Operation mode control

Abstract

A user equipment, UE, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE at least to perform: determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion an operation mode for a second access node from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request towards at least one of a first access node or the second access node indicating the determined operation mode for the second access node.

Description

[0001] TITLE

[0002] OPERATION MODE CONTROL

[0003] TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

[0004] Examples of the disclosure relate to operation mode control. Some relate to operation mode control in an access node of a wireless network.

[0005] BACKGROUND

[0006] A wireless network comprises a plurality of network nodes including terminal nodes and access nodes. Communication between the terminal nodes and access nodes is wireless.

[0007] Wireless networks can employ energy saving techniques. In some circumstances, it may be desirable to improve or enhance energy saving in a wireless network.

[0008] BRIEF SUMMARY

[0009] According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided a user equipment, UE, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE at least to perform: determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion an operation mode for a second access node from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request towards at least one of a first access node or the second access node indicating the determined operation mode for the second access node.

[0010] In some examples, in the reflecting mode the second access node is configured to reflect received signals in at least one controllable direction. In some examples, in the reflecting mode, the second access node is configured to receive phase control information, and to configure at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received phase control information.

[0011] In some examples, in the reflecting mode, the second access node is configured to operate as at least one of the following: at least one reconfigurable intelligent surface; at least one intelligent reflecting surface; at least one large intelligent surface; an array of reconfigurable reflecting antenna elements; or at least one dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA).

[0012] In some examples, the at least one evaluation criterion comprises at least one of the following: preferred network energy saving mode; throughput; energy level of the UE; mobility of the UE; or priority of data to be transmitted by the UE.

[0013] In some examples, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE at least to perform: receiving at least one evaluation criterion; and determining, based at least in part, on at least one received evaluation criterion an operation mode for a second access node.

[0014] In some examples, transmitting a request comprises transmitting a hybrid capacity cell, HC-Cell, mode switch request.

[0015] In some examples, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE at least to perform: receiving capability information of the second access node, wherein determining a desired operation mode for the second access node comprises determining, based at least in part, on the received capability information an operation mode for the second access node from the set of operation modes.

[0016] In some examples, transmitting a request comprises transmitting a request towards the second access node while the UE is in connected mode with the second access node.

[0017] According to various, but not necessarily all, there is provided a first access node comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the access node at least to perform: receiving first information; determining, based at least in part, on the received first information an operation mode for a second access node from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request towards the second access node indicating the determined operation mode for the second access node.

[0018] In some examples, in the reflecting mode the second access node is configured to reflect received signals in at least one controllable direction.

[0019] In some examples, in the reflecting mode, the second access node is configured to receive phase control information, and to configure at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on received phase control information.

[0020] In some examples, in the reflecting mode, the second access node is configured to operate as at least one of the following: at least one reconfigurable intelligent surface; at least one intelligent reflecting surface; at least one large intelligent surface; an array of reconfigurable reflecting antenna elements; or at least one dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA). In some examples, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first access node at least to perform: transmitting, while the second access node is in the reflecting mode, phase control information towards the second access node to configure at least one reflecting surface at the second access node.

[0021] In some examples, the received first information comprises at least one of the following: measurement information; status information; or a request to switch operation mode of the second access node.

[0022] In some examples, at least one of the following: the measurement information comprises at least one of a data collection response message, a data collection update message, or a channel state information measurement report; or the request to switch operation mode of the second access node comprises a mode switch request message, or a hybrid capacity cell, HC-Cell, mode switch request.

[0023] In some examples, determining an operation mode for a second access node from the set of operation modes comprises determining an operation mode for a second access node from the set of operation modes based, at least in part, on at least one of the following: priority of user equipment, UE, data traffic; volume of user equipment, UE, data traffic; load of the first access node; predicted network traffic; position information of at least one user equipment; network energy saving mode prediction; or the number of UEs served by the first access node. In some examples, determining an operation mode for a second access node from the set of operation modes comprises determining a present load of the first access node, and comparing the determined present load of the first access node against at least one threshold.

[0024] In some examples, transmitting a request towards the second access node comprises transmitting an enhanced cell activation request message.

[0025] According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided a second access node comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second access node at least to perform: receiving, from a first access node, a request to operate in an operation mode, wherein the operation mode is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and configuring the second access node to operate in the operation mode.

