Radioactive microspheres with core-shell structure and their use in radiotherapy and / or imaging
Radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure address the limitations of existing SIRT microspheres by efficiently binding non-metallic radionuclides to a metal shell, offering precise radiotherapy and imaging while reducing risks and costs.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- HANGZHOU SAIHE BIOTECHNOLOGY CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-18
Smart Images

Figure CN2025141787_18062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RADIOACTIVE MICROSPHERES WITH CORE-SHELL STRUCTURE AND THEIR USE IN RADIOTHERAPY AND / OR IMAGINGTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a radioactive microsphere with a core-shell structure having a diameter in the range of 10-200 μm, wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises a core, a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, and non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell by the interaction therebetween to form the radioactive microsphere, to a method for the production thereof and to a use in radiotherapy or imaging thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Many attempts have been made to deliver radioactive materials locally as therapy to patients with cancer. Among these, the radioactive materials have been incorporated into small particles, seeds, wires and similar related configurations that can be directly implanted into the cancer. When radioactive particles are administered into the blood supply of the target organ, the technique is termed Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) . Generally, the main application form of SIRT is to treat liver tumors.
[0003] There are many potential advantages of SIRT over conventional, external beam radiotherapy. Firstly, the radiation is delivered preferentially to the cancer within the target organ. Secondly, the radiation is slowly and continually delivered as the radionuclide decays. Thirdly, by manipulating the arterial blood supply with vasoactive substances (such as Angiotensin-II) , a greater proportion of radioactive particles can be directed to the cancerous part of the organ, but not the healthy and normal tissues. This approach achieves the effect of preferentially increasing the radiation dose to the cancer while maintaining the radiation dose to the normal tissues at a lower level (Burton, M.A. et al.; Effect of Angiotensin-2 on blood flow in the transplanted sheep squamous cell carcinoma. Europ. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 1988, 24 (8) : 1373-1376) .
[0004] Recent developments in SIRT have shown that radioactive microspheres represent a promising treatment option for patients with a variety of cancers. This treatment option selectively delivers therapeutic radioactive microspheres into the tumor while causing minimal damage to surrounding healthy tissues. It is particularly valuable for cancers with poor prognosis and limited treatment options, such as primary and metastatic liver malignancies.
[0005] So far, the FDA-approved Y-90 microspheres are available in two forms: Y-90 glass microspheres (Boston Scientific, Y-90 inside the microspheres) and Y-90 resin microspheres (Grand Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Y-90 on the surface of the microspheres) , both using Y-90 radionuclide. Although Y-90 is often used in radionuclide therapy, it has some limitations to be improved. First, a long neutron activation time is required to achieve the therapeutic activity, because the precursor of Y-90 has a low thermal neutron cross section. Second, the half-life of the Y-90 is short, only 2 days and 16 hours, resulting in challenges for transportation and clinical applications. Third, the production of Y-90 is limited, resulting in high cost of this therapy. In addition to radioactive microspheres loaded with metallic radionuclides, several microspheres using non-metallic radionuclides have also been developed, such as I-131 carbon microspheres. Such known I-131 carbon microspheres are prepared by physically adsorbing NaI-131 onto carbon microspheres, followed by curing the carbon microspheres with AgNO3. However, its in vivo stability still needs to be improved before clinical applications.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] In order to address the above challenges, the present invention provides radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure, as well as the preparation method and use thereof. The radioactive microspheres of the present invention comprise a core, a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, and non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell by the interaction between them. In the preparation method of the radioactive microspheres, a salt solution of the non-metallic radionuclides, such as NaI-131 solution, is directly mixed and reacts with the metal to generate metal-halogen chemical bonds to attach the non-metallic radionuclides to the surface of the metal shell. Compared to the preparation method for the known I-131 carbon microspheres, the present invention does not need an additional process for curing.
[0007] The present invention relates to a radioactive microsphere with a core-shell structure having a diameter in the range of 10-200 μm comprising a core, a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, and non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell by the interaction between them to form radioactive microspheres, to a method for the production thereof and to a method for the use of the radioactive microsphere.
[0008] The present invention can achieve an efficient conjugation of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides (such as radioisotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine) by designing the core / metal shell structure of the microspheres for use in radiotherapy or imaging. In particular, the present invention efficiently binds the non-metallic radionuclides (such as radioisotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine) to the microspheres through the interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and metal atoms on the shell.
[0009] The present invention provides radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure and a size of 10-200 μm, which are administered by intra-arterial injection (such as liver tumor) or intra-tumoral injection (such as prostate tumor) . When administered by intra-arterial injection of the tumor, the microspheres are larger than the capillaries and will get stuck in the capillaries of the tumor; when administered by intra-tumoral injection, the microspheres will get stuck in the tumor. The radioactive microspheres in the tumor can be used for imaging and / or generate therapeutic effect continuously for a certain time.
[0010] In one aspect, the present invention provides a radioactive microsphere with a core-shell structure, comprising
[0011] a core,
[0012] a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, and
[0013] non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell by the interaction between them to form radioactive microspheres, and
[0014] optionally, an outer shell for protecting the non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell from dissociating,
[0015] wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0016] the non-metallic radionuclides provide a specific activity to the microsphere, the specific activity ranging from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere; preferably ranges from 10-50000 Bq per microsphere; more preferably ranges from 100-4000 Bq per microsphere; and most preferably the specific activity is about 2500 Bq per microsphere.
[0017] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method to synthesize the above-mentioned radioactive microsphere, comprising
[0018] i) synthesize a core with a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm,
[0019] ii) directly coat metals on the surface of the core by chemical reaction in solution or vacuum vapor deposition to form a metal shell, so as to form microspheres, wherein the thickness of the metal shell is ranging from 10 nm -5 μm,
[0020] iii) optionally, modify the surface of the metal shell with biocompatible polymers such as PEG, and
[0021] iv) mix a radionuclide solution of non-metallic radionuclide salts with the microspheres to form radioactive microspheres, wherein the solution further comprises sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, phosphate buffered saline and the like,
[0022] v) optionally, mix the radioactive microspheres with a solution of metals or polymers to form an outer shell.
[0023] In another aspect, the present invention provides a use of the above radioactive microspheres in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0024] wherein radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0025] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of imaging concentrations and distributions of the above microspheres in a target organ or a tumor, comprising
[0026] a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient the above radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure;
[0027] b) detecting the radioactive microspheres by X-ray, wherein the detection provides the imaging of the concentration and distribution of radioactive microspheres in the target organ or the tumor.
[0028] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient in need of radiotherapy, comprising:
[0029] b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site,
[0030] c) optionally, administering first non-metallic radionuclides to the patient for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0031] d) optionally, observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, and
[0032] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0033] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm.
[0034] In another aspect, the present invention provides the above-mentioned method of treating a disease in a patient in need of radiotherapy, wherein the microspheres are used in combination with X-ray contrast agents and wherein the imaging technique in step d) is X-ray.
[0035] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0036] a) optionally, saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0037] b) administering microspheres to a target tissue in the patient,
[0038] c) optionally, administering first non-metallic radionuclides to the patient for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0039] d) optionally, observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the following radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,
[0040] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0041] f) optionally, monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and
[0042] g) optionally, surgical removal of the target sites
[0043] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm.
[0044] In another aspect, the present invention provides the use of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of radiotherapy,
[0045] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0046] non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are directly bound to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,
[0047] wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides are administrated separately, and
[0048] the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0049] In another aspect, the present invention provides a combination of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0050] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure, comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0051] non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,
[0052] wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0053] In another aspect, the present invention provides a kit, comprising:
[0054] microspheres with a core-shell structure, comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0055] non-metallic radionuclides for directly binding to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,
[0056] wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0057] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0058] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0059] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0060] c) administering the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive microsphere, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides of I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0061] d) if the amount of the radioactive microspheres accumulated in tumor is higher than that in normal tissues or there is minimal radioactive microspheres in normal tissues, administering the radioactive microspheres of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter, and wherein the radioactive microspheres comprise non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211, and
[0062] optionally, e) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive microsphere meet expectation; or
[0063] f) if the distribution of the radioactive microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive microsphere.
[0064] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0065] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0066] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0067] c) administering microspheres to the patient optionally via the catheter;
[0068] d) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124
[0069] e) observing the distribution of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;
[0070] f) if the amount of the microspheres accumulated in tumor is higher than that in normal tissues or there is no microsphere in normal tissues, administering second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211; and
[0071] optionally, g) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the microsphere meet expectation; or
[0072] h) if the distribution of the microsphere does not meet expectations, the patient is orally administered a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive microsphere.
[0073] Compared with the prior art, the radioactive microspheres designed in the present invention have the following beneficial effects:
[0074] 1) The microspheres provided in the present invention can be used with a variety of radionuclides, such as At-211 for alpha particle radiotherapy, I-131 for beta particle radiotherapy, I-123 / 1-131 for SPECT imaging, I-124 for PET, I-125 for gamma ray radiotherapy, and F-18 for PET imaging.
[0075] 2) The non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) provided in the present invention have a half-life of 192 hours, which is longer than many radionuclide in the prior art, e.g., Y-90 (64 hours) , making it more convenient for transportation and clinical applications.
[0076] 3) The non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) provided in the present invention can be easily accessed, and its cost is much lower than that of many radionuclides in the prior art, e.g., Y-90.
[0077] 4) The radioactive microspheres provided in the present invention can load more radionuclides per microsphere, and thus the number of microspheres used per patient is less. As a result, the present invention can reduce the risk of reflux and ectopic embolization, causing radiation damage to non-target tissues.
[0078] 5) Since metals can attenuate X-ray, the radioactive microspheres provided in the present invention can be imaged under X-ray, which allows that the distribution of the radioactive microspheres provided in the present invention can be observed.
[0079] 6) The present invention firstly proposes the separate administration of non-radioactive microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides, and achieves binding of non-metallic radionclides to microspheres in the target tissue (e.g. tumor) in vivo. Also, the present invention firstly achieves the binding of the non-metallic radionuclides, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 and F-18, etc., with microspheres in the target tissue (e.g. tumor) in vivo for the purpose of both imaging and / or treatment.
[0080] 7) The present invention firstly provides a new concept that the same microsphere can be used as therapeutic microsphere and imaging microsphere at the same time, and thereby achieving the integration of diagnosis and treatment for precise treatment.
[0081] 8) The present invention is compatible with the existing medical system, and there is no need to upgrade the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) suite to meet the requirements of radioactive isotopes usage. In addition, relevant personnel in the DSA suite do not need to certify the usage of radioactive isotopes.
[0082] 9) Before administering therapeutic radionuclides, imaging radionuclides (I-123 and I-131 for SPECT / CT, and I-124 and F-18 for PET / CT) can be used to screen patients by imaging and determining the distribution of radionuclides in the tumor and normal tissues through SPECT / CT or PET / CT. Moreover, the microspheres provided in the present invention can be imaged to determine their distribution of microspheres in tumors and other tissues. Therefore, there is no need to test the patient with an additional interventional injection of imaging microspheres in advance to determine whether arteriovenous shunts exist within the tumor.
[0083] 10) The radioactive microspheres of the present invention possess excellent coupling properties, and can be produced by simply mixing radionuclides with microspheres. This makes it possible to prepare radioactive microspheres in hospitals, and allows for avoiding the problem that the radioactivity on microspheres decreases during transportation and storage, which is common with traditional radioactive microspheres. The novel method of this invention can ensure that the radioactivity on the microspheres injected into patients is sufficient and can be precisely controlled.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0084] Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram for the structure of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres.
[0085] Figure 2 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres.
[0086] Figure 3 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the spiny microsphere.
[0087] Figure 4 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres.
[0088] Figure 5 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a gold-shelled microsphere.
[0089] Figure 6 shows the effect of embolization therapy using radioactive microspheres of the present application. The ultrasound imaging (left) and FDG PET / CT (middle) imaging were used to determine the size and metabolic activity of the tumor in the liver before treatment. On the third day after treatment, FDG PET / CT imaging (right) was used to determine the metabolic activity of the tumor in the liver.
[0090] Figure 7 shows the SPECT / CT imaging results after intravenous injection of Na131I in a rabbit with microspheres of this invention embolized in lung (Middle) , in liver (Right) , and blank control without microspheres (Left) . Experiment results show that I-131 radionuclides can be conjugated to microspheres of this invention in vivo.
[0091] Figure 8 shows the histopathology examination result of the untreated rabbit liver tumor.
[0092] Figure 9 shows the histophathology examination result of the rabbit liver tumor treated with the radioactive microsphere of this invention.
[0093] Figure 10 shows the PET / CT imaging results with mice bearing tumor before and after treatment with radioactive microspheres loaded with I-131.
[0094] Figure 11 shows the changes in body weight of mice during radioactive microsphere treatment.
[0095] Figure 12 shows tumor volume change in mice with radioactive microsphere treatment.
[0096] Figure 13 is SPECT / CT imaging result showing biodistribution of I-131 at different time points after intravenous injection of Na131I in a mouse.
[0097] Figure 14 is SPECT / CT imaging result showing the effect of the pre-saturation with potassium iodide on biodistribution of131I in a mouse. The thyroid uptake of I-131 can be effectively blocked by potassium iodide.
[0098] Figure 15 is SPECT / CT imaging result showing biodistribution of I-131 after intravenous injection in a rat with and without liver embolized with microspheres of this invention.
[0099] Figure 16 shows the DSA imaging result of liver with a target part embolized with microspheres using a pig animal model.
[0100] Figure 17 is the SPECT / CT imaging result showing that the radioactive microspheres loaded with I-131 were successfully injected into a target part of liver in a pig by using a catheter guided by DSA.
[0101] Figure 18 is the SPECT / CT imaging result showing that the radioactive microspheres loaded with I-131 were successfully injected into a target part of lung in a pig by using a catheter guided by DSA.
[0102] Figure 19 is the SPECT / CT imaging result showing that the radioactive microspheres loaded with I-131 were successfully injected into a target part of tongue of a pig by using a catheter guided by DSA.
[0103] Figure 20 is the DSA imaging result showing that a target part of prostate in a dog was successfully emoblizied with radioactive microspheres loaded with I-131 by using a catheter.
[0104] Figure 21 is the SPECT / CT imaging result showing that the radioactive microspheres loaded with I-131 were successfully injected into a target part of prostate of a dog by using a catheter guided by DSA.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0105] The present invention is described below by reference to certain identified embodiments, nonetheless the skilled reader will appreciate that the invention so identified herein presents a principal that has broad and general application. It provides a hitherto unknown and unexpected refocusing and refinement of SIRT technology with significant advantages to both the patient and the clinician in the treatment of patients with a tumor.
[0106] The following detailed description is to be understood having regard to the following definitions and interpretations.
[0107] Definitions
[0108] The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein, which are intended for exemplification only. Functionally equivalent products, compositions and methods are clearly within the scope of the invention as described herein. Similarly, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in the specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations or any two or more of the steps or features.
[0109] The entire disclosures of all publications (including patents, patent applications, journal articles, manuals, books, or other documents) cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any of the references constitute prior art or are part of the common general knowledge of those working in the field to which this invention relates.
[0110] Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , shall be construed as synonymous and open-ended, unless otherwise indicated. A list of elements following the transitional phrases comprising or including is a non-exclusive list, such that elements in addition to those specifically recited in the list may also be present.
