.6 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2-Fc or pembrolizumab exhibited a statistically significant reduction in tumor growth compared to hIgG4 from Day 7 post-treatment. On Day 21 post-treatment, compared to negative control hIgG4, tumor growth inhibition as measured by a reduction in tumor volume (TGITV) following treatment with 3 mg / kg pembrolizumab, 0.3 mg / kg pembrolizumab, 1.6 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2 Fc or 0.16 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2-Fc was 87.1%, 76.4%, 91.2%, and 55.9%, respectively. As reflected in Figure 38, all treatments with anti-PD-1 antibodies exhibited a reduction in tumor weight at the end of the study, and tumor weight of mice treated with 1.6 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2-Fc or pembrolizumab (0.3 mg / kg or 3 mg / kg) , exhibited a statistically significant reduction in tumor weight as compared to that in mice treated with hIgG4. Tumor growth inhibition as measured by a reduction in tumor weight (TGITW) following treatment with 3 mg / kg pembrolizumab, 0.3 mg / kg pembrolizumab, 1.6 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2-Fc or 0.16 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2-Fc was 94.5%, 80.4%, 91.2%, and 37.7%, respectively. Notably, HuPnano-9 g2-Fc exhibited significant anti-tumor activity at 1.6 mg / kg (which is equimolar to 3 mg / kg pembrolizumab) .
[0433] Example 12. Affinity maturation and in vitro characterization
[0434] 1. HuPnano-9 g2 affinity maturation
[0435] To improve the antibody-antigen binding kinetics, affinity maturation was conducted on CDR3 of HuPnano-9 g2as this CDR is generally considered to impose the greatest influence on antigen binding. In brief, this process involved randomizing the 22 amino acids of HuPnano-9 g2 CDR3 and screening libraries to identify affinity matured variants with equal or better functional activity than the parent clone. Specifically, two yeast display libraries were constructed, each containing mutations at 11 amino acid positions, with library capacities of 6E9 and 1E10, respectively and efficiencies of 75%and 70%, respectively. Ten affinity matured variants were selected for further development and sequenced to analyze changes within the CDR3 (Table ) . Monovalent antibodies of the ten affinity matured variants selected were constructed (namely, HuPnano-9 g2 AM2-13, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-21, HuPnano-9 g2 AM4-66, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17, HuPnano-9 g2 AM6-29, HuPnano-9 g2 AM4-39, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-49, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-25, and HuPnano-9 g2 AM2-43) . Bivalent antibodies were also constructed (namelyHuPnano-9 g2 AM2-13-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-21-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM4-66-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM6-29-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM4-39-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-49-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-25-Fc and HuPnano-9 g2 AM2-43-Fc) .
[0436] Table 32: CDR3 amino acid of HuPnano-9 g2 and affinity matured variants
[0437] 2. Characterization of affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2 antibody variants
[0438] a. Cell-based inhibition assay
[0439] To confirm the functional activity of the HuPnano-9 g2 affinity-matured antibody variants in bivalent format, cell-based binding and inhibition assays were conducted. For the binding assays, human PD-1-CHOK1 or cyno PD-1-CHOK1 cells were seeded in 96-well plates, purified antibodies were added to the 96-well plates and incubated for 1 hour, then 1μg / mL Alexa Flour 488 Donkey anti-human Fc was added to the wells, incubated for 30 min and then subjected to BD Celesta for reading fluorescence. For the inhibition assay, human PD-1-CHOK1 cells were plated in a 96-well plate, purified antibodies were added in the 96-well plate and incubated with biotin-PD-1-Fc for 1 hours, then SA-PE was added to the wells, incubated for 30 min and then subjected to BD Celesta for reading fluorescence. As reflected in Figures 39A-39D, Figure 40A and Figure 40B, all these variants exhibited dose-dependent binding and inhibition in PD-1-CHOK1 cells. In addition, other than HuPnano-9 g2 AM2-43-Fc, all affinity matured variants exhibited improved binding and inhibition potency in PD-1-CHOK1 cells compared to the parental antibody HuPnano-9 g2-Fc.
[0440] b. 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter assay
[0441] HuPnano-9 g2 affinity-matured antibody variants in bivalent form were assessed for activity in a 293T-OS8-PD-L1 / Jurkat-NFAT-PD-1 luciferase reporter assay described above (in Example 10, section 2c) . As reflected in Figures 41A-41C, the affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants displayed comparable potency to pembrolizumab, and greater potency as compared to HuPnano-9 g2-Fc (Figure 41A-41C) .