[0026] In some examples, configuring the second access node to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node to reflect received signals in at least one controllable direction.

[0027] In some examples, configuring the second access node to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node to receive phase control information from the first access node and configuring at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on received phase control information.

[0028] In some examples, configuring the second access node to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node to operate as at least one of the following: at least one reconfigurable intelligent surface; at least one intelligent reflecting surface; at least one large intelligent surface; an array of reconfigurable reflecting antenna elements; or at least one dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA).

[0029] In some examples, the second access node is configurable to operate in any of the active mode, the reflecting mode, and the inactive mode.

[0030] In some examples, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second access node at least to perform: receiving, while in the reflecting mode, phase control information from the first access node; and configuring at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received phase control information.

[0031] In some examples, the received phase control information comprises an indication of a selected configuration of a number of configurations.

[0032] In some examples, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second access node at least to perform: receiving, from a user equipment, a request indicating an operation mode for the second access node; determining based, at least in part, on the received request indicating an operation mode to change operation mode of the second access node; and transmitting a request to switch operation mode of the second access node towards a first access node.

[0033] In some examples, the received request comprises a hybrid capacity cell, HC-Cell, mode switch request.

[0034] In some examples, transmitting a request to switch operation mode of the second access node comprises transmitting a mode switch request message.

[0035] According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform at least a part of one or more methods described herein.

[0036] According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing at least part of one or more methods described herein.

[0037] The description of a function and / or action should additionally be considered to also disclose any means suitable for performing that function and / or action. Functions and / or actions described herein can be performed in any suitable way using any suitable method.

[0038] According to various, but not necessarily all, embodiments there is provided examples as claimed in the appended claims.

[0039] While the above examples of the disclosure and optional features are described separately, it is to be understood that their provision in all possible combinations and permutations is contained within the disclosure. It is to be understood that various examples of the disclosure can comprise any or all the features described in respect of other examples of the disclosure, and vice versa. Also, it is to be appreciated that any one or more or all the features, in any combination, may be implemented by / comprised in / performable by an apparatus, a method, and / or computer program instructions as desired, and as appropriate. The description of a function should additionally be considered to also disclose any means suitable for performing that function

[0040] BRIEF DESCRIPTION

[0041] Some examples will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0042] FIG. 1 shows an example of the subject matter described herein;

[0043] FIG. 2 shows another example of the subject matter described herein; FIG. 3 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0044] FIG. 4 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0045] FIG. 5A shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0046] FIG. 5B shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0047] FIG. 5C shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0048] FIG. 6 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0049] FIG. 7 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0050] FIG. 8 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0051] FIG. 9 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0052] FIG. 10 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0053] FIG. 11 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0054] FIG. 12 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0055] FIG. 13 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0056] FIG. 14 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;

[0057] FIG. 15A shows another example of the subject matter described herein; and FIG. 15B shows another example of the subject matter described herein.

[0058] The figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features and views of the figures can be shown schematically or exaggerated in scale in the interest of clarity and conciseness. For example, the dimensions of some elements in the figures can be exaggerated relative to other elements to aid explication. Similar reference numerals are used in the figures to designate similar features. For clarity, all reference numerals are not necessarily displayed in all figures.

[0059] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0060] FIG 1 illustrates an example of a network 100 comprising a plurality of network nodes including terminal nodes 110, access nodes 120 and one or more core nodes 129.

[0061] The terminal nodes 110 and access nodes 120 communicate with each other. The one or more core nodes 129 communicate with the access nodes 120.

[0062] The network 100 is in this example a radio telecommunications network, in which at least some of the terminal nodes 110 and access nodes 120 communicate with each other using transmission / reception of radio waves / signals. The one or more core nodes 129 may, in some examples, communicate with each other. The one or more access nodes 120 may, in some examples, communicate with each other.

[0063] The network 100 may be a cellular network comprising a plurality of cells 122 each served by an access node 120. In this example, the interface between the terminal nodes 110 and an access node 120 defining a cell 122 is a wireless interface 124.

[0064] The access node 120 is a cellular radio transceiver. The terminal nodes 110 are cellular radio transceivers.

[0065] In the example illustrated the cellular network 100 is a third generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network in which the terminal nodes 110 are user equipment (UE), and the access nodes 120 are base stations.