[0111] The invention described herein includes various values. A range of values will be understood to include all values within the range, including the values defining the range, and values adjacent to the range that lead to the same or substantially the same outcome as the values immediately adjacent to that value which defines the boundary to the range. For example, a person skilled in the field will understand that a 10%variation in upper or lower limits of a range can be totally appropriate and is encompassed by the invention. More particularly, the variation in upper or lower limits of a range will be 5%or as is commonly recognised in the art, whichever is greater.
[0112] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term "interaction" as used herein includes any chemical or physical interaction, including covalent bonding, ionic bonding, coordinate bonding, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic associations, dipole-dipole interactions and van der Waals interactions.
[0113] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term "microsphere" as used herein includes all particulate materials that meet the parameters of the present invention preferably without sharp edges or points that could damage patients'arteries or catch in unintended locations. It is not limited to spheres. Preferably, the microsphere is substantially spherical or oval, but need not be regular or symmetrical in shape. Any microspheres may be used in the present invention provided the microspheres can receive a radionuclide such as through impregnation, absorbing, coating.
[0114] As used herein treat, “treatment” and “treated” includes:
[0115] (i) preventing a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a patient who may be predisposed to the disease, disorder and / or condition, but has not yet been diagnosed as having it;
[0116] (ii) inhibiting a disease, disorder or condition, i.e., arresting its development; or
[0117] (iii) relieving a disease, disorder or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease, disorder and / or condition.
[0118] Reference herein to use of microspheres in a therapy will be understood to be equally applicable to human and non-human, such as veterinary, applications. Hence it will be understood that, except where otherwise indicated, reference to a “patient” , "subject" or "individual" means a human or non-human species, such as an individual of any species of social, economic or research importance including but not limited to lagomorph, ovine, bovine, equine, porcine, feline, canine, primate and rodent species.
[0119] As used herein the term "kit" will be understood to include devices which may be used in therapy, including prevention and treatment of an actual condition or symptom, and those which may be used in diagnosis, including where the diagnosis is performed on or in the body of a patient and where the diagnosis is performed on or with a sample obtained from the body of a patient.
[0120] As used herein, the “two-step administration” and “separate administration” can be used interchangeably, and mean a separate administration of the non-metallic radionuclides and the microsphere.
[0121] Other definitions for selected terms used herein are found within the detailed description of the invention and apply throughout. Unless otherwise defined, all scientific and technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs.
[0122] Abbreviation
[0123] SIRT: Selective Internal Radiation Therapy
[0124] SPECT: Single-photon emission computerized tomography
[0125] PET: Positron emission tomography scan
[0126] FDG: Fludeoxyglucose F18
[0127] DSA: Digital subtraction angiography
[0128] PEG: Polyethylene glycol
[0129] PLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)
[0130] A radioactive microsphere with a core-shell structure
[0131] The present invention provides a radioactive microsphere with a core-shell structure, comprising
[0132] a core,
[0133] a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, and
[0134] non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell by the interaction between them to form radioactive microspheres, and
[0135] optionally, an outer shell for protecting the non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell from dissociating,
[0136] wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0137] the non-metallic radionuclides provide a specific activity to the microsphere, the specific activity ranging from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere; preferably ranges from 10-50000 Bq per microsphere; more preferably ranges from 100-4000 Bq per microsphere; and most preferably the specific activity is about 2500 Bq per microsphere.
[0138] optionally, the metal shell is formed from metal nanoparticles or nanostars;
[0139] optionally, radioactive microsphere with a core-shell structure comprises multiple metal shells.
[0140] In some embodiments, the non-metallic radionuclide comprised in the radioactive microsphere is an isotope selected from isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.
[0141] In some embodiments, the metal shell comprised in the radioactive microsphere comprises metals selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, Ca and any combination thereof; preferably, the metal shell comprises one or more metal (s) selected form Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg or Ca; more preferably, the metal shell is Au or a combination of multiple metals, wherein the combination of multiple metals is a combination of Au, Ag, Zn and Fe, a combination of Au, Ag and Zn, or a combination Au and Zn.
[0142] In some embodiments, the specific activity of the radioactive microsphere ranges from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere; preferably ranges from 10-50000 Bq per microsphere; more preferably ranges from 100-4000 Bq per microsphere; and most preferably the specific activity is about 2500 Bq per microsphere .
[0143] In some embodiments, the core comprised in the radioactive microsphere comprises a material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, CaCO3, resin, polymers and other biocompatiable materials. In addition, the material is selected from the group consisting of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) , agarose, poly (methyl methacrylate) , polyacrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer, an acyl substituted cellulose acetate, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl flouride, poly (vinyl imidazole) , chlorosulphonate polyolefin, polyethylene oxide, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof; a polyphosphazine, a poly (vinyl alcohol) , a polyamide, a polycarbonate, a polyalkylene, a polyacrylamide, a polyalkylene glycol, a polyalkylene oxide, a polyalkylene terephthalate, a polyvinyl ether, a polyvinyl ester, a polyvinyl halide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polyglycolide, a polysiloxane, and copolymers thereof; a alkyl cellulose, an hydroxyalkyl cellulose, a cellulose ether, a cellulose ester and a nitrocellulose.
[0144] In some embodiments, the core comprised in the radioactive microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, preferably ranging from 20-80 μm, more preferably ranging from 20-50 μm, and most preferably the core has a diameter of 30 μm.
[0145] In some embodiments, the metal shell comprised in the radioactive microsphere has a thickness ranging from 10 nm -5 μm, preferably ranging from 50 nm -1 μm, and more preferably ranging from 100 -500 nm.
[0146] In some embodiments, the metal shell comprised in the radioactive microsphere is modified with linking carriers, which comprises a biocompatible polymer, such as PEG.
[0147] In some embodiments, the outer shell comprised in the radioactive microsphere comprises a material, such as metal (s) selecting from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg and Ca; and polymers selecting from the group consisting from (PLGA) , agarose, resin and other biocompatiable materials.
[0148] In some embodiments, the microsphere is non-biodegradable or biodegradable in vivo.
[0149] In some embodiments, the non-metallic radionuclide comprised in the radioactive microsphere is an isotope of fluorine, such as F-18, and the metal comprised in the radioactive microsphere is Al.
[0150] In some embodiments, the non-metallic radionuclide comprised in the radioactive microsphere is an isotope of astatine or iodine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124 or I-125, and the metal comprised in the radioactive microsphere is Au, a combination of Au, Ag, Zn and Fe, a combination of Au, Ag and Zn, or a combination Au and Zn.
[0151] In some embodiments, the radioactive microsphere can be used in admixture with an X-ray contrast agent, such as iodate, bariate;
[0152] optionally, the radioactive microsphere is loaded with a substance that absorbs X-ray to allow imaging, wherein the substance that absorbs X-ray is seleted from:
[0153] In some embodiments, wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are bound to the metal shell by positive and negative charge attraction (such as ionic bond) , chemical bond, or coordination bond between them; preferably by coordinate bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell.
[0154] Preparation Method
[0155] The present invention provides a method to synthesize the above-mentioned radioactive microsphere, comprising
[0156] i) synthesize a core with a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm,
[0157] ii) directly coat metals on the surface of the core by chemical reaction in solution or vacuum vapor deposition to form a metal shell, so as to form microspheres, wherein the thickness of the metal shell is ranging from 10 nm -5 μm,
[0158] iii) optionally, modify the surface of the metal shell with biocompatible polymers such as PEG, and
[0159] iv) mix a radionuclide solution of non-metallic radionuclide salts with the microspheres to form radioactive microspheres, wherein the solution further comprises sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, phosphate buffered saline and the like,
[0160] v) optionally, mix the radioactive microspheres with a solution of metals or polymers to form an outer shell.
[0161] In some embodiments, the core of the radioactive microspheres of the present invention are prepared by the known methods in the art, including but not limiting emulsion-solvent evaporation method, phase separation method, spray drying method, microfluidics method, electrostatic spraying method, and the like. In some embodiments, the core of the radioactive microspheres of the present invention are prepared by solvent evaporation method or microfluidics method.
[0162] Methods and Uses
[0163] The present invention provides a use of the radioactive microspheres in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0164] wherein radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0165] In some embodiments, the disease treated by the radioactive microspheres is cancers that are treated by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection, such as prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, breast cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer or pharyngeal cancer.
[0166] In some embodiments, the radiotherapy is internal radiotherapy.
[0167] In some embodiments, the radioactive microspheres of the present invention are immobilized at a site of administration.
[0168] In some embodiments, the radionuclides comprise at least one of an alpha-emitting radionuclide, such as At-211, a beta-emitting radionuclide, such as I-131, or a gamma-emitting radionuclide, such as I-125.
[0169] The present invention provides radioactive microspheres for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0170] wherein radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0171] The present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising administering to the patient in need of radiotherapy radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure,
[0172] wherein the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0173] The present invention provides a method of imaging a target organ or a tumor in a patient comprising:
[0174] a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of the present invention;
[0175] b) detecting the radioactive microspheres, wherein the detection provides the imaging of the target organ or the tumor.
[0176] The present invention provides a method of imaging concentrations and distributions of the microspheres of the present applicaiton in a target organ or a tumor, comprising
[0177] a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of the present invention;
[0178] b) detecting the radioactive microspheres by X-ray, wherein the detection provides the image of the concentration and distribution of radioactive microspheres in the target organ or the tumor.
[0179] The present invention provides a method of diagnosing a tumor in a patient suspected of having the tumor comprising:
[0180] a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient, radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of the present invention;
[0181] b) detecting the the radioactive microspheres; and
[0182] c) determining from the detection whether the patient has the tumor.
[0183] In some embodiments, wherein the administration route of the radioactive microspheres is intra-arterial injection, intra-tumoral injection, intraperitoneal injection, oral administration, intra-vein administration, bladder instillation, or uterine instillation.
[0184] The present invention provides a kit, comprising:
[0185] radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of the present invention, and
[0186] an interventional device for injecting the radioactive microspheres to a target site by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection.
[0187] The present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0188] b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site,
[0189] c) optionally, administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0190] d) optionally, observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, and
[0191] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0192] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm.
[0193] In some embodiments, before step b) the method further comprises step a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil; preferably saturating the patient’s thyroid by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil. In some embodiments, before step b) , the method further comprises further comprising step a) saturating the patient by intravenously administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil. In some embodiments, before step b) , the method further comprises further comprising step a) saturating the patient by orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil capsules.
[0194] In some embodiments, the method further comprises step f) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient.
[0195] In some embodiments, the method further comprises step g) surgical removal of the target sites.
[0196] In some embodiments, the method comprises the following steps:
[0197] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0198] b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site,
[0199] c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0200] d) observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,
[0201] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and
[0202] f) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and
[0203] g) surgical removal of the target sites;
[0204] preferably comprising the following steps,
[0205] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0206] b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site optionally by intra-tumoral injection,
[0207] c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging optionally by orally administered sodium salt of the first non-metallic radionuclides, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0208] d) observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy, and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed in the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,
[0209] e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment optionally by orally administered sodium salt of the second non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) , which are directly bound to microspheres by interaction between the second non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell, and
[0210] f) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and
[0211] g) surgical removal of the target sites.
[0212] In some embodiments, wherein in step d) the patients suitable for the radiotherapy are patients who meet one or more of the following criteria:
[0213] i) the microspheres are substantially aggregate in the tumor;
[0214] ii) the patient does not have the direct connection between arteries and veins in human tissues.
[0215] In some embodiments, wherein the imaging technique is a PET scan (positron emission tomography) or a SPECT scan (single-photon emission computerized tomography sacn) .
[0216] In some embodiments, wherein the administration route of the microspheres is intra-arterial injection, intra-tumoral injection, intraperitoneal injection, or oral administration; and wherein the administration route of the non-metallic radionuclides is oral administration, intravenous injection, intra-muscle injection or intra-peritoneal injection of non-metallic radionuclide salts.
[0217] In some embodiments, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope selected from isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine; preferably is selected from At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.
[0218] In some embodiments, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclide for imaging is selected from I-124, F-18, I-123 or I-131; preferably I-124 or F-18 for PET scan, and I-123 or I-131 for SPECT scan. In some embodiments, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclide for treatment is selected from At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.
[0219] In some embodiments, wherein the metal shell of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention comprises metals selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, Ca and any combination thereof; preferably, preferably, the metal shell comprises one or more metal (s) selected form Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg or Ca; more preferably, the metal shell is Au or a combination of multiple metals, wherein the combination of multiple metals is a combination of Au, Ag, Zn and Fe, a combination of Au, Ag and Zn, or a combination Au and Zn, or other combination of metals
[0220] In some embodiments, wherein the core of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention comprises a material selected from SiO2, CaCO3, resin, agarose, polylactic acid, other polymers and other biocompatiable materials, wherein the other polymer is selected from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) , agarose, poly (methyl methacrylate) , polyacrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer, an acyl substituted cellulose acetate, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl flouride, poly (vinyl imidazole) , chlorosulphonate polyolefin, polyethylene oxide, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof, a polyphosphazine, a poly (vinyl alcohol) , a polyamide, a polycarbonate, a polyalkylene, a polyacrylamide, a polyalkylene glycol, a polyalkylene oxide, a polyalkylene terephthalate, a polyvinyl ether, a polyvinyl ester, a polyvinyl halide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polyglycolide, a polysiloxane, and copolymers thereof, a alkyl cellulose, an hydroxyalkyl cellulose, a cellulose ether, a cellulose ester, a nitrocellulose, and other biocompatiable materials.
[0221] In some embodiments, the specific activity of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention ranges from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere; preferably ranges from 10-50000 Bq per microsphere; more preferably ranges from 100-4000 Bq per microsphere; and most preferably the specific activity is about 2500 Bq per microsphere .
[0222] In some embodiments, wherein the core has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, preferably ranging from 20-80 μm, more preferably ranging from 20-50 μm, and most preferably the core has a diameter of 30 μm.
[0223] In some embodiments, wherein the metal shell has a thickness ranging from 10 nm -5 μm.
[0224] In some embodiments, wherein the metal shell is modified with linking carriers, which comprises a biocompatible polymer. In some embodiments, wherein the linking carrier is PEG.
[0225] In some embodiments, wherein the microsphere is non-biodegradable or biodegradable in vivo.
[0226] In some embodiments, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope of fluorine, such as F-18, and the metal is Al.
[0227] In some embodiments, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope of astatine or iodine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124 or I-125, and the metal is Au, a combination of Au, Ag, Zn and Fe, a combination of Au, Ag and Zn, or a combination Au and Zn.
[0228] In some embodiments, wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres by the interaction between them; preferably by coordinate bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the microspheres; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the microspheres.
[0229] In some embodiments, wherein the microspheres are used in combination with X-ray contrast agents, such as iodate, bariate, and wherein the imaging technique in step d) and step f) is imaging by X-ray.
[0230] In some embodiments, wherein the disease is cancers that are treated by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection, such as prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, breast cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer or pharyngeal cancer.
[0231] In some embodiments, the microsphere with a core-shell structure can be used in admixture with an X-ray contrast agent, such as iodate, bariate.