[0442] c. Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) assay
[0443] The method of MLR assay was described above (in Example 10, section 2a) . As reflected in Figure 42A-42CFigures 42A-42C, as compared to cells treated with hIgG4 negative control, IFN-γconcentration increased following treatment of cells with all anti-PD-1 antibodies assayed in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the IFN-γ concentration was higher in cells treated with 4 nM of HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17-Fc, or HuPnano-9 g2 AM6-29-Fc as compared to the IFN-γ concentration in cells treated with 4nM of either pembrolizumab or the parental antibody HuPnano-9 g2-Fc.
[0444] 3. Evaluation of stability and nonspecific binding of affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2 variants
[0445] a. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF)
[0446] As reflected in Table 32Table , almost all the variants displayed higher production yield, comparable Tm and Tagg compared to the parental lead, HuPnano-9 g2.
[0447] Table 32: Expression and physiochemical properties of select antibodies
[0448] b. Baculovirus particle (BVP) ELISA
[0449] The poly-specificity of affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants were evaluated using a Baculovirus particle (BVP) ELISA as described above (in Example 10, section 3a) . As reflected in Figure 43, affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants did not exhibit poly-specificity.
[0450] Example 13. In vivo characterization of affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants
[0451] The anti-tumor activity of affinity matured HuPnano-9 g2-Fc variants was assessed using a CT26 established tumor model in C57BL6 background hPD-1 knock-in mice. In brief, CT26 tumor cells were inoculated with 5×105 cells per mice in hPD-1 knock-in mice. A total of 32 mice were randomly grouped into 4 groups (8 mice for each group) according to tumor volume and body weight when the average tumor volume reached 117 mm3 (12 days after tumor inoculation) . Mice were treated with antibodies via intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Mice were dosed twice a week for the first week and once a week thereafter. Mouse body weight and tumor volume were measured 2 times per week during administration. During the course of the experiment, individual mice were to be euthanized if one or more than one of the following conditions occurred: 1) the tumor volume exceeded 3 cm3; 2) the tumor severely ruptured and no scab formed within 3 days; 3) abnormal behavior or paralysis; 4) body weight loss of more than 20%as compared to body weight at the beginning of treatment. At the endpoint, the tumor was harvested, the tumor weight measured, and photos of the tumors were taken. In this study, tumor volumes (mm3) were calculated as follows: tumor volume = 0.5× (length) × (width) 2. Tumor growth inhibition as measured by a reduction in tumor volume was calculated as follows: TGITV (%) = [1- (Ti / T0) / (Ci / C0) ] × 100% (Ti: mean tumor volume of the treatment group on day i, T0: mean tumor volume of the treatment group on day 0; Ci: mean tumor volume of the control group on day i, C0: mean tumor volume of the control group on day 0 of administration) .
[0452] In particular, the anti-tumor activity of HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17-Fc and pembrolizumab were compared. No clinical signs of toxicity and body weight loss were observed following treatment with any anti-PD-1antibody. HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc, HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17-Fc and pembrolizumab treatments all inhibited tumor growth compared to hIgG1 (isotype) group. As reflected in Figure 44, on day 17 post-treatment, compared to isotype group, TGITV in mice treated with 1 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2 AM3-17-Fc, 1 mg / kg HuPnano-9 g2 AM1-52-Fc or 1.85 mg / kg pembrolizumab was 64.0%, 61.9%and 59.1%, respectively. Moreover, no weight loss was observed in mice treated with antibodies (data not shown) .
[0453] All references mentioned in the present application are incorporated herein by reference, as each of them is individually cited herein by reference. Further, it should be understood that, after reading the above contents, the skilled person can make various modifications or amendments to the present application. All these equivalents also fall into the scope defined by the pending claims of the subject application.
[0454] A summary of sequences is shown in Table 33 wherein CDRs are defined according to Kabat.
[0455] Table 33: Sequences of IL-12, IL-12p40 variants, PD-1 antigen-binding domains and immunocytokines thereof
[0456] Note: Regarding PD-1 antigen-binding domains (VHH) , amino acids underlined reflect CDRs therein.