[0066] In examples the network 100 is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access network (E-UTRAN). The E-UTRAN consists of E-UTRAN NodeBs (eNBs) 120, providing the E-UTRA user plane and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE. The eNBs 120 are interconnected with each other by means of an X2 interface 126. The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface 128 to the Mobility Management Entity (MME) 129.

[0067] In other examples the network 100 is a Next Generation (or New Radio, NR) Radio Access network (NG-RAN). The NG-RAN consists of gNodeBs (gNBs) 120, providing the user plane and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE 110. The gNBs 120 are interconnected with each other by means of an Xn interface 126. The gNBs are also connected by means of the N2 interface 128 to the Access and Mobility management Function (AMF).

[0068] In some examples, the access nodes 120 can comprise at least one wireless edge computing server. A user equipment (UE) can comprise a mobile equipment. Where reference is made to user equipment that reference includes and encompasses, wherever possible, a reference to mobile equipment.

[0069] An access node 120, for example a gNB, can comprise a central unit (CU) and at least one distributed unit (DU).

[0070] The network 100 can comprise a combination of E-UTRAN and NG-RAN.

[0071] The network 100 can comprise a 6thgeneration radio access network, 6GRAN.

[0072] In examples, the network can employ network energy saving (NES) techniques. For example, operation of one or more nodes of the network 100 can be controlled to save energy.

[0073] In some examples, a network, such as the network of the example of FIG. 1, comprises at least one first access node 120A and at least one second access node 120B.

[0074] As used herein, the terms first and second in, for example in relation to access nodes, are used as labels for purposes of explanation and clarity unless stated otherwise. The labels first and second are not intended to imply any meaning, for example of a required order, unless stated otherwise. Accordingly, description of a second access node before introduction of a first access node may be used for purposes of clarity and consistency.

[0075] The first access node 120A and the second access node 120B can comprise any suitable access node or nodes. In some examples, the first access node 120A is configured to provide instructions, commands, requests and so on to the second access node 120B, and the second access node 120B can act upon the received instructions, commands, requests and so on.

[0076] In examples, the first access node 120A can comprise at least one of a coverage access node, a primary access node, a central unit (CU) and so on. In some examples, the first access node 120A can be referred to as a first cell, a coverage cell, a primary cell (PCell), and so on.

[0077] In examples, the second access node 120B can comprise at least one of a capacity access node, a secondary access node, a distributed unit (DU) and so on. In some examples, the second access node 120B can be referred to as a second cell, a capacity cell, a secondary cell (SCell), and so on.

[0078] In examples, access nodes 120 can comprise base stations (BS).

[0079] In examples, the first access node 120A is configured to serve a large coverage area or cell, which can be referred to as a coverage cell, primary cell, cell A, and so on. In examples, within the large coverage area or cell there is at least one second access node 120B configured to serve a smaller area, which can be referred to as capacity cell, secondary cell, NES cell, and so on.

[0080] In examples, the first access node 120A is configured to provide wide network coverage, and the second access node(s) 120B are configured to provide capacity enhancement, for example in small hotspot areas.

[0081] In some examples, the first access node 120A is configured to operate at a lower frequency band (for example frequency range 1 , FR1), and the second access node(s) 120B are configured to operate at a higher frequency band (for example frequency range 2, FR2, and / or frequency range 3, FR3, and so on).

[0082] In examples, terminal nodes 110, such as user equipments (UEs) in the area can connect to the first access node 120A / coverage cell, while those in hotspots can connect either to the first access node 120A / coverage cell or a second access node 120B / capacity cell.

[0083] In some examples, an operation mode of a second access node 120B can be controlled based on, for example, load of at least one of the first access node 120A and the second access node 120B. An operation mode can be considered an operation state, operation condition and so on. By way of example, reference is made to the example of FIG. 3.

[0084] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a first access node 120A and a plurality of second access nodes 120B. The access nodes 120A and 120B can form a part of the network 100 of the example of FIG. 1.

[0085] In the example of FIG. 3, the first access node 120A serves the larger coverage area 196A, and the second access nodes 120B serve the smaller coverage areas 196B.

[0086] Although the coverage areas 196B of the second access nodes 120B are contained within the coverage area 196A of the first access node 120A in the example of FIG.

[0087] 3, in some examples at least one of the coverage areas of the second access nodes 120B can extend outside of the coverage area 196A of the first access node 120A.