[0232] In some embodiments, the non-metallic radionuclide administrated in the method of the present invention is an isotope selected from isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.
[0233] In some embodiments, the core of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, preferably ranging from 20-80 μm, more preferably ranging from 20-50 μm, and most preferably the core has a diameter of 30 μm.
[0234] In some embodiments, the metal shell of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention has a thickness ranging from 10 nm -5 μm, preferably ranging from 50 nm -1 μm, and more preferably ranging from 100 -500 nm.
[0235] In some embodiments, the metal shell of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention is modified with linking carriers, which comprises a biocompatible polymer, such as PEG.
[0236] In some embodiments, the radionuclides of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention comprise at least one of an alpha-emitting radionuclide, a beta-emitting radionuclide or a gamma-emitting radionuclide.
[0237] In some embodiments, the radionuclide of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention comprises an alpha-emitting radionuclide, such as At-211.
[0238] In some embodiments, the radionuclide of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention comprises a beta-emitting radionuclide, such as I-131.
[0239] In some embodiments, the radionuclide of the microspheres administrated in the method of the present invention comprises a gamma-emitting radionuclide, such as I-125.
[0240] In some embodiments, the first non-metallic radionuclides administrated in the method of the present invention are I-124 or F-18 for PET imaging the distribution of microspheres in the patient.
[0241] In some embodiments, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides administrated in the method of the present invention are I-123 or I-131 for SPECT imaging the distribution of microspheres in the patient.
[0242] In some embodiments, approved agents (such as ascorbic acid, sodium citrate) are added as adjuvants for PET imaging or SPECT imaging in the method of the present invention.
[0243] In some embodiments, the radiotherapy is internal radiotherapy.
[0244] In some embodiments, the radioactive microspheres formed in of the present invention are immobilized at a site of administration.
[0245] In one aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising the following steps:
[0246] a) optionally, saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0247] b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site,
[0248] c) optionally, observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy,
[0249] d) administering to the patient non-metallic radionuclides, wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and
[0250] e) optionally, monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and
[0251] f) optionally, surgical removal of the target sites,
[0252] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm,
[0253] wherein the radionuclides provide a specific activity to the radioactive microsphere, and the specific activity is ranging from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere.
[0254] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising the following steps:
[0255] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,
[0256] b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site,
[0257] c) administering to the patient non-metallic radionuclides, wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,
[0258] d) observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy, and
[0259] e) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, and
[0260] f) optionally, surgical removal of the target sites,
[0261] In some embodiments, wherein the administration route of the microspheres is intra-arterial injection, intra-tumoral injection, intraperitoneal injection, or oral administration; and wherein the administration route of the non-metallic radionuclides is oral administration, intravenous injection, intra-muscle injection or intra-peritoneal injection of non-metallic radionuclide salts.
[0262] In some embodiments, wherein non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope selected from isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine; preferably is selected from At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.
[0263] In some embodiments, wherein the metal shell comprises metal (s) selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, Ca and any combination thereof; preferably, the metal shell comprises one or more metal (s) selected form Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg or Ca.
[0264] The present invention provides a use of a combination of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0265] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure, comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0266] non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are directly bound to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,
[0267] wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides are administrated separately, and
[0268] the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0269] In some embodiments, the microspheres with a core-shell structure are prepared by the known methods in the art, including but not limiting emulsion-solvent evaporation method, phase separation method, spray drying method, microfluidics method, electrostatic spraying method, and the like.
[0270] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0271] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0272] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0273] c) administering the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive microsphere, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0274] d) if the amount of the radioactive microsphere accumulated in tumor is higher than that in nomal tissues or there is no radioactive microsphere in nomal tissues, administering the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211, and
[0275] optionally, e) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive microsphere meet expectation; or
[0276] f) if the distribution of the radioactive microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive microsphere.
[0277] In some embodiments, the present invention provides method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
[0278] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0279] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0280] c) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;
[0281] d) administering low dose of the radioactive microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive microsphere, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0282] e) verifying whether all or most of the radioactive microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor, and whether there is accumulation in other normal organs, such as lung;
[0283] f) if the distribution of the radioactive microsphere meet expectation, administering therapeutic dose of the radioactive microsphere of the present invention to the patient via the catheter for treatment, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211;
[0284] g) after administering the radioactive microsphere for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive microsphere meets expectations, and whether the therapeutic dose is enough;
[0285] h) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering the radioactive microsphere for treatment to achieve precise and potent treatment; and
[0286] i) if the radioactive microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the radioactive microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney. In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:
[0287] optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0288] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0289] c) administering microspheres to the patient optionally via the catheter;
[0290] d) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124
[0291] e) observing the distribution of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;
[0292] f) if the amount of the microspheres accumulated in tumor is higher than that in nomal tissues or there is no microsphere in nomal tissues, administering second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211; and
[0293] optionally, g) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the microsphere meet expectation; or
[0294] h) if the distribution of the microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive microsphere.
[0295] In some embodiments, the present invention provides method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
[0296] a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;
[0297] b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;
[0298] c) administering microspheres to the patient via the catheter;
[0299] d) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;
[0300] e) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124;
[0301] f) observing the distribution of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;
[0302] g) if the microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor and very less distributed in non-target organs, administering the therapeutic dose of second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211;
[0303] h) after administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure whether the therapeutic dose is enough;
[0304] i) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment to achieve effective dose; and
[0305] j) if the microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.
[0306] Combination, uses thereof and kits
[0307] The present invention also provides a combination of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,
[0308] wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure, comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0309] non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,
[0310] wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and
[0311] the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0312] The present invention further provides a kit, comprising:
[0313] microspheres with a core-shell structure, comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, and
[0314] non-metallic radionuclides for binding to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,
[0315] wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, and
[0316] the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.
[0317] It should be noted that the embodiments listed in the above methods are also be applied to the above combination, use thereof, and kit.
[0318] It should be noted that the embodiments listed in the above microspheres are also be applied to the above method, combination, use and kit thereof. In addition, the embodiments listed in the above methods are also be applied to the above combination, use and kit thereof.
[0319] EXAMPLES
[0320] To make the objects and technical solutions of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples. It should be understood that the examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Further, specific experimetal methods not mentioned in the following examples were carried out in accordance with a conventional experimetal method.
[0321] Example 1: Preparation of various metal nanoparticles
[0322] 1.1 Synthesis of gold nanoparticles
[0323] 100 mL of ultrapure water was placed in a flask and heated to boiling under vigorous stirring. 0.2 mL of 0.5 M HAuCl4 solution was quickly added to the boiling water, and continued to heat with stirring for 10 s; at this point, the solution was pale yellow. 15 mL of 1% (w / v) sodium citrate solution was immediately added, and the color of the solution rapidly turned black and gradually became wine red, indicating that the gold nanoparticles formed. The boiling reaction was maintained for 30 min, with distilled water added as needed to maintain a constant reaction volume. After the reaction was completed, the solution was naturally cooled to room temperature and filtered through a 0.22 μm microporous membrane to remove large particles and impurities. Then, the solution of purified gold nanoparticles was obtained.
[0324] 1.2 Synthesis of gold nanostar
[0325] 100 mL of 0.2 mM HAuCl4 solution and 100 μL of 1 M HCl solution were sequentially added to a 250 mL glass bottle, and the pH of the system was adjusted accordingly. Then, 1000 μL of the solution of pre-prepared gold seed (particle size 12 ± 0.7 nm) was added under rapid stirring at room temperature. After adding the gold seed, 1000 μL of 2 mM AgNO3 solution and 500 μL of 100 mM ascorbic acid solution were immediately and simultaneously added. After adding the reducing agent, the color of the solution rapidly changed from light red to dark blue or dark green within about 30 seconds, indicating that the gold nanostars formed. Maintain stirring at room temperature for 2 min until the reaction finished.
[0326] 1.3 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
[0327] Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reduction method comprising specific steps as follows: 14.7 mg of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and 104.6 mg of sodium citrate dihydrate (Na3Cit·H2O) were weighed and dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water. The solution was magnetically stirred at room temperature until fully dissolved. Then, 1.2 mg / mL sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution was slowly added dropwise to the above reaction solution and continuously stirred. The reaction was performed at room temperature for 30 min. The color of the solution changed, indicating that the silver nanoparticles formed. The obtained Ag NPs colloidal solution could be used directly in subsequent experiments. Unless otherwise specified, no further purification was required.
[0328] 1.4 Synthesis of zinc nanoparticles
[0329] Zinc nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical reduction method comprising specific steps as follows: 11.8 mg of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and 104.6 mg of sodium citrate dihydrate (Na3Cit·H2O) were weighed and dissolved in 100 mL of deionized water. The solution was magnetically stirred at room temperature until fully dissolved. Then, 1.2 mg / mL sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution was slowly added dropwise to the above reaction solution and continuously stirred. The reaction was performed at room temperature for 30 min. The color of the solution changed, indicating that the zinc nanoparticles formed. The obtained Zn NPs colloidal solution could be used directly in subsequent experiments. Unless otherwise specified, no further purification was required.
[0330] Example 2: Preparation of radioactive microspheres with core-shell structure
[0331] 2.1 Synthesis of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres
[0332] Step 1: 20 mL of the gold nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1, 20 mL of the silver nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1 and 10 mL of pure water were taken and placed in a round-bottom flask. 100 mg of mercaptopolystyrene (PS-SH) microspheres were added. Heated in an oil bath to increase temperature. The reaction temperature was increased to 60℃ and maintained for 30 min, to 70℃ and matintained for 20 min, and to 80℃ and maintained for 10 min. When the reaction temperature reached 90℃, it was observed that the color of the solution in the flask changed. Generally, it changed from wine red to grayish-black. Reacted for 10 min after the color was stable. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0333] Step 2: The microspheres from Step 1 was dispersed in 47 mL of ultrapure water and pre-cooled to 4 ℃. 1 mL of 50 mM AgNO3, 2.5 mL of 20 mg / mL PVP (molecular weight 8000) and 1 mL of 50 mM K2CO3 were sequentially added, and were stirred rapidly for 1 minute. 1 mL of 100 mM NaBH4 (freshly prepared in cold water) was rapidly added. The color of the solution rapidly changed from yellow to yellow metallic luster. Continued stirring in an ice bath for 5-10 minutes, then reacted at room temperature in the dark for 1 hour. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0334] Step 3: The microspheres from Step 2 was dispersed in 100mL of pure water, and then 100 mg of HAuCl4·3H2O and 1.5 mL of 10%Na3Cit·H2O (sodium citrate) were sequentially added. When the color of the solution gradually changed to purplish-black, and after the color was stable, reacted for 40 min. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0335] Step 4: The microspheres from Step 3 were resuspended in 5 mL of ice ultrapure water and pre-cooled to 4 ℃ in an ice bath. 5 mL of ice-cold 1%hydrogen peroxide and 5 mL of ice-cold 1%ammonia solution were added and reacted for 5 min. 150 mL of ice ultrapure water were immediately added to quench the reaction. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0336] Step 5: The microspheres from Step 4 were added to 100 mL of the prepared zinc nanoparticle solution and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were centrifuged to wash at 500 rpm for 3 min.
[0337] Step 6: The obtained microspheres were dispersed in sodium citrate and stored at a concentration of 10 mg / mL.
[0338] 2.2 Synthesis of spiny microspheres
[0339] Step 1: 40 mL of gold nanoparticle solution and 10 mL of water were taken and placed in a round-bottom flask, and 100 mg of mercaptopolystyrene (PS-SH) microspheres were added. Heated in an oil bath to increase temperature. The reaction temperature was increased to 60℃ and matintained for 30 min, to 70℃and matintained for 20 min, and to 80℃ and matintained for 10 min.
[0340] When the reaction temperature reached 90℃, it was observed that the color of the solution in the flask changed. Generally, it changed from wine red to grayish-black. Reacted for 10 min after the color was stable. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were washed.
[0341] Step 2: The microspheres from Step 1 was dispersed in 100 mL of pure water. 100 mg HAuCl4·3H2O and 1.5 mL of 10%Na3Cit·2H2O (sodium citrate) were sequentially added. The color of the solution gradually changed to purplish-black. After the color was stable, reacted for 40 min. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were washed.
[0342] Step 3: The microspheres from Step 2 were mixed with 200 mL of gold nanostar solution and reacted at room temperature for 2 h. After the reaction was completed, centrifuged to wash the microspheres.
[0343] Step 4: The microspheres from Step 3 were added to 100 mL of the prepared zinc nanoparticle solution and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were washed.
[0344] Step 5: The obtained microspheres were dispersed in sodium citrate and stored at a concentration of 10 mg / mL.
[0345] 2.3 Synthesis of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres
[0346] Step 1: 100mL of gold nanoparticle solution were added to 70 mg of mercaptopolystyrene (PS-SH) microspheres, and mixed and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were centrifuged to wash.
[0347] Step 2: 70 mg of microspheres bound with gold nanostar were mixed with 7 mL of 0.1 mg / mL 4-arm mercapto polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20000, CAS No.: 188492-68-4) , and reacted at room temperature for 15 min. After the reaction was completed, the microspheres were centrifuged to wash.
[0348] Step 3: Repeated the above steps twice.
[0349] Step 4: Multilayer gold nanostar microspheres were dispersed in sodium citrate and stored at a concentration of 10 mg / mL.
[0350] 2.4 Synthesis method of gold-shelled microspheres:
[0351] 100 mg of mercaptopolystyrene (PS-SH) microspheres were weighed and added to 40 mL of the gold nanoparticle solution prepared in Example 1, and 10 mL of ultrapure water were additionally added to ensure homogeneity. Then, under continuous stirring, the system was slowly heated to 90℃ until the reaction was completed. During this process, the color of the solution changed sequentially from wine red to rose red, then purple, and finally black, indicating that the gold nanoparticles had successfully bound to the surface of the PS microsphere. After the reaction was completed, the system was naturally cooled to room temperature and centrifuged at 100 rpm for 1 min, discarding the supernatant. Then, the precipitate was washed three times with ultrapure water until the eluent was colorless to remove unbound gold nanoparticles and other solution residues. The purified gold nanoparticle-modified PS microspheres were finally obtained.
[0352] 100 mg of the aforementioned gold nanoparticle-modified PS microspheres were weighed and dispersed in 100 mL of ultrapure water. Under stirring at room temperature, 100 mg of HAuCl4·3H2O and 1.5 mL of 10 %sodium citrate solution were added sequentially, with continued stirring. The initial solution was light yellow-green, and the color gradually deepened as the reaction proceeded. The color changed to dark purple after approximately 40 min, indicating that the gold layer growth was completed. After the reaction was completed, the solution was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 1 min, the supernatant was discarded, and washed three times with ultrapure water until the wash solution was colorless. Finally, the obtained microspheres with gold shell were redispersed in 10 mL of ultrapure water. The obtained microspheres were purplish-black, indicating that the gold layer had successfully grown and uniformly covered the surface of the PS microspheres.
[0353] Example 3: The characterization of radioactive microspheres with core-shell structure
[0354] The structure of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres prepared in this example is shown in Figure 1. In the Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microsphere, polystyrene (PS) is taken as the core and coated by rough gold shell (Au shell) as the shell. The surface of gold shell is uniformly distributed with Zn nanoparticles (Zn NPs) .