Claims
1.An interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12p40) variant comprising:(i) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; and(ii) at least two amino acid substitutions corresponding to W37, P42, E81, F82, K106, E108, D115, K217, or K219 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from W37F; P42R; E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; F82I; K106I or K106L; E108V, E108Y, E108I, or E108R; D115L; K217Y, K217F, K217W, or K217I; and K219E, K219F, or K219Y;wherein said amino acid substitutions comprise at least one amino acid substitution selected from E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; and F82I; and when said amino acid substitution is E81K, at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from K106I or K106L; E108V, E108I, or E108R; and K219F or K219Y;optionally, further comprising one or more additional amino acid substitutions corresponding to R301 and K302 of SEQ ID NO: 2 selected from R301A and K302A.2.The IL-12p40 variant of claim 1, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is selected from F82I; and E81K or E81V; and at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from D115L; and K219E, K219F or K219Y; optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65 or 67-77.3.The IL-12p40 variant of claim 1, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is E81K, E81R, E81T, or E81V; optionally, wherein said at least one amino acid substitution is E81K, E81R, or E81T, and at least one of said amino acid substitutions is selected from K106I; and E108V or E108R.4.The IL-12p40 variant of claim 1, wherein said amino acid substitutions comprise at least one of the following amino acid substitutions:(1) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I,(2) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106L,(3) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I,(4) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106L,(5) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I,(6) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I,(7) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L,(8) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V,(9) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108Y,(10) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V,(11) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I,(12) W37F / E81R / K106I / E108V,(13) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V,(14) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,(15) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I,(16) W37F / P42R / E81R / K106I / E108I,(17) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R,(18) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,(19) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R,(20) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108Y,(21) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108V,(22) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108R,(23) W37F / P42R / E81R / E108I,(24) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,(25) E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,(26) E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,(27) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,(28) E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,(29) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,(30) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,(31) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,(32) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,(33) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,(34) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,(35) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,(36) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,(37) W37F / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I,(38) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,(39) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,(40) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I,(41) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217Y,(42) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217Y,(43) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217F,(44) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217F,(45) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217F,(46) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108V / K217I,(47) P42R / E81K / K106I / E108I / K217I,(48) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217I,(49) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217Y,(50) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217F,(51) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108I / K217F,(52) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108V / K217I,(53) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / K217W,(54) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / K217W,(55) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106L / K217W,(56) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / K217W,(57) W37F / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W,(58) P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W,(59) W37F / P42R / E81V / K106I / E108R / K217W,(60) W37F / P42R / E81K / E108R / K217W,(61) W37F / P42R / E81T / E108R / K217W,(62) W37F / P42R / E81V / E108R / K217W,(63) F82I / D115L / K219E,(64) E81V / F82I,(65) W37F / F82I / D115L,(66) W37F / E81V / K219E,(67) W37F / F82I / K219Y,(68) W37F / F82I / D115L / K219Y,(69) W37F / E81K / D115L / K219F,(70) W37F / E81V / D115L / K219F,(71) W37F / E81V / F82I / K219Y(72) W37F / E81K / F82I / K219Y,(73) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A,(74) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or(75) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A;optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 3-77.5.The IL-12p40 variant of claim 1, wherein said amino acid substitutions comprise at least one of the following amino acid substitutions:(A) F82I / D115L / K219E,(B) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I,(C) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R,(D) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,(E) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A,(F) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or(G) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A;optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65, 7, 19, 20, 75, 76 or 77.6.An IL-12 variant comprising the IL-12p40 variant of claim 1 and an IL-12p35 subunit, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant is linked to the IL-12p35 subunit.7.The IL-12 variant of claim 6, further comprising at least one fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein at least one of the IL-12p40 variant and the IL-12p35 subunit is linked to the Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus or C-terminus; optionally, wherein the Fc domain subunit is derived from human IgG1 and the Fc domain subunit comprises at least two amino acid substitutions selected from C220S; L234A; L235A; M252Y; S254T; T256E; Y349C; S354C; T366W or T366S; L368A; and Y407V.8.The IL-12 variant of claim 7, comprising a second Fc domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, wherein at least one of the IL-12p40 variant and the IL-12p35 subunit is linked to the second Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus or C-terminus, optionally, wherein the second Fc domain subunit is derived from human IgG1 and the second Fc domain subunit comprises at least two amino acid substitutions selected from C220S; L234A; L235A; M252Y; S254T; T256E; Y349C; S354C; T366W or T366S; L368A; and Y407V.9.The IL-12 variant of claim 6, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises amino acid substitution F82I / D115L / K219E, optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65.10.An immunocytokine comprising the IL-12 variant of claim 6 and at least one programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domain.11.The immunocytokine of claim 10, wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises a variable region comprising:(i) a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237,(ii) a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238, and(iii) a CDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239, 242 and 244, optionally, wherein the variable region comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%sequence identity to at least one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 264, 270 or 272.12.The immunocytokine of claim 11, further comprising at least one Fc domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, optionally, wherein said at