[0088] In the example of FIG 3, eight UEs 166 are also shown at different locations within the coverage area 196A of the first access node 120A. Accordingly, in the illustrated example, the UEs 166 can connect to the first access node 120A.

[0089] In the example of FIG. 3, four of the UEs 166 are also in a coverage area 196B of a second access node 120B, and accordingly can also connect to the associated second access node 120B.

[0090] For example, the two UEs 166 in the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120B in the upper left area of the example of FIG. 3 can connect to at least one of the first access node 120A and the upper left second access node 120B.

[0091] Similarly, the UE 166 in the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120B in the lower area of the example of FIG. 3 can connect to at least one of the first access node 120A and the lower second access node 120B.

[0092] Similarly, the UE 166 in the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120B in the right areas of the example of FIG. 3 can connect to at least one of the first access node 120A and the right second access node 120B. In examples, the first access node 120A can request, for example instruct, command, control, and so on, the second access nodes 120B individually to change operation mode as needed. For example, the first access node 120A can request the second access nodes 120B individually to change operation mode to save energy.

[0093] Returning to the discussion of the example of FIG. 1, in examples at least one second access node 120B is configured to operate in a plurality of different operation modes. Any suitable number of second access nodes 120B can be configured to operate in a plurality of different operation modes.

[0094] In some examples, at least one second access node 120B is configured to operate in any operation mode of a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising a reflecting mode.

[0095] For example, at least one second access node 120B can be configured to operate in any operation mode of a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0096] In examples, a second access node 120B that is configurable to operate in a reflecting mode can be considered a hybrid access node 120B / hybrid cell.

[0097] In examples, in the active mode, a second access node 120B is configured to operate normally as an active access node.

[0098] For example, in the active mode, a second access node 120B is configured to operate normally as an access node 120 / base station in the network 100, and is configured to enable connection by at least one UE 166 in the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120B.

[0099] For example, in the active mode, a second access node 120B is configured for active transmission and reception. For example, in the active mode, a second access node 120B is configured for uplink and downlink transmissions. For example, in the active mode, a second access node 120B is configured to offload a first access node 120A.

[0100] The active mode can be considered a high energy mode, a capacity mode, a high load mode, and so on.

[0101] In examples, in the inactive mode, a second access node 120 is configured to reduce energy usage.

[0102] For example, in the inactive mode, a second access node 120B is configured to keep only essential hardware active and is therefore in the inactive mode a second access node 120B is not configured for active transmission and reception. For example, in the inactive mode, no downlink or uplink transmissions occur. For example, in the inactive mode, a second access node 120B is unavailable for connection by UEs 166.

[0103] In examples, in the inactive mode, a second access node 120B is turned off with regard to providing connection for UEs 166, but information can still be exchanged with, for example, at least one access node 120, such as at least one first access node 120A, and / or at least one core node 129. For example, control information can be received from at least one access node 120, such as at least one first access node 120A.

[0104] The inactive mode can be considered a low energy mode, a low to no load mode, a sleep mode, and so on.

[0105] In examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to reflect signals to improve radio propagation conditions. For example, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B can be configured to reflect signals to improve radio propagation conditions between the first access node 120A and at least one UE 166 in the coverage area 196A of the first access node 120A.

[0106] In some examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to reflect received signals in at least one controllable direction. Accordingly, in examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to controllably reflect received signals in at least one changeable direction.

[0107] In some examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to control at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on received information. For example, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to control at least one reflecting surface to control a direction in which received signals are reflected by the at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received information.

[0108] For example, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to control at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on information received from a first access node 120A.

[0109] In some examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to receive phase control information, and to configure at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received phase control information.

[0110] In examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to operate as at least one controllable reflecting surface.

[0111] In some examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to operate as at least one of the following: at least one reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), at least one intelligent reflecting surface, at least one large intelligent surface, an array of reconfigurable reflecting antenna elements, or at least one dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA).

[0112] In examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to reflect signals in desired directions and to change the phase of the signals to improve radio conditions between a first access node 120A and at least one UE 166.

[0113] In examples, in the reflecting mode, a second access node 120B is configured to reflect signals to improve achievable signal to noise interference ratio (SI NR), save energy, and / or enhance coverage. The reflecting mode can be considered a reflection mode, a path diversification mode, a low energy mode, a light to low load mode, a RIS mode, a radio propagation enhancement mode and so on.