[0355] The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microsphere is shown in Figure 2. The overall morphology and surface structure of the microspheres are shown at different magnifications: (a) ×400, scale bar 100 μm; (b) ×1000, scale bar 50 μm; (c) ×3000, scale bar 10 μm; and (d) ×50,000, scale bar 1 μm. It can be observed that the microspheres are regular spherical in shape, and the surface is covered with a large number of uniformly distributed nanoparticles, forming a rough surface structure.
[0356] The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the spiny microsphere is shown in Figure 3. The overall morphology and surface structure of the microspheres are shown at different magnifications: (a) ×400, scale bar 100 μm; (b) ×1000, scale bar 50 μm; (c) ×3000, scale bar 10 μm; and (d) ×50,000, scale bar 1 μm. It can be observed that the microspheres are regular spherical shape, and the surface is covered with a large number of dense and uniformly distributed nanoparticles.
[0357] The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres are shown in Figure 4. The overall morphology and surface structure of the microspheres are shown at different magnifications: (a) ×400, scale bar 100 μm; (b) ×1000, scale bar 50 μm; (c) ×3000, scale bar 10 μm; and (d) ×50,000, scale bar 1 μm. It can be observed that the microspheres are regular spherical, and the nanoparticles covering the surface are more densely aggregated, presenting a uniformly distributed pyramidal shape.
[0358] The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the gold-shelled microsphere is shown in Figure 5. The overall morphology and surface structure of the microspheres are shown at different magnifications: (a) ×400, scale bar 100 μm; (b) ×1000, scale bar 50 μm; (c) ×3000, scale bar 10 μm; and (d) ×50,000, scale bar 1 μm. It can be observed that the microspheres are regular spherical, and the gold layer covering the surface is uniform and continuous.
[0359] Example 4: Radioactive activity of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres
[0360] 4.1 The method for radioactive labeling at room temperature
[0361] Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at room temperature, and was manually shaken for 30 s to promote binding. After the reaction was completed, the sample was centrifuged to remove unbound131I, and the microspheres were collected. Then, the radioactive activity of the microspheres was measured to calculate the labeling rate. Experimental results showed that the labeling rate of this method was 98.9%.
[0362] 4.2 The method for radioactive labeling at 37℃
[0363] Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at 37℃, and was continuously shaken in a constant-temperature shaker for 10 min to react. After the reaction was completed, the sample was centrifuged to remove unbound131I, and the microspheres were collected. Then, the radioactive activity of the microspheres was measured to calculate the labeling rate. Experimental results showed that the labeling rate of this method was 99.68%.
[0364] 4.3 The radioactive labeling in solutions with different pH
[0365] pH: Aqueous systems with pH 1-14 were prepared respectively, wherein pH 1-6 were prepared by dilution with HCl solution, pH 7 was prepared with pure water, and pH 8-14 were prepared by dilution with NaOH solution. The pH of each system was confirmed using a pH meter.
[0366] Reaction: The equal amounts of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres were added to the solution with the corresponding pH, and Na131I solution with the predetermined activity was added, incubated at 37℃ with shaking for 10 min.
[0367] Separation and Purification: Separated by centrifugation, and collected the precipitate (microspheres) and supernatant (free131I) . If necessary, washed once quickly with a solution of the same pH.
[0368] Determination and Calculation of Radioactivity: The radioactive activities of the precipitate and supernatant were determined using an activity meter, and the labeling rate was calculated with the following formula: Labeling Rate (%) = A_microsphere / (A_microsphere+A_free) × 100%. Table 1 shows the labeling rate under different pH.
[0369] Table 1
[0370] 4.4 Maximum loading capacity of radionuclides on microspheres
[0371] To evaluate the maximum radioactive loading capacity of the microspheres, 0.1 mg of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres were taken, and Na131I solution with 4703 μCi of radioactive activity was added. The reaction system was placed in a constant temperature shaker at 37 ℃ and shaken for 10 min. After the reaction was completed, the unbound free Na131I was removed by centrifugation. The microspheres were collected and the radioactive activity thereof was measured to calculate the labeling rate. The experimental results showed that the labeling rate was 93.6 %. According to this calculation, the maximum radioactive loading of the microspheres was calculated to be 44.0 mCi / mg, corresponding to approximately 16280 Bq / microsphere.
[0372] Example 5: Stability of radioactive microspheres
[0373] 5.1 The stability of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres in various different media.
[0374] The method for radioactive labeling: with reference to the method as described above, Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at 37℃ with shaking for 10 min for the labeling. Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres, which had been successfully labeled, were added to various different test media (specific media shown in Table 2) , and incubated at 37℃ with shaking for 1 hour and 24 hours. After incubation, the microspheres were collected by centrifugation, the radioactive activity thereof was determined and the radioactive activity retention rate was calculated, which were shown in Table 2. The experiment results showed that the radioactive microspheres exhibited a high radioactive activity retention rate (which was approximately above 98%) in various media after one-hour and 24-hour incubations, which showed excellent in vitro stability.
[0375] Table 2
[0376] 5.2 The in vivo stability of Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres radiolabeled with I-131
[0377] The method for radioactive labeling: with reference to the method as described above, Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at 37℃ with shaking for 10 min for the labeling. The labeled Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres were obtained after centrifugation and purification.
[0378] The obtained radioactive microspheres with a defined level of radioactive activity were injected into New Zealand rabbit via ear vein. During blood circulation, the microspheres were readily retained in lungs due to particle size. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1 and 24 hours after injection, and immediately dissected to take major organs, including heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and thyroid. Each organ was weighed and then measured for the radioactive activity using a gamma counter. The percentage of radiotracer uptaken by tissue (%ID, i.e., the percent of injected dose) was calculated.
[0379] The results were shown in Table 3. The microspheres were mainly distributed in the lung, and retained at a high retention rate in the lungs at 1h and 24h. At the same time, the radioactivity in the thyroid was low. This demonstrated that the I-131 radiolabeled microspheres had a high in vivo stability.
[0380] Table 3
[0381] 5.3 The in vivo stability of radioactive microspheres is improved by treating with silver nitrate (Rabbit)
[0382] The radioactive microspheres were incubated with hydrochloric acid and silver nitrate. On the one hand,131I on the surface of the radioactive microspheres was allowed to combine with Ag ions to form AgI precipitate, which is stably attached to the surface of the microspheres. On the other hand, Cl ions in the hydrochloric acid was allowed to combine with Ag and attach to the surface of the microspheres to form a thick and stable AgCl shell, thereby further improving the radiolabeling stability of the microspheres.
[0383] Preparation of microspheres treated with silver nitrate (AgNO3) : 50 mg of131I-labeled radioactive microspheres were added to 0.5 mL of 100 μM HCl solution, then mixed with 0.5 mL of 100 μM AgNO3 solution. The mixture was incubated at 37℃ with shaking for 30 min, followed by centrifugation and washing to obtain radioactive microspheres treated with silver nitrate.
[0384] Experimental Group: Rabbits were injected with the radioactive microspheres treated with silver nitrate (50 mg / 5 mCi) via ear vein. Control Group: Rabbits were received same dose of untreated radioactive microspheres (50 mg / 5 mCi) via ear vein. Dissection was conducted and tissue viability was measured at 1 and 24 hours.
[0385] Experimental results were shown in Table 4. After treating with silver nitrate, the in vivo stability of the obtained radioactive microspheres was significantly improved, and the transfer of free131I to iodine-prone tissues such as the thyroid was significantly inhibited. In the untreated microsphere group, the radioactivity of the thyroid increased from 0.092%ID / g at 1 h to 1.425%ID / g at 24 h, while the corresponding time points in the silver nitrate treated group were only 0.140%ID / g and 0.590%ID / g. The amount of thyroid uptake was significantly reduced at 24 h. The amount of salivary gland in treated group was close to 0 at 24 h, while it was still 0.027%ID / g in the untreated group. The amount of gastric contents in treated group were 0.013%ID / g at 24 h, and was significantly lower than 0.100%ID / g in the untreated group. These trends all suggested that less131I on the surface of the microspheres entered the systemic circulation as free iodine and was taken up by organs with high NIS expression. In conclusion, the AgI / AgCl shell formed on the surface of the microspheres by the combined action of silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid effectively locked131I, which significantly reduced the migration of radioactive iodine to organs prone to iodine accumulation, e.g., thyroid gland, salivary glands and stomach, and improved the in vivo stability and application safety of the microspheres of the present invention.
[0386] Table 4
[0387] 5.4 The in vivo stability of radioactive microspheres comprising different contents of silver (Rabbit)
[0388] Objective: To investigate whether the content of silver on microspheres affects the stability of131I on microspheres.
[0389] Experimental Procedure: Microspheres with different contents of silver (1x and 5x) were prepared and labeled with131I to obtain corresponding radioactive microspheres. Experimental Group 1: Rabbits were injected with radioactive microspheres with a silver content of 1x (50 mg / 5 mCi) via the ear vein. Experimental Group 2: Rabbits were injected with radioactive microspheres with a silver content of 5x (50 mg / 5 mCi) via the ear vein. Dissection was conducted and tissue viability was measured at 1 hour.
[0390] Experimental results were shown in Table 5. Under both 1x and 5x silver loading conditions, the obtained radioactive microspheres exhibited high in vivo stability, with extremely low radioactivity levels in iodine-accumulating organs such as the thyroid. The levels in thyroid were 0.033%ID / g in the Ag 1x group and 0.067%ID / g in the Ag 5x group; the levels in salivary glands were 0.020%ID / g in the Ag 1x group and 0.043%ID / g in the Ag 5x group; the levels in the stomach and its stomach contents, and the small intestine all were below 0.02%ID / g, which was far lower than the high uptake levels observed in that of conventional administration of Na131I. This suggested that the deiodination of the microspheres was very limited under both silver contents. The radioactive microspheres with different silver contents all demonstrated good labeling stability and safety.
[0391] Table 5
[0392] Example 6: Radioactive activity of spiny microspheres
[0393] 6.1 The method for radioactive labeling at room temperature
[0394] The spiny microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at room temperature, and was shaken 10 min to promote binding. After the reaction was completed, the sample was centrifuged to remove unbound131I, and the microspheres were collected. Then, the radioactive activity of the microspheres was measured to calculate the labeling rate. Experimental results showed that the labeling rate of this method was 96.9%.
[0395] 6.2 Maximum radioactive loading of microspheres
[0396] To evaluate the maximum radioactive loading capacity of the microspheres, 0.2 mg of spiny microspheres were taken and Na131I solution with 5270 μCi of radioactive activity was added. The reaction system was placed in a constant temperature shaker at 37 ℃ and shaken for 10 min. After the reaction was completed, the unbound free Na131I was removed by centrifugation. The microspheres were collected and the radioactive activity thereof was measured to calculate the labeling rate. The experimental results showed that the labeling rate was 57.0%. According to this calculation, the maximum radioactive loading of the microspheres was calculated to be 1.480 mCi / mg, corresponding to a radioactive loading of a single microsphere as approximately 547.6 Bq / microsphere.
[0397] Example 7: Stability of spiny microspheres
[0398] 7.1 The stability of the spiny microspheres in blood and 6%H2O2
[0399] The method for radioactive labeling: with reference to the method as described above, the spiny microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at room temperature with shaking for 10 min for the labeling. The spiny microspheres, which had been successfully labeled, were added to blood, and incubated at 37℃ with shaking for 1 hour. After incubation, the microspheres were collected by centrifugation, the radioactive activity thereof was determined and the radioactive activity retention rate was calculated. The experiment results showed that the radioactive microspheres exhibited a good radioactive activity retention rate in blood (which was approximately above 68.8%) after one-hour incubation. When incubated at 37℃ in 6%H2O2 with shaking for 1h, the radioactive activity retention rate of the radioactive microspheres was 90.8%.
[0400] 7.2 The in vivo stability of spiny microspheres
[0401] The method for radioactive labeling: with reference to the method as described above, the spiny microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at 37℃ with shaking for 10 min for the labeling. The labeled spiny microspheres were obtained after centrifugation and purification.
[0402] The obtained radioactive microspheres with certain radioactive activity were injected into New Zealand rabbit via ear vein. During blood circulation, the microspheres were readily retained in the lungs due to particle size. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1 hour after injection, and immediately dissected to take major organs, including heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and thyroid. Each organ was weighed and then measured for the radioactive activity using a gamma counter. The percentage of radiotracer uptaken by tissue (%ID, i.e., the percent of injected dose) was calculated.
[0403] The results were shown in Table 6. The microspheres were mainly distributed in the lung, and retained at a high retention rate in the lung at 1h. At the same time, the radioactivity in the thyroid was low. This demonstrated that the radioactive labeling had a high in vivo stability.
[0404] Table 6
[0405] Example 8: Radioactive activity of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres
[0406] 8.1 The method for radioactive labeling at room temperature
[0407] The multilayer gold nanostar microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at room temperature, and was shaken for 10 min to promote binding. After the reaction was completed, the sample was centrifuged to remove unbound131I, and the microspheres were collected. Then, the radioactive activity of the microspheres was measured to calculate the labeling rate. Experimental results showed that the labeling rate of this method was 96.1%.
[0408] 8.2 Maximum radioactive loading of microspheres
[0409] To evaluate the maximum radioactive loading capacity of the microspheres, 0.2 mg of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres were taken, and Na131I solution with 2537.8 μCi of radioactive activity was added. The reaction system was placed in a constant temperature shaker at 37 ℃ and shaken for 10 min. After the reaction was completed, the unbound free Na131I was removed by centrifugation. The microspheres were collected and the radioactive activity thereof was measured to calculate the labeling rate. The experimental results showed that the labeling rate was 97.33%. According to this calculation, the maximum radioactive loading of the microspheres was calculated to be 12.35 mCi / mg, corresponding to a radioactive loading of a single microsphere as approximately 4570 Bq / microsphere.
[0410] Example 9: Stability of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres
[0411] 9.1 The stability of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres in blood and 6%H2O2
[0412] The method for radioactive labeling: with reference to the method as described above, multilayer gold nanostar microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at room temperature with shaking for 10 min for the labeling. Multilayer gold nanostar microspheres, which had been successfully labeled, were added to blood, and incubated at 37℃ with shaking for 1 hour and 24 hours. After incubation, the microspheres were collected by centrifugation, the radioactive activity thereof was determined and the radioactive activity retention rate was calculated. The experiment results showed that the radioactive microspheres exhibited a good radioactive activity retention rate in blood (which was approximately 96.0%for 1h and 84.1%for 24h) after incubation. When incubated at 37℃ in 6%H2O2 with shaking for 1h, the radioactive activity retention rate of the radioactive microspheres was 98.4%.
[0413] 9.2 The in vivo stability of multilayer gold nanostar microspheres
[0414] The method for radioactive labeling: with reference to the method as described above, multilayer gold nanostar microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at room temperature with shaking for 10 min for the labeling. The labelled multilayer gold nanostar microspheres were obtained after centrifugation and purification.
[0415] The obtained radioactive microspheres with certain radioactive activity were injected into New Zealand rabbit via ear vein. During blood circulation, the microspheres should be readily retained in lung due to particle size. The rabbits were sacrificed at 1 hour and 24 hours after injection, and immediately dissected to take major organs, including heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and thyroid. Each organ was weighed and then measured for the radioactive activity using a gamma counter. The percentage of radiotracer uptaken by tissue (%ID, i.e., the percent of injected dose) was calculated.