least one PD-1 antigen-binding domain is linked to the Fc domain subunit at its N-terminus and the IL-12 variant is either linked to the same Fc domain subunit at its C-terminus or is linked to a second Fc domain subunit, comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain, at either its N-terminus or its C-terminus.13.The immunocytokine of claim 11, comprising two PD-1 antigen-binding domains, optionally wherein the two PD-1 antigen-binding domains are linked in tandem.14.The immunocytokine of claim 11, wherein the variable region comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 264, 270 or 272.15.The immunocytokine of claim 11, wherein said IL-12p40 variant comprises at least one of the following amino acid substitutions:(A) F82I / D115L / K219E,(B) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I,(C) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R,(D) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V,(E) W37F / P42R / E81T / K106I / R301A / K302A,(F) W37F / P42R / E81K / K106I / E108R / R301A / K302A, or(G) P42R / E81R / K106I / E108V / R301A / K302A;optionally, wherein the IL-12p40 variant comprises an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 65, 7, 19, 20, 75, 76 or 77.16.A polynucleotide encoding the IL-12p40 variant of claim 1.17.An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 16.18.A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 17.19.A method of producing the IL-12p40 variant of claim 1 comprising culturing the host cell of claim 17 under conditions suitable for expressing the expression vector, optionally further comprising isolating the IL-12p40 variant.20.A polynucleotide encoding the IL-12 variant of claim 6.21.An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 20.22.A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 21.23.A method of producing the IL-12 variant of claim 6 comprising culturing the host cell of claim 22 under conditions suitable for expressing the expression vector, optionally further comprising isolating the IL-12 variant.24.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-12p40 variant of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.25.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the IL-12 variant of claim 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.26.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the immunocytokine of claim 11 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.27.A method of treating a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof comprising administrating to the patient an effective amount of the IL-12 variant of claim 6, optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.28.A method of treating a malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof comprising administrating to the patient an effective amount of the immunocytokine of claim 11, optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is breast cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, glioma, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, melanoma, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer or bladder cancer.29.The method of claim 27, wherein the method further comprises administering to the patient at least one other therapeutic agent.30.The method of claim 28, wherein the method further comprises administering to the patient at least one other therapeutic agent.31.A programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antigen-binding domain comprising at least one of the following:(i) a complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 77%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 239, optionally wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further comprises (a) a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and (b) a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238; or(ii) an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to at least one amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 262-293.32.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31 comprising (i) , wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain further comprises a CDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 237 and a CDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 238.33.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 32, wherein the CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 239-249 and the CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238.34.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 32, wherein the CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 240-249; and the CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238; optionally, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 264.35.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 32, wherein the CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 242 and the CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 238, optionally, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270.36.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 33, comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 262.37.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 36, comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 262-277.38.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 36, comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270.39.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 32, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain is humanized.40.A fusion protein comprising the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31 and at least one Fc domain subunit comprising a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain.41.The fusion protein of claim 40, wherein said Fc domain subunit is derived from a human IgG selected from IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4; optionally wherein the human IgG is IgG1 and said Fc domain subunit comprises mutations L234A, L235A and P329G.42.The fusion protein of claim 41, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 270.43.The fusion protein of claim 41, wherein the PD-1 antigen-binding domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 272.44.A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.45.A polynucleotide encoding the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31.46.An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 45.47.A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 46.48.A method for producing the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31, comprising culturing the host cell of claim 47 under conditions suitable for expression of the expression vector; and, optionally, isolating the PD-1 antigen-binding domain.49.A polynucleotide encoding the fusion protein of claim 40.50.An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 49.51.A host cell comprising the expression vector of claim 50.52.A method for producing the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 51, comprising culturing the host cell of claim 47 under conditions suitable for expression of the expression vector; and, optionally, isolating the PD-1 antigen-binding domain.53.A method of treating malignant neoplastic disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administrating a therapeutically effective amount of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31 to the patient; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder comprises cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) .54.The method of claim 53, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.55.A method of enhancing an immune response in a patient in need thereof, comprising administrating a therapeutically effective amount of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31 to the patient.56.The PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31 for use in treatment of cancer or enhancement of an immune response in a patient, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder comprises cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-l or PD-L1; optionally, the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.57.Use of the PD-1 antigen-binding domain of claim 31 for preparation of a medicament for treatment of cancer in a patient wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder comprises cancer cells expressing at least one of PD-1 or PD-Ll; optionally, wherein the malignant neoplastic disorder is selected from the group consisting of gastric cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, leukemia, renal tumor, lung cancer, small intestinal cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and adrenal tumors.