[0416] The results were shown in Table 7. The microspheres were mainly distributed in the lung, and retained at a high retention rate in the lung at 1h and 24h. At the same time, the radioactivity in the thyroid was low. This demonstrated that the radioactive labeling had a high in vivo stability.
[0417] Table 7
[0418] Example 10: Radioactive activity of gold-shelled microspheres
[0419] 10.1 The method for radioactive labeling at room temperature
[0420] Gold-shelled microspheres prepared in Example 2 were mixed with Na131I solution at room temperature, and was manually shaken for 10 min to promote binding. After the reaction was completed, the sample was centrifuged to remove unbound131I, and the microspheres were collected. Then, the radioactive activity of the microspheres was measured to calculate the labeling rate. Experimental results showed that the labeling rate of this method was 99.0%.
[0421] 10.2 Maximum radioactive loading of microspheres
[0422] To evaluate the maximum radioactive loading capacity of the microspheres, 0.3 mg of gold-shelled microspheres were taken, and Na131I solution with 9830 μCi of radioactive activity was added. The reaction system was placed in a constant temperature shaker at 37 ℃ and shaken for 10 min. After the reaction was completed, the unbound free Na131I was removed by centrifugation. The microspheres were collected and the radioactive activity thereof was measured to calculate the labeling rate. The experimental results showed that the labeling rate was 21.16%. According to this calculation, the maximum radioactive loading of the microspheres was calculated to be 6.933 mCi / mg, corresponding to a radioactive loading of a single microsphere as approximately 3208.3 Bq / microsphere.
[0423] Example 11: Stability of gold-shelled microspheres
[0424] 11.1 Stability of gold-shelled microspheres in sodium iodide
[0425] To evaluate the effect of the sodium iodide on the stability of the radioactive gold-shelled microspheres, 300 μL of the gold-shelled microspheres prepared in Exmaple 2 were added with 1 mL 0.1 M NaI solution, and incubated at room temperature with shaking for 10 min to ensure a full reaction. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30 s, and the supernatant and precipitate were collected separately and determined the radioactive activity. The results showed that the radioactive activity of the supernatant was 713 μCi, while the radioactive activity of the gold-shelled microspheres was 53.6 μCi. The elution rate was up to 93.0%, indicating that NaI could effectively elute131I on the gold-shelled microspheres.
[0426] 11.2 Stability of gold-shelled microspheres in N-Chlorosuccinimide
[0427] To evaluate the effect of the oxidation environment in liver on the stability of the radioactive gold-shelled microspheres, 300 μL of the gold-shelled microspheres prepared in Example 2 were added with 1 mL 0.1 mg / mL NCS solution, and incubated at room temperature with shaking for 10 min to ensure a full reaction. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30s, and the supernatant and precipitate were collected separately and determined the radioactive activity. The results showed that the radioactive activity of the supernatant was 6.81 μCi, while the radioactive activity of the gold-shelled microspheres was 809 μCi. The elution rate was merely 0.83%, indicating that the gold-shelled microspheres exhibited an excellent radiolabeling stability in liver.
[0428] 11.3 Stability of gold-shelled microspheres in glutathione
[0429] To evaluate the effect of the sulfhydryl compound in vivo on the stability of radioactive gold-shelled microspheres, 300 μL of the gold-shelled microspheres prepared in Example 2 were added with 1 mL 0.1 M glutathione solution, and incubated at room temperature with shaking for 10 min to ensure a full reaction. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30s, and the supernatant and precipitate were collected separately and determined the radioactive activity. The results showed that the radioactive activity of the supernatant was 36.7 μCi, while the radioactive activity of the gold-shelled microspheres was 798 μCi. The elution rate was merely 4.4%, indicating that the gold-shelled microspheres exhibited an excellent radiolabeling stability.
[0430] 11.4 Stability of gold-shelled microspheres in anhydrous ethanol
[0431] To investigate the chemical bonds between the gold-shelled microspheres and131I, various solvents were added to verify their stability. Anhydrous ethanol can disrupt hydrophobic interactions, thereby eluting radionuclide labels that rely on hydrophobic adsorption. 300 μL of the gold-shelled microspheres prepared in Example 2 were added with 1 mL anhydrous ethanol, and incubated at room temperature with shaking for 10 min to ensure a full reaction. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30s, and the supernatant and precipitate were collected separately and determined the radioactive activity. The results showed that the radioactive activity of the supernatant was 42.6 μCi, while the radioactive activity of the gold-shelled microspheres was 2.54 mCi. The elution rate was merely 1.6%, indicating that the binding between the gold-shelled microspheres and131I was not relied on a hydrophobic interaction.
[0432] 11.5 Stability of gold-shelled microspheres in high concentration NaCl (5M)
[0433] To investigate the chemical bonds between the gold-shelled microspheres and131I, various solvents were added to verify their stability. High concentration NaCl can disrupt electrostatic interactions and ion exchange, thereby eluting radionuclide labels that rely on hydrophobic adsorption. 300 μL of the gold-shelled microspheres prepared in Example 2 were added with 1 mL 5M NaCl solution, and incubated at room temperature with shaking for 10 min to ensure a full reaction. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30s, and the supernatant and precipitate were collected separately and determined the radioactive activity. The results showed that the radioactive activity of the supernatant was 7.2 μCi, while the radioactive activity of the gold-shelled microspheres was 1.270 mCi. The elution rate was merely 0.56%, indicating that the binding between the gold-shelled microspheres and131I was not relied on an ion exchange.
[0434] 11.6 Stability of gold-shelled microspheres in DMSO
[0435] To investigate the chemical bonds between the gold-shelled microspheres and131I, various solvents were added to verify their stability. High concentration DMSO can disrupt polar interactions, hydrogen bonds and weak coordination bonds, thereby eluting radionuclide labels that rely on hydrophobic adsorption. 300 μL of the gold-shelled microspheres prepared in Example 2 were added with 1 mL DMSO, and incubated at room temperature with shaking for 10 min to ensure a full reaction. Then, the mixture was centrifuged at 300 rpm for 30s, and the supernatant and precipitate were collected separately and determined the radioactive activity. The results showed that the radioactive activity of the supernatant was 1.435 mCi, while the radioactive activity of the gold-shelled microspheres was 1.095 mCi. The elution rate was up to 56.72%, indicating that the gold-shelled microspheres and131I may be bound by polar interactions or coordination.
[0436] Example 12: The effect of embolization therapy using radioactive microspheres
[0437] The radioactive microspheres used in this example were prepared as described in Examples 1 and 2.
[0438] Before treatment, ultrasound and FDG PET / CT imaging were used to locate and measure the tumor transplanted in the left lobe of the liver in New Zealand rabbit to determine its size and metabolic activity. Subsequently, the radioactive microspheres were selectively injected into the supply artery of the left lobe tumor via interventional surgery, achieving precise intratumoral embolization.
[0439] On the third day after treatment, the tumor status was assessed using FDG PET / CT imaging. The results showed that the metabolic activity signal in the tumor area had completely disappeared, as shown in Figure 6, indicating that embolization therapy using the radioactive microspheres of the present invention could effectively eliminate tumor activity in a short period (3 days) .
[0440] Example 13: Test for in vivo coupling of microspheres with radionuclides
[0441] Healthy New Zealand rabbit were selected as experimental animals and were randomly divided into Control Group and Experimental Group, and the results of this example were shown in Figure 7.
[0442] Control Group (Left) : Rabbits were intraveneously injected with Na131I solution, followed by SPECT imaging to observe the in vivo distribution of free131I. The results showed significant high signal intensity in the thyroid and bladder, indicating the main site where that free131I was mainly located.
[0443] Experimental Group –Lung (Middle) : Rabbits were injected with non-radioactive Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres via marginal ear vein on one side. When the Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres were remained in lung, rabbits were injected with Na131I solution via marginal ear vein on the other side. The SPECT imaging showed that131I was significantly enriched in lung and the signal in thyroid significantly decreases, indicating that free131I could be bound with Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres in lung, thereby achieving efficient in vivo conjugation of microspheres with radionuclides.
[0444] Experimental Group –Liver (Right) : A catheter was selectively inserted into the hepatic artery via interventional surgery to inject non-radioactive Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres into liver for local embolization. Then, rabbits were injected with Na131I solution via marginal ear vein. The SPECT imaging showed that131I was significantly enriched in liver and the signal in thyroid significantly was low, indicating that free131I could be bound with Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres in liver, thereby achieving efficient in vivo coupling of microspheres with radionuclides.
[0445] Example 14: Toxicity test of the radioactive microspheres 14.1. Animal MTD Toxicity Test of the One-step Administration (radioactive microspheres) in New Zealand rabbit
[0446] Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity of131I-labeled radioactive microspheres administered to New Zealand rabbit by one injection via marginal ear vein and to determine the maximal tolerance dose (MTD) . To observe the embolic effect caused by the radioactive microspheres (mainly retained in the lungs) and the radioactive toxicity of the radioactive microspheres.
[0447] Animals and Feeding: New Zealand rabbit weighing 3.5-4.0 kg. The rabbits were fed in an SPF-level animal facility for a 7-day acclimatization period under constant temperature and humidity, with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and free access to water and feed. The rabbits were grouped according to dose, n = 3 rabbits per group. The acute toxicity was evaluated with 3 rabbits per group, and the number of rabbits in each group was increased to 5 to for more precise derermination of MTD.
[0448] Administration Route and Dose Design: Intravenous injection via marginal ear vein (aseptic conditions) . Dose grading (based on microsphere mass in mg / kg, in 3-fold increment) : Control Group: intravenous injection with physiological saline (or carrier) ; Low-dose Group: 0.5 mg / kg; Medium-dose Group: 1.5 mg / kg; High-dose Group: 4.5 mg / kg; Extremely High-dose Group: 13.5 mg / kg. According to the body weight of rabbits, the doses were calculated as approximately 2-54 mg / rabbit based on 3.5-4.0 kg / rabbit. Three activity levels (approximately 1, 5 and 10 mCi) were set for each dose group to evaluate the radioactive contribution.
[0449] Experimental Procedure:
[0450] Observation: The rabbits were frequently observed at the first 24 hours after administration and recored every 0.5-1 hour for the first 8 hours, then 24 hours and 48 hours, followed by daily observation until day 14 (or extended to day 21 as per institutional guidelines) . Behavioral characteristics (activity, posture) , respiration (frequency, difficulty) , heart rate, coat color, appetite, excretion, oral and nasal secretions, presence or absence of wheezing / coughing, etc. were observed and recorded. The rabbits should be immediately euthanized and recorded when observing severe respiratory distress. The rabbits were weighed and recored before injection (baseline) , at Day 0.5, Day 1, Day 2, Day 4, Day 7 and Day 14 (or at additional time points) . The respiratory distress, degree of distress, activity limitation etc. were rated according to a pre-set scoring scale.
[0451] Hematological and Bbiochemical Test: Blood samples were taken at baseline (before injection) , Day 3, Day 7 and Day 14 to determine complete blood count (WBC, RBC, Hgb, PLT) , liver and kidney function (ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, BUN, CRE) , electrolytes, etc.
[0452] Euthanasia Criteria and Clinical Management: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: persistent / severe respiratory distress, weight loss >20%, severe altered consciousness disorder or inability to eat, or severe pain that cannot be unrelieved by supportive care. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0453] Anatomy, Histology and Radioactivity Determination: A full autopsy was performed at the endpoint or after early death, weighing wet weights of major organs including lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, thyroid, bladder, skeletal muscle, etc.
[0454] Histology: Samples were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain was conducted. A focused pathological evaluation of the lung was conducted, including evaluation of embolism, hemorrhage, inflammatory reactions, etc.
[0455] Deteremination of Radioactivity: The radioactive activities of all organs were measured based on the same geometric conditions (counter efficiency calibration, background subtraction and decay correction) , which could be converted to Bq or ID% / g to evaluate radioactivity distribution.
[0456] Criteria of MTD: MTD Candidate Definition (Examplary) : In the highest dose group, ≤ 20%of mortality and ≤ 20%of average body weight loss were observed within the 14-day observation period, with no irreversible severe organ damage (confirmed by pathology / biochemistry) . If ≥ 2 / 3 or ≥ 2 / 5 of the animals died in a dose group, it could be considered to exceed the MTD. The final determination was based on clinical manifestations, blood biochemistry and pathological results, and was confirmed through discussion by the experimental group leader and toxicology experts.
[0457] Data Processing and Statistics: Body weight, blood / biochemical parameters, and organ weight were expressed as mean ± SD. Intergroup Comparisons: ANOVA or nonparametric tests (depending on data distribution) . Survival data could be plotted as Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed with Log-rank test (if multiple deaths occur) . Significance is defined as p < 0.05.
[0458] 14.2. Animal MTD toxicity test of the two-step administration (non-radioactive microspheres + free Na131I) in New Zealand rabbit
[0459] Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity of two-step administration (involving the injection of non-radioactive microspheres followed by administration of free Na131I) in New Zealand rabbit. The effects of microsphere embolization on the organism and the contribution of adsorption / retention of the microspheres to free iodine were mainly inspected.
[0460] Animals and Feeding: New Zealand rabbit weighing 3.5-4.0 kg. The rabbits were fed in an SPF-level animal facility for a 7-day acclimatization period under constant temperature and humidity, with a 12-hour light-dark cycle and free access to water and feed. The rabbits were grouped according to dose, n = 3 rabbits per group. The acute toxicity was evaluated with 3 rabbits per group, and the number of rabbits in each group was increased to 5 for more precise derermination of MTD.
[0461] Administration Route and Dose Design: Intravenous injection via marginal ear vein (aseptic conditions) . Step I: Injected non-radioactive microspheres via the marginal ear vein. Dose (mass) grading was same as that described in Section 6.1. Step II: The solution of free Na131I (approximately 1, 5 and 10 mCi) were injected via marginal ear vein at 0.5 h after microsphere injection, which could be adjusted according to pilot experiment. Dose grading (based on microsphere mass in mg / kg, in 3-fold increment) : Control Group: intravenous injection with physiological saline (or carrier) ; Low-dose Group: 0.5 mg / kg; Medium-dose Group: 1.5 mg / kg; High-dose Group: 4.5 mg / kg; Extremely High-dose Group: 13.5 mg / kg. According to the body weight of rabbits, the doses were calculated as approximately 2-54 mg / rabbit based on 3.5-4.0 kg / rabbit. Three activity levels (approximately 1, 5 and 10 mCi) were set for each dose group to evaluate the radioactive contribution.
[0462] Experimental Procedure:
[0463] Observation: The rabbits were frequently observed at the first 24 hours after administration and recored every 0.5-1 hour for the first 8 hours, then 24 hours and 48 hours, followed by daily observation until day 14 (or extended to day 21 as per institutional guidelines) . Behavioral characteristics (activity, posture) , respiration (frequency, difficulty) , heart rate, coat color, appetite, excretion, oral and nasal secretions, presence or absence of wheezing / coughing, etc. were observed and recorded. The rabbits should be immediately euthanized and recorded when observing severe respiratory distress. The rabbits were weighed and recored before injection (baseline) , at Day 0.5, Day 1, Day 2, Day 4, Day 7 and Day 14 (or at additional time points) . The respiratory distress, degree of distress, activity limitation etc. were rated according to a pre-set scoring scale.
[0464] Hematological and Bbiochemical Test: Blood samples were taken at baseline (before injection) , Day 3, Day 7 and Day 14 to determine complete blood count (WBC, RBC, Hgb, PLT) , liver and kidney function (ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL, BUN, CRE) , electrolytes, etc.
[0465] Euthanasia Criteria and Clinical Management: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: persistent / severe respiratory distress, weight loss >20%, severe altered consciousness disorder or inability to eat, or severe pain that cannot be unrelieved by supportive care. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0466] Anatomy, Histology and Radioactivity Determination: A full autopsy was performed at the endpoint or after early death, weighing wet weights of major organs including lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, thyroid, bladder, skeletal muscle, etc.
[0467] Histology: Samples were fixed and embedded in paraffin. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain was conducted. A focused pathological evaluation of the lung was conducted, including evaluation of embolism, hemorrhage, inflammatory reactions, etc.
[0468] Deteremination of Radioactivity: The radioactive activities of all organs were measured based on the same geometric conditions (counter efficiency calibration, background subtraction and decay correction) , which could be converted to Bq or ID% / g to evaluate radioactivity distribution.
[0469] Criteria of MTD: MTD Candidate Definition (Examplary) : In the highest dose group, ≤ 20%of mortality and ≤ 20%of average body weight loss were observed within the 14-day observation period, with no irreversible severe organ damage (confirmed by pathology / biochemistry) . If ≥ 2 / 3 or ≥ 2 / 5 of the animals died in a dose group, it could be considered to exceed the MTD. The final determination was based on clinical manifestations, blood biochemistry and pathological results, and was confirmed through discussion by the experimental group leader and toxicology experts.
[0470] Data Processing and Statistics: Body weight, blood / biochemical parameters, and organ weight were expressed as mean ± SD. Intergroup Comparisons: ANOVA or nonparametric tests (depending on data distribution) . Survival data could be plotted as Kaplan-Meier curves and analyzed with Log-rank test (if multiple deaths occur) . Significance is defined as p < 0.05.
[0471] Example 15: Pharmacodynamic test in animals
[0472] 15.1. Pharmacodynamic test for one-step DSA administration in a Rabbit Model of liver cancer
[0473] Rabbit models of liver cancer were randomly divided into the following two groups:
[0474] Experimental Group: In rabbit models of liver cancer (established by a conventional method) ,131I-labeled radioactive microspheres were directly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) catheter. Tumor size was determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0475] Control Group: Rabbit models of liver cancer received no treatment. Tumor size was determined by 18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0476] Survival Observation: The survival status and death date of the animals from each group were recorded until the experimental endpoint (day 28) or upon meeting the euthanasia criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted based on the records.
[0477] Tumor Volume Measurement: Tumor size changes were determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging.
[0478] Record of Weight: The weights (g) of the rabbit models of liver cancer were measured and recorded at each follow-up visit, and trend curves of weight change over time were plotted for each group.
[0479] Additional Endpoint: Tumors and major organs were collected for pathological or radiological / biochemical analysis at the experimental endpoint or upon meeting the criteria for euthanasia.
[0480] Euthanasia Criteria and Ethical Requirements: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: weight loss >20%, severe paralysis, obvious pain, inability to eat, limited mobility. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0481] Results: Figure 8 and Figure 9 show rabbit tumor tissue sections with and without treatment using radioactive microspheres. It can be seen that, after treatment, tumor cells were sparse, cell structure disappeared, cell nuclei were condensed and fragmented. These results demonstrated that the radioactive microspheres of the present application exhibited significant therapeutic effect to treat tumor.
[0482] 15.2. Pharmacodynamic test for one-step administration in a melanoma mice
[0483] Pharmacodynamic test of the radioactive microspheres of the present invention was conducted in melanoma mice. The experimental procedures were as follows: 10 mg of131I-labeled Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres (3.0 mCi) were intratumorally injected into melanoma mice that have undergone18F-FDG-PET scan. The18F-FDG-PET scan was performed on the mice to determine the tumor activity on one day before injection and three days after injection. One mouse was in treatment group, and one mouse was in control group. Body weight and tumor size time curves were plotted.
[0484] FDG PET / CT imaging was performed before and after radioactive microsphere treatment. As shown in Figure 10, the increase of tumor signal in the mouse treated with radioactive microspheres (also nemed RMS) was not significant. On the contrary, the tumor signal in the mouse without radioactive microsphere treatment increased dramatically.
[0485] Table 8 below shows the SUV value of tumor site in FDG PET / CT imaging before and after treatment with the radioactive microsphere of the present application, wherein the SUV value of muscle is about 0.3. Results demonstrated that treatment with radioactive microsphere can effectively delay tumor development. There was no significant difference in SUV values in treatment group, while the SUV value in control group increased substantially.
[0486] Table 8
[0487] As shown in Figure 11, body weights of mouse changed during radioactive microsphere treatment. Due to the high malignancy of melanoma, mice showed body weight loss to some degree.
[0488] As shown in Figure 12, tumor volume changed during radioactive microsphere treatment. Results showed that the tumor volume only slightly increased in treatment group, demonstrating that the radioactive microsphere could achieve substantial therapeutic effect. On the contrary, the tumor volume significantly increased to 2.8 times of its original size in the control group.
[0489] 15.3. Pharmacodynamic test for two-step administration in a Rabbit Model of liver cancer
[0490] Rabbit models of liver cancer were randomly divided into the following two groups:
[0491] Experimental Group: In rabbit models of liver cancer, non-radioactive microspheres were firstly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a DSA catheter, followed by injecting solution of free Na131I immediately or at pre-determined short intervals via intravenous / catheter. Free iodine could be bound to the local microspheres. Tumor size was determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0492] Control Group: Rabbit models of liver cancer received no treatment. Tumor size was determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging before administration. Tumor size changes were determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging at 3, 7 and 14 days after administration. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability.
[0493] Survival Observation: The survival status and death date of the animals from each group were recorded until the experimental endpoint (day 28) or upon meeting the euthanasia criteria. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted based on the records.
[0494] Tumor Volume Measurement: Tumor size changes were determined by18F-FDG PET / CT, MRI and ultrasound imaging.
[0495] Record of Weight: The weights (g) of the rabbit models of liver cancer were measured and recorded at each follow-up visit, and trend curves of weight change over time were plotted for each group.
[0496] Additional Endpoint: Tumors and major organs were collected for pathological or radiological / biochemical analysis at the experimental endpoint or upon meeting the criteria for euthanasia.
[0497] Euthanasia Criteria and Ethical Requirements: Euthanasia should be performed immediately and recorded if any one of the following occurs: weight loss >20%, severe paralysis, obvious pain, inability to eat, limited mobility. The execution shall be performed in accordance with the procedures approved by the ethics committee.
[0498] 15.4 Tumor-targeted therapy of131I-microsphere under interventional surgery based on two-step administration (rabbit)
[0499] Objective: To demonstrate that microspheres can achieve high-dose radiotherapy in the lesion area through a two-step administration.
[0500] Experimental Procedure: 20 mg of cold microspheres were injected into the left hepatic artery of New Zealand rabbit liver cancer model via DSA, followed by 5 mCi of131I injected through a catheter. One hour after injection of131I, intact tissue samples were harvested for distribution.
[0501] Experimental results (Table 9) showed that, after treating with two-step administration via the hepatic artery, the resulting microspheres achieved significant radioactive enrichment in the hepatocellular carcinoma lesion area. The content of131I in tumor tissue reached 0.796%ID / g, significantly higher than that in surrounding normal liver tissue (0.144%ID / g, tumor / liver ratio approximately 5.5 times) and the right posterior lobe of the liver (0.019%ID / g, tumor / liver ratio approximately 42 times) , and also far higher than that in non-target tissues such as muscle (tumor / muscle ratio approximately 61 times) . This fully demonstrated that the two-step administration can achieve highly selective radioactive accumulation of microspheres within the tumor. In conclusion, this two-step administration of131I-microsphere can establish a significant dose advantage at the lesion site, achieving maximum protection of normal tissues, and providing a highly selective local radiotherapy strategy with potential clinical value for solid tumors such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
[0502] Table 9
[0503] Example 16: The in vivo concentration and distribution of radioactive microspheres
[0504] 16.1 The in vivo distribution of radioactive microspheres
[0505] 16.1.1 One-step Administration in a New Zealand rabbit Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Radioactive microspheres labeled with131I were injected via the marginal ear vein and mainly remained in lungs due to embolic effect. Rabbits were sacrificed at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 7 d and 14 d after administration. The heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, stomach contents, brain, thyroid, large intestine, small intestine, urine, bladder, gallbladder, bones and muscles were taken sequentially. Each tissue was weighed and measured for the radioactive activity. The radiotracer uptake rate of each tissue was calculated.
[0506] The in vivo distribution of131I-labeled radioactive microspheres in New Zealand rabbit was obtained. The experimental protocol was as follows:131I-labeled radioactive microspheres (10 mg / 3 mCi dissolved in 1 mL of 10%NaVc) were placed in a 2.5 mL syringe to inject. The radioactive microspheres were shaken well before injection. The injection was administered via ear vein. The distribution in tissues at various time points were recorded and shown in Table 10 below. The results showed that the radioactive microspheres of the present application exhibited excellent stability in animals, and continuously exhibited high enrichment in lung, which matintained 3.855%ID / g at 72 h. The signal in thyroid was low within 24 hours, which showed excellent performance for in vivo radiotherapy.
[0507] Table 10
[0508] The in vivo distribution of131I-labeled radioactive microspheres with different loading in New Zealand rabbit was obtained. The experimental protocol was as follows:131I-labeled radioactive microspheres (1 mL 10%NaVc) were placed in a 2.5 mL syringe to inject. The radioactive microspheres were shaken well before injection. The injection was administered via ear vein. The distribution in tissues at various time points were recorded and shown in Table 11 below. The results showed that the radioactive microspheres of the present application exhibited excellent stability in animals. The signal in lung was higher and stable, and the radioactivity in thyroid was low.
[0509] Table 11
[0510] Control group (the in vivo distribution of sodium salt of free131I in New Zealand rabbit) . The experimental protocol was as follows: sodium salt of free131I (3mCi) were placed in a 2.5 mL syringe to inject. The injection was administered via ear vein. The distribution in tissues at various time points were recorded and shown in Table 12 below. The results showed that the signal in lung in thyroid was high.
[0511] Table 12
[0512] The in vivo distribution of131I-labeled radioactive microspheres in the in thyroid saturated by NaI of New Zealand rabbit was obtained. The experimental protocol was as follows: 10 mg of NaI solution (10 mg / mL) was injected via ear vein. After 24 hours,131I-labeled radioactive microspheres were (10 mg / 3 mCi dissolved in 1 mL of 10%NaVc) were placed in a 2.5 mL syringe to inject. The radioactive microspheres were shaken well before injection. The injection was administered via ear vein. The distribution in tissues at various time points were recorded and shown in Table 13 below. The results showed that, after saturating the thyroid of New Zealand rabbit, the131I released from the radioactive microspheres would not be taken up by thyroid. Thus, thyroid was well protected. Accordingly, in clinical practice, the thyroid can be saturated first, followed by treatment with131I-labeled radioactive microspheres.
[0513] Table 13
[0514] To investigate whether oral administration of NaI could displace131I from the radioactive microspheres in vivo. Following hepatic artery interventional injection of radioactive microspheres, NaI solution was administered via gavage.
[0515] In the control group, radioactive microspheres (10 mg / 5 mCi) were injected into the common hepatic artery of healthy New Zealand rabbits. After 24h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured.
[0516] In the NaI group, radioactive microspheres (10 mg / 5 mCi) were injected into the common hepatic artery of healthy New Zealand rabbits, followed immediately by gavage administration of 10 mL of 10%NaI solution. After 24h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured.
[0517] Experimental results (Table 14) showed that, after oral administration of NaI, the %ID / g of131I of the microspheres, which mainly retained in the liver after hepatic artery injection, decreased from 0.094 to 0.016 in the liver tissue. It is a decrease of approximately six times, and suggests that exogenous high-concentration NaI can effectively replace the131I bound to the surface of the microspheres and release it from the liver, and thereby significantly reduced local radioactive residue. Simultaneously, in the thyroid, where free iodine easily accumulates, the %ID / g decreased dramatically from 1.235 to 0.012, which is significantly lower than that of the expected enrichment level after free iodine being releaseed from the microspheres. The %ID / g in other organs (stomach, salivary glands, small intestine) overall showed decreasing trend. On this basis, it can be concluded that oral administration of NaI achieved an effective “iodine loading effect” and blocked the uptake of released iodine into these tissues and made them maintaining extremely low radioactivity. Considering a significant decrease of the %ID / g of131I in liver and no significant increase of the %ID / g of131I in other sites, it can be concluded that oral administration of NaI can promote the desorption of131I from the microspheres, and the displaced free131I did not enter other tissues, such as thyroid. This econfirmed that NaI can effectively replace131I on the surface of the microspheres and avoid abnormal accumulation of free131I in vivo, providing a favorable basis for subsequent regulation of radioactivity distribution and safety in vivo.
[0518] Table 14
[0519] To investigate whether oral administration of NaI can promote the excretion of131I from thyroid. Following injection of Na131I solution via ear vein, healthy New Zealand rabbits were administered NaI solution via gavage. In the control group, healthy New Zealand rabbits were injected with Na131I solution (5 mCi) via ear vein. After 24h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured. In 1h group, healthy New Zealand rabbits were injected with Na131I solution (5 mCi) via ear vein, followed by gavage administration of 10 mL of 10%NaI solution after 24 hours. After 1h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured. In 4h group, healthy New Zealand rabbits were injected with Na131I solution (5 mCi) via ear vein, followed by gavage administration of 10 mL of 10%NaI solution after 24 hours. After 4h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured.
[0520] Experimental results (Table 15) showed that oral administration of NaI significantly promotes the excretion of131I already taken up in thyroid, and this excretion showed a time-dependent decreasing trend. The %ID / g in hyroid in control group was 5.356, and decreased to 4.062 just 1 hour after oral administration of NaI, which reduced approximately 24%, and it further decreased to 2.067 after 4 hours, with an overall reduction exceeding 60%. This suggests that exogenous high-concentration stable iodine can effectively replace the131I in hyroid and promote its release from the thyroid colloid. Furthermore, in the stomach, salivary glands and small intestine, where free iodine easily accumulates, the %ID / g showed varying degrees of decrease or maintained extremely low levels, whiche consistent with the iodine-suppressing effect of NaI. Simultaneously, the radioactivity in urine and bladder increased over time, further supporting the trend of rapid renal excretion of released131I. Overall, the data clearly demonstrated that oral administration of NaI had a significant replacement and excretion effect on131I in thyroid, and the excretion efficiency increased with extending time. This provides clear experimental evidence for using stable iodine to regulate the in vivo distribution of radioactive iodine and reduce thyroid uptake.
[0521] Table 15
[0522] To investigate whether high concentration of NaI in blood can promote the excretion of131I from thyroid. Following injection of Na131I solution via ear vein, healthy New Zealand rabbits were immediately administered NaI solution via ear vein. In the control group, healthy New Zealand rabbits were injected with Na131I solution (5 mCi) via ear vein. After 1h and 4h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured. In NaI group, healthy New Zealand rabbits were injected with Na131I solution (5 mCi) via ear vein, followed by injection of 10 mL of 10%NaI solution via ear vein. After 1h and 4h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured.
[0523] Experimental results (Table 16) showed that, when high concentrations of NaI were consistently present in the blood, the uptake of131I by thyroid was significantly inhibited, with the inhibitory effect being particularly pronounced at both 1 h and 4 h time points. In the control group, the %ID / g of thyroid at 1 h and 4 h were 0.338 and 1.027, respectively, exhibiting a typical trend of rapid accumulation of free iodine over time. In NaI group, the %ID / g of thyroid at the same time points were only 0.027 and 0.015, a decrease of more than 90%compared to that in the control group. This almost completely blocked the physiological uptake of radioactive iodine by thyroid. Salivary glands, stomach, and small intestine also showed similarly extremely low levels, consistent with the inhibitory mechanism of high-concentration stable iodine competitively occupying the NIS (sodium-iodine cotransporter) binding site. At the same time, the radioactivity levels in the urine and bladder in NaI group were relatively higher, suggesting that free131I was mainly excreted rapidly through the kidneys when unable to enter organs such as thyroid. Overall, these results clearly demonstrated that, when there was a large amount of stable iodine in circulation, thyroid cannot effectively take up131I, thereby achieving a strong blockade against the physiological enrichment of radioactive iodine, providing a strong basis for using NaI to achieve free iodine antagonism and improve safety.
[0524] Table 16
[0525] To investigate whether oral administration of NaI can inhibit the uptake of131I detached from radioactive microspheres by the thyroid. Healthy New Zealand rabbits were administered NaI solution via gavage, and the radioactive microspheres were injected via ear vein after 24 hours. Healthy New Zealand rabbits were administered 10 mL of 1%NaI solution by gavage, after 24 hours, the radioactive microspheres (5 mg / 5 mCi) were injected via ear vein. Radioactivity was measured at different time points after dissection.
[0526] Experimental results (Table 17) showed that, after pretreatment with NaI via gavage, the131I detached from the microspheres being intravenously injected via ear vein in vivo did noe form significant accumulation in organs prone to iodine accumulation, such as the thyroid. The radioactivity distribution in thyroid remained at a low level of approximately 0.04-0.09 %ID / g at each time point from 0 to 168 h, without a trend of increasing over time or the typical late accumulation peak. This was significantly lower than that when without oral administration of NaI. The %ID / g in thyroid reached level of 1-5 or higher when Na131I was directly administered. Other tissues with high NIS expression, such as the salivary glands, stomach, and small intestine, also showed only slight fluctuations, remaining within the range of 0.02-0.11 %ID / g at most time points, without persistent accumulation. Conversely, a transient increase in urine and bladder levels occurred within 1-4 hours. This showed that the small amount of free iodine shed was primarily cleared rapidly by the kidneys, while the levels in the lungs and liver reflected the initial distribution of the microspheres and a subsequent slow decline, unrelated to iodine load. The ear injection site showed initially high radioactivity followed by a rapid decrease, consistent with local residual elution patterns. Based on these results, it can be concluded that oral administration of NaI 4 hours prior to injection of microsphere effectively saturated the systemic NIS-mediated iodine uptake pathway, making it difficult for131I that might shed from the microspheres to be re-uptaken by target organs such as the thyroid, instead leading to its excretion via the urinary tract. This significantly reduced radioacticity in the thyroid, demonstrating that this pretreatment regimen effectively inhibits the risk of iodine sheds.
[0527] Table 17
[0528] 16.1.2 Two-step administration in mouse
[0529] 1. In vivo dynamic distribution after intravenous injection of Na131I in mouse
[0530] To investigate the distribution process of Na131I in mice, mice were administered a specific dose of Na131I solution via tail vein injection, followed by SPECT / CT imaging at multiple time points (e.g., 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 min and 4 h, 24 h) .
[0531] Conclusion: SPECT / CT image (Figure 13) clearly showed that after injection of Na131I via tail vein,131I in mice was rapidly distributed to typical iodine-uptake organs. The thyroid exhibited high signal accumulation at all time points, consistent with its physiological characteristics of being rich in sodium-iodine cotransporters (NIS) . The stomach also showed significant radioactive uptake, with the signal gradually stabilizing over time. Furthermore, the radioactive signal in the bladder region rapidly increased with time after injection, especially within 10-12 minutes, where a significantly bright area was observed. This showed that131I entering the kidneys via the bloodstream was rapidly filtered and entered the urine. This result demonstrated that Na131I was excreted by the kidneys very quickly after intravenous injection and was rapidly accumulated in the bladder in the early stages. With further extending time (e.g., 24-60 minutes and beyond) , the bladder signal intensity continuously increased, while the signals in the stomach and thyroid remained stable. This refelected reflected the simultaneous existence of two distribution patterns in vivo of131I, i.e., specific accumulation (thyroid, stomach) and rapid renal excretion. In conclusion, the results of this experiment clearly showed that Na131I being intravenously injected completed its first renal filtration within 10 minutes and entered the bladder and formied a high signal, indicating its extremely rapid clearance rate.
[0532] 2. Effect of the presaturation with potassium iodide on the biodistribution of131I in mouse
[0533] To investigate the effect of the presaturation with potassium iodide on the distribution of Na131I in mice in vivo, mice in control group were injected directly with131I solution via tail vein, and mice in experimental group were first injected intraperitoneally with potassium iodide solution to saturate the thyroid, followed by injection of the same dose of131I solution via tail vein. SPECT / CT scans were performed after 1 hour.
[0534] Conclusion: SPECT / CT image (Figure 14) showed that, in the control group, significant high levels of radioactivity were observed in the thyroid region, and stomach also showed an obvious iodine uptake signal, consistent with the physiological characteristics of131I accumulation in the thyroid and gastric mucosa under unblocked conditions. In the experimental group, it showed almost no significant signal in the thyroid region and significantly reduced radioactive uptake in the stomach, suggesting that KI presaturation effectively blocked the uptake pathway of131I in these organs. Simultaneously, the strong radioactive signal in the experimental group was mainly concentrated in the bladder region, reflecting that131I being not taken up by organs was rapidly filtered by the kidneys and excreted into the urine. This phenomenon further demonstrated that the potassium iodide blocking strategy not only reduced the absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid and stomach but also allowed131I to enter the excretion pathway more quickly and directly, thereby improving the safety of its distribution in vivo.
[0535] 16.1.3 Two-step administration in rat
[0536] 1. Distribution of microspheres in vivo after two-step administration
[0537] To investigate whether the microspheres in body of organism could effectively bind free131I in blood, rats were directly injected with a certain dose of Na131I solution via the tail vein (control group) , and other rats undergo interventional surgery to precisely inject microspheres into the liver parenchyma, forming local microsphere deposition areas in the liver tissue, and then Na131I solution was injected via the tail vein (experimental group) .
[0538] Conclusion: SPECT / CT image (Figure 15) showed that, after rats in the control group (top image) were injected with a certain dose of Na131I via the tail vein,131I showed significant high signal in typical iodine-accumulating sites such as the thyroid, stomach and salivary glands in the early stages, and maintained continuous uptake during the subsequent scans. At the same time, it was gradually cleared in the circulatory system, and no obvious focal enrichment was observed; the liver region only showed a low-level background distribution. In contrast, SPECT / CT image showed that, after the injection of Na131I, rats in the experimental group (bottom image) showed a strong and stable local high signal in the area in liver where the microspheres were located due to the pre-deposited microspheres in their livers. The signal was significantly higher than the background level in other sites of the liver and that in the control group, indicating that131I can effectively bind to the surface of the microspheres in vivo. Furthermore, the uptake by the thyroid, stomach and salivary glands in the experimental group was significantly weaker than that in the control group, suggesting that some free131I was adsorbed by the microspheres, thereby reducing the proportion entering tissues prone to iodine accumulation. Overall, the experimental group exhibited a characteristic distribution of “strong focal uptake in the liver + weakened uptake in organs such as the thyroid” , further demonstrating the specific enrichment capacity of the microspheres to the post-injected131I and successfully altering the natural metabolic pathway of iodine in vivo.
[0539] 16.1.4 Two-step administration in New Zealand rabbit
[0540] Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Non-radioactive microspheres were firstly injected via the marginal ear vein, and the solution of free Na131I were injected via vein at 0.5 h after microsphere injection. Free iodine could be adsorbed / bound to the microspheres. The radioactivity was mainly enriched in lungs due to embolic effect. Rabbits were sacrificed at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 7 d and 14 d after administration. The heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, stomach contents, brain, thyroid, large intestine, small intestine, urine, bladder, gallbladder, bones and muscles were taken sequentially. Each tissue was weighed and measured for the radioactive activity, and ID% / g of each tissue was calculated.
[0541] Experimental group: in melanoma mice, 10 mg of 1X Zn nanoparticles-doped rough Au microspheres were injected intratumorally, followed by an injection of 1 mCi Na131I via tail vein. Four hours after administration, the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, thyroid, muscle, bone, and tumor were taken sequentially. Each tissue was weighted and then measured for the radioactive activity. The percentage of radiotracer uptaken by tissue (ID% / g, ID is totally dose of radioactivity injected) was calculated.
[0542] Control group 1: 1 mCi Na131I was injected via tail vein. Four hours after administration, the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, thyroid, muscle, bone, and tumor were taken sequentially. Each tissue was weighted and then measured for the radioactive activity. The percentage of radiotracer uptaken by tissue (ID% / g, ID is totally dose of radioactivity injected) was calculated.
[0543] Control group 2: 1 mCi Na131I was intratumorally injected. Four hours after administration, the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, stomach, thyroid, muscle, bone, and tumor were taken sequentially. Each tissue was weighted and then measured for the radioactive activity. The percentage of radiotracer uptaken by tissue (ID% / g, ID is totally dose of radioactivity injected) was calculated.
[0544] Results of experiments showed that the two-step administration of the microspheres of the present application was effective in animals. The signal of radionuclide in tumor was much higher than that of sodium salt of131I injected via tail vein (no tumor targeting) , and also much higher than that of sodium salt of131I intratumorally injected (no tumor retention) . The targeting effect was more than 3 times that in the non-targeting group.
[0545] 16.1.5 One-step DSA administration in a Rabbit Model with liver tumor
[0546] In rabbit models of cancer in left liver (established by a conventional method) ,131I-labeled radioactive microspheres were directly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) catheter. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data were collected using a SPECT / CT system, and images were reconstructed using MILabs software. The reconstructed images were imported into PMOD software for post-processing and quantitative analysis. Volumetric Interest Areas (VOI) of organs including tumor, liver, lung and thyroid were delineated in PMOD, and the radioactive signal intensity of each VOI was calculated using quantitative tools (which could be further converted to ID% / g or Bq / cm3) . The imaging results were used to evaluate the intrahepatic distribution, tumor accumulation, and ectopic enrichment of microspheres after injection.
[0547] 16.1.6 Two-step DSA administration in a Rabbit Model of liver cancer
[0548] In rabbit models of liver cancer, non-radioactive microspheres were firstly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a DSA catheter, followed by injecting solution of free Na131I immediately or at pre-determined short intervals via intravenous / catheter. Free iodine could be bound to the local microspheres. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration. As described in Section 8.1.3, the images were collected and processed to conduct quantitative analysis of radioactive signals. This protocol was used to evaluate the capture / enrichment effect of the microspheres to free iodine and their spatiotemporal distribution in the liver / tumor.
[0549] 16.1.7 Biodistribution after thyroid being blocked with methimazole (rabbit)
[0550] Objective: To investigate the effect of methimazole presaturation on the distribution of Na131I in New Zealand rabbits.
[0551] Procedure: Control group: New Zealand rabbits were injected with131I solution via ear vein. Experimental group: Rabbits were orally administered methimazole (0.3 mg / kg / day) for 16 days to block the thyroid, followed by an intravenous injection of the same dose of131I solution. After 24h, dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured.
[0552] Experimental results (Table 18) showed that, after methimazole presaturation, the biodistribution of Na131I in New Zealand rabbits significantly changed, and the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland was significantly inhibited. In the untreated group, the radioactivity of the thyroid was 4.320%ID / g, and reduced to 0.095%ID / g after blocking the thyroid with methimazole. This merely was a very small fraction of that in the control group. This suggested that methimazole could effectively block the accumulation of Na131I in the thyroid by inhibiting the uptake and utilization of iodine by the thyroid. In two groups, except for the thyroid, the %ID / g levels in other iodine-prone or highly perfused tissues, e.g., blood, kidneys, liver, salivary glands, stomach and small intestine, were generally low with relatively limited differences and no obvious compensatory abnormal enrichment. This suggested that methimazole mainly acted on the thyroid target organ and had little effect on the distribution in other tissues. These results fully demonstrated that oral administration of methimazole could effectively inhibit the uptake of Na131I by the thyroid, the thyroid radioactivity load could be significantly reduced, and maintaining good safety and stable distribution characteristics in other organs.
[0553] Table 18
[0554] 16.1.8 Biodistribution of radioactive microspheres after thyroid being blocked with methimazole (rabbit)
[0555] Objective: To investigate the effect of methimazole presaturation on the distribution of131I radioactive microspheres in New Zealand rabbits.
[0556] Procedure: Control group: New Zealand rabbits were injected with radioactive microspheres (5 mg / 5 mCi) via ear vein. Experimental group: Rabbits were orally administered methimazole (0.3 mg / kg / day) for 16 days to block the thyroid, followed by an intravenous injection of the same dose of radioactive microspheres. Dissection was conducted and tissue distribution was measured at 0, 1, 4, 24, 72, and 168 hours.
[0557] 16.2 The imaging of radioactive microspheres in vivo
[0558] 16.2.1 One-step administration in New Zealand rabbit
[0559] Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Radioactive microspheres labeled with131I were injected via the marginal ear vein and mainly remained in lungs due to embolic effect. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0560] 16.2.2 Two-step administration in New Zealand rabbit
[0561] Healthy rabbits weighing approximately 3.5-4.0 kg were selected. Non-radioactive microspheres were firstly injected via the marginal ear vein, and the solution of free Na131I were injected via vein at 0.5 h after microsphere injection. Free iodine could be adsorbed / bound to the microspheres. The radioactivity was mainly enriched in lungs due to embolic effect. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0562] 16.2.3 One-step DSA administration in a Rabbit Model of liver cancer
[0563] In rabbit models of liver cancer (established by a conventional method) ,131I-labeled radioactive microspheres were directly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a digital subtraction angiography (DSA) catheter. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0564] 16.2.4 Two-step DSA administration in a rabbit model of liver cancer
[0565] In rabbit models of liver cancer, non-radioactive microspheres were firstly injected into the hepatic artery branch of lobe of left liver via a DSA catheter, followed by injecting solution of free Na131I immediately or at pre-determined short intervals via intravenous / catheter. Free iodine could be bound to the local microspheres. SPECT / CT scans were performed at 1 h, 24 h and 72 h after administration to obtain the spatiotemporal distribution in vivo. During imaging, isoflurane inhalation anesthesia (1.5%, oxygen flow rate adjusted according to equipment and animal weight, e.g., approximately 300 mL / min) was used to maintain anesthesia and respiratory stability. Data was collected using a SPECT / CT system.
[0566] 16.2.5 The imaging of radioactive microspheres in a pig and a dog after administration through a catheter guided by DSA
[0567] This example used pig and dog animal models to demonstrate that radioactive microspheres of this invention can be specifically delivered to a target tissue part in liver, lung, prostate, tongue, et al. using a catheter guided by DSA. Results are shown in Figures 16-21.
[0568] Biodistribution in a pig
[0569] Objective: Targeted radiotherapy with radioactive microspheres in other sites of domestic pigs (lung) .
[0570] The the following biodistribution data were consistent with the SPECT / CT imaging results. Experimental results (Table 19) showed that the131I-labeled radioactive microspheres injected into the pig lungs via interventional methods achieved highly focal retention in the target lung segment, with almost no systemic distribution or uptake of free iodine from deiodination. This fully demonstrated that the microspheres of the present invention showed excellent local fixation ability and in vivo radioactivity stability in large animal models. In the results of biodistribution, significant radioactivity was detected only in the left lower lung (0.3823 %ID / g) , while other lung segments maintained a background level of 0.001-0.002 %ID / g. The typical NIS high-expression areas in various organs, including the thyroid (0.0006 %ID / g) , stomach wall (0.0007 %ID / g) and stomach contents (0.0012 %ID / g) , were at extremely low levels, without the characteristic accumulation of free131I, indicating that the radioactive iodine on the surface of the microspheres hardly detached. Furthermore, the extremely low radioactivity in the blood (0.0006 %ID / g) indicated that the microspheres did not enter the systemic circulation. This further demonstrated the high safety of local administration. SPECT / CT images and tissue data corroborated each other. In three views (transverse, sagittal, and coronal) , the radioactive signal showed a single-focal, bright, and well-defined distribution, strictly confined to the lung injection area, without diffusing into the heart, mediastinum, pleural cavity or abdominal cavity. Highly concentrated radioactive deposition of the microspheres within the lung tissue could be clearly observed. In conclusion, the131I microspheres administered via interventional injection exhibited ideal local retention and radioactive stability in the pig lungs, without significant systemic migration or deiodination. This provides a clear animal model validation basis for focal radiotherapy of the lungs and also demonstrates the potential clinical translational value of this microsphere system.
[0571] Table 19
[0572] While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it will be understood that they have been presented by way of example instead of limitation. Without departing from the principles and purposes of the present invention, those skilled in the art may make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention, and the changes, modifications, substitutions and variations are intended to be encompassed by the present invention.
Claims
1.A radioactive microsphere with a core-shell structure, comprising a core,a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, andnon-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell by the interaction therebetween to form the radioactive microsphere, andoptionally, an outer shell for protecting the non-metallic radionuclides bound to the metal shell from dissociating,wherein the radioactive microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, andwherein the non-metallic radionuclides provide a specific activity to the radioactive microsphere, and the specific activity ranges from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere; preferably ranges from 10-50000 Bq per microsphere; more preferably ranges from 100-4000 Bq per microsphere; and most preferably the specific activity is about 2500 Bq per microsphere .optionally, the metal shell is formed from metal nanoparticles or nanostars; andoptionally, the radioactive microsphere with the core-shell structure comprises multiple metal shells.2.The radioactive microsphere of claim 1, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope selected from isotopes of astatine, iodine or fluorine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.3.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the metal shell comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg, and Ca, or any combination thereof; preferably, the metal shell comprises one or more metal (s) selected from Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg or Ca; more preferably, the metal shell is Au or a combination of multiple metals, wherein the combination of multiple metals is a combination of Au, Ag, Zn and Fe, a combination of Au, Ag and Zn, or a combination Au and Zn, or other combination of metals.4.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the specific activity ranges from 1-1000000 Bq per microsphere; preferably ranges from 10-50000 Bq per microsphere; more preferably ranges from 100-4000 Bq per microsphere; and most preferably the specific activity is about 2500 Bq per microsphere .5.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the core comprises a material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, CaCO3, resin, polymers and other biocompatible materials.6.The radioactive microsphere of claim 5, wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) , agarose, poly (methyl methacrylate) , polyacrylate, ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer, an acyl-substituted cellulose acetate, polyurethane, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, polyvinyl flouride, poly (vinyl imidazole) , chlorosulphonate polyolefin, polyethylene oxide, blends thereof, and copolymers thereof; a polyphosphazine, a poly (vinyl alcohol) , a polyamide, a polycarbonate, a polyalkylene, a polyacrylamide, a polyalkylene glycol, a polyalkylene oxide, a polyalkylene terephthalate, a polyvinyl ether, a polyvinyl ester, a polyvinyl halide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, a polyglycolide, a polysiloxane, and copolymers thereof; a alkyl cellulose, a hydroxyalkyl cellulose, a cellulose ether, a cellulose ester and a nitrocellulose.7.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the core has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, preferably ranging from 20-80 μm, more preferably ranging from 20-50 μm, and most preferably the core has a diameter of 30 μm.8.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the metal shell has a thickness ranging from 10 nm -5 μm.9.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the metal shell is modified with linking carriers, and comprises a biocompatible polymer.10.The radioactive microsphere of claim 9, wherein the linking carrier is PEG.11.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the outer shell comprises a material, such as metal (s) selecting from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ir, Rh, Ru, Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn, Ba, Cr, Mo, Li, Al, Mg and Ca, or polymer (s) selecting from the group consisting from (PLGA) , agarose, resin and other biocompatiable materials.12.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the microsphere is non-biodegradable or biodegradable in vivo.13.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope of fluorine, such as F-18, and the metal is Al.14.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-metallic radionuclide is an isotope of astatine or iodine, such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124 or I-125, and the metal is Au, a combination of Au, Ag, Zn and Fe, a combination of Au, Ag and Zn, or a combination Au and Zn.15.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the radioactive microsphere can be used in admixture with an X-ray contrast agent, such as iodate, bariate;optionally, the radioactive microsphere is loaded with a substance that absorbs X-ray to allow imaging, wherein the substance that absorbs X-ray is seleted from:16.The radioactive microsphere of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the non-metallic radionuclides are bound to the metal shell by positive and negative charge attraction (such as ionic bond) , chemical bond, or coordination bond therebetween; preferably by coordinate bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell; more preferably by metal-halogen chemical bonds between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell.17.A method to prepare the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16, comprisingi) synthesize a core with a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm,ii) directly coat metals on the surface of the core by chemical reaction in solution or vacuum vapor deposition to a metal shell, so as to form microspheres, wherein the thickness of the metal shell is ranging from 10 nm -5 μm,iii) optionally, modify the surface of the metal shell with biocompatible polymers such as PEG, andiv) mix a radionuclide solution of non-metallic radionuclide salts with the microspheres to form radioactive microspheres, wherein the solution further comprises sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, phosphate buffered saline and the like,v) optionally, mix the radioactive microspheres with a solution of metals or polymers to form an outer shell.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the core is synthesized by a reaction selected from solvent evaporation method, phase separation method, spray drying method, microfluidics method or electrostatic spraying method; preferably selected from solvent evaporation or microfluidics.19.Use of the radioactive microspheres of any one of claims 1-16 in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein the radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.20.The use of claim 19, wherein the disease is a cancer that are treated by intra-vein, intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection, such as prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer, breast cancer, uterine fibroids, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer or pharyngeal cancer.21.The use of claim 19, wherein the radiotherapy is internal radiotherapy.22.The use of claim 19, wherein the radioactive microspheres are immobilized at a site of administration.23.The use of claim 19, wherein the radionuclides comprise at least one of an alpha-emitting radionuclide, such as At-211, a beta-emitting radionuclide, such as I-131, or a gamma-emitting radionuclide, such as I-125.24.The radioactive microspheres of any one of claims 1-16 for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein the radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure are administered to the patient for providing the radiotherapy to the patient.25.A method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising administering to the patient in need of the radiotherapy the radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of any one of claims 1-16,wherein the radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.26.A method of imaging a target organ or a tumor in a patient, comprising:a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient the radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of any one of claims 1-16; andb) detecting the radioactive microspheres, wherein the detection provides the imaging of the target organ or the tumor.27.A method of imaging the concentrations and distributions of the microspheres of any one of claims 1-16 in a target organ or a tumor, comprisinga) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient the radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of any one of claims 1-16; andb) detecting the radioactive microspheres by X-ray, wherein the detection provides the imaging of the concentration and distribution of the radioactive microspheres in the target organ or the tumor.28.A method of diagnosing a tumor in a patient suspected of having the tumor, comprising:a) administering to the patient at a target site in the patient, the radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of any one of claims 1-16;b) detecting the the radioactive microspheres; andc) determining from the detection whether the patient has the tumor.29.The use or method of any one of claims 19-25, wherein the administration route of the radioactive microspheres is intra-arterial injection, intra-tumoral injection, intraperitoneal injection, oral administration, intra-vein administration, bladder instillation, or uterine instillation.30.A kit, comprising:the radioactive microspheres with a core-shell structure of any one of claims 1-16, andan interventional device for injecting the radioactive microspheres to a target site by intra-arterial injection or intra-tumoral injection.31.A method of treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site,c) optionally, administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,d) optionally, observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy and to obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed inside the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, ande) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm.32.The method of claim 31, wherein before step b) , the method further comprises step a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil; preferably saturating the patient’s thyroid by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil.33.The method of claim 31 or 32, further comprising step f) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient.34.The method of any one of claims 31-33, further comprising step g) surgical removal of the target sites.35.The method of any one of claims 31-34, wherein the method comprises the following steps:a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site,c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,d) observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy, andto obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed in the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to microspheres by interaction between the second non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell, andf) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, andg) surgical removal of the target sites;preferably comprising the following steps,a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil,b) administering microspheres to the patient at a target site optionally by intra-tumoral injection,c) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging optionally by orally administered a sodium salt of the first non-metallic radionuclides, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo,d) observing the distributions of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by an imaging technique to screen patients suitable for the radiotherapy, andto obtain the relationship between the administered dose of the first non-metallic radionuclides and the amount of the first non-metallic radionuclides distributed in the tumor as the basis for calculating a suitable dose of the non-metallic radionuclides for treatment,e) administering to the patient second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment optionally by orally administered a sodium salt of the second non-metallic radionuclides (such as I-131) , wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to microspheres by interaction between the second non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell, andf) monitoring the level of the non-metallic radionuclides in vivo by an imaging technique, and supplementing the second non-metallic radionuclides when the level is insufficient, andg) surgical removal of the target sites.36.The method of any one of claims 31-35, wherein in step d) the patient suitable for the radiotherapy is a patient who meets one or more of the following criteria:i) the microspheres are substantially distributed inside the tumor; andii) the patient does not have a direct connection between arteries and veins in the tumor.37.The method of any one of claims 31-36, wherein the imaging technique is a PET scan or a SPECT scan.38.The method of any one of claims 31-37, wherein the administration route of the microspheres is intra-arterial injection, intra-tumoral injection, intraperitoneal injection, oral administration, intra-vein administration, bladder instillation, or uterine instillation; and wherein the administration route of the non-metallic radionuclides is oral administration, intravenous injection, intra-muscle injection or intra-peritoneal injection of non-metallic radionuclide salts.39.The method of any one of claims 31-38, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclide for imaging is selected from I-124, F-18, I-123 or I-131; preferably I-124 or F-18 for PET scan, and I-123 or I-131 for SPECT scan; and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclide for treatment is selected from At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18.40.Use of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, andthe non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are directly bound to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides are administrated separately, andthe radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.41.A combination of microspheres and non-metallic radionuclides for use in treating a disease in a patient in need of a radiotherapy,wherein each of the plurality of microspheres has a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, andthe non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, andthe radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.42.A kit, comprising:microspheres with a core-shell structure comprising a core and a metal shell coated on the surface of the core, wherein the microsphere has a diameter ranging from 10-200 μm, andnon-metallic radionuclides for directly binding to the microspheres by interaction between the non-metallic radionuclides and the metal shell to form radioactive microspheres,wherein the microspheres and the non-metallic radionuclides (such as At-211, I-131, I-123, I-124, I-125 or F-18) are administrated separately, andthe radioactive microspheres provide the radiotherapy to the patient.43.A method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) administering the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter in a place with certification for radionuclide drug injection for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive microsphere, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;d) if the amount of the radioactive microsphere accumulated in tumor is substantially higher than that in normal tissues or there is no radioactive microsphere in normal tissues, administering the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter for treatment, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211, andoptionally, e) and SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution and radioactivity of the radioactive microsphere meets expectations; orf) if the distribution of the radioactive microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the radioactive microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the method comprises the following steps:a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;d) administering low dose of the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter for imaging by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan to obtain the distribution of the radioactive microsphere, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131, I-123 or I-124;e) verifying whether all or most of the radioactive microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor, and whether there is accumulation in other normal organs, such as lung;f) if the distribution of the radioactive microsphere meet expectation, administering therapeutic dose of the radioactive microsphere of any one of claims 1-16 to the patient via the catheter for treatment, and wherein the radioactive microsphere comprises non-metallic radionuclides I-131 and / or At-211;g) after administering the radioactive microsphere for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the radioactive microsphere meets expectations, and whether the therapeutic dose is enough;h) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering more radioactive microspheres to achieve sufficient therapeituc dose; andi) if the radioactive microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the radioactive microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.45.A method of treating a cancer in a patient in need of a radiotherapy, comprising:optionally, a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel, optionally in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) administering microspheres to the patient optionally via the catheter;d) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging, wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124e) observing the distribution of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;f) if the amount of the microspheres accumulated in tumor is higher than that in normal tissues or there is no microsphere in normal tissues, administering second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are directly bound to the microspheres in vivo, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211; andoptionally, g) SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure that the distribution of the microsphere meets expectations; orh) if the distribution of the microsphere does not meet expectation, the patient is orally administered with a large dose of NaI solution to elute the non-metallic radionuclides of the radioactive microsphere.46.The method of claim 45, wherein the method comprises the following steps:a) saturating the patient by intravenously or orally administering KI, NaI, KClO4, NaClO4, methimazole or propylthiouracil;b) inserting a catheter into the patient’s feeding artery of liver tumor via a blood vessel in a DSA suite and one end of the catheter is secured to the patient’s skin;c) administering microspheres to the patient via the catheter;d) transferring the patient from the DSA suite to nuclear medicine department;e) administering to the patient first non-metallic radionuclides for imaging via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the first non-metallic radionuclides are I-131, I-123 or I-124;f) observing the distribution of the microspheres in the patient in vivo by SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan;g) if the microspheres are uniformly distributed in tumor and very less distributed in non-target organs, administering the therapeutic dose of second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment via the catheter or by intravenous injection, and wherein the second non-metallic radionuclides are I-131 and / or At-211;h) after administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment, SPECT / CT scan or PET / CT scan is performed again to ensure whether the therapeutic dose is enough;i) if the therapeutic dose is not enough, administering the second non-metallic radionuclides for treatment to achieve effective dose; andj) if the microspheres are highly uptaken in non-target organs, the patient can be orally administered with NaI solution without radioactivity to replace the non-metallic radionuclides on the microsphere, and the eluted radionuclide ions can be cleared out of the body through the kidney.