[0114] By way of example, reference is made to the example of FIG. 4.

[0115] FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an example of a second access node 120B operating in a reflecting mode.

[0116] In the example of FIG. 4, a UE 166 is connected to a first access node 120A, and signals 176 are transmitted between the first access node 120A and the UE 166.

[0117] In the illustrated example, a second access node 120B is in a reflecting mode and is configured to reflect received signals 176 in at least one controllable direction 178. In the example of FIG. 4 the second access node 120B is configured to reflect received signals 176 from the first access node 120A towards the UE 166 and to reflect received signals 176 from the UE 166 towards the first access node 120A.

[0118] In the example of FIG. 4, a blocker 198 is present between the first access node 120A and UE 166 which deteriorates radio propagation conditions, for example channel quality, for direct communication between the first access node 120A and the UE 166.

[0119] However, as the second access node 120B is configured to appropriately reflect received signals to provide a second communication path between the first access node 120A and the UE 166, the second access node 120B improves radio propagation conditions, for example channel quality, between the first access node 120A and UE 166 while remaining in a low power mode.

[0120] Returning to the discussion of FIG. 1, as discussed above, in examples a second access node 120B is configurable to operate in a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode. By way of example, reference is made to the examples of FIGs 5A, 5B, and 50.

[0121] FIGs 5A, 5B, and 50 are similar to the example of FIG. 3. FIGs 5A, 5B, and 50 schematically illustrate examples of a second access node 120B in an active mode (FIG. 5A), an inactive mode (FIG. 5B), and a reflecting mode (FIG. 50).

[0122] In the example of FIG. 5A, a first access node 120A, a second access node 120B, and their associated coverage areas 196A, 196B are illustrated.

[0123] In the example of FIG. 5A, the second access node 120B is in the active mode, and is configured to operate as an active access node.

[0124] In the illustrated example, two UEs 166 are connected to the first access node 120A for uplink and downlink communication (as illustrated by the arrows stretching between the first access node 120A and the respective UEs 166).

[0125] In the example of FIG. 5A, a UE 166 is connected to the second access node 120B for uplink and downlink transmissions.

[0126] Information 167 can also be exchanged between the first access node 120A and the second access node 120B. For example, control signals can be sent, via ‘Xn’ or similar, between the first access node 120A and the second access node 120B, such as a request to change operation mode.

[0127] In the example of FIG. 5B, the second access node 120B is in the inactive mode and is therefore unavailable for connection by UEs 166.

[0128] In the example of FIG. 5B two UEs 166 are present and both connected to the first access node 120A for uplink and downlink transmissions.

[0129] In the illustrated example, a UE 166 is located within the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120 but cannot connect to the second access node 120B because the second access node 120B is in the inactive mode. The UE 166 is therefore connected to the first access node 120A.

[0130] Information 167 can still be exchanged between the first access node 120A and the second access node 120B.

[0131] In the example of FIG. 50, the second access node 120B is in the reflecting mode and is unavailable for connection by UEs 166, but is configured to reflect signals in at least one controllable direction.

[0132] In the example of FIG. 50, the UEs 166 of the example of FIG. 5B are still present and the second access node 120B is configured to reflect signals from the first access node 120A towards the UE 166 in the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120B, and to reflect signals from the UE 166 in the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120B towards the first access node 120A.

[0133] Accordingly, in the example of FIG. 50, the second access node 120B provides an additional communication path between the UE 166 in the coverage area 196B of the second access node 120B and the first access node 120A by controllably reflecting signals between the UE 166 and the first access node 120A.

[0134] In the illustrated example, information 167 can still be exchanged between the first access node 120A and the second access node 120B. For example, control signals can be sent, via ‘Xn’ or similar, between the first access node 120A and the second access node 120B, such as a request to change operation mode and / or phase control information and so on.

[0135] Returning to the discussion of the example of FIG. 1 , in examples a first access node 120A can control an operation mode of at least one second access node 120B based, at least in part, on, for example, network load, to provide network energy saving. In examples, at least one second access node 120B is configured to operate in a low energy reflecting mode which provides a reduction in energy usage at the second access node 120B (compared to, for example, an active mode) while configuring the second access node 120B to improve radio propagation conditions. At least some examples of the disclosure relate to at least one of the following: apparatuses, methods, or computer programs for operation mode control of an access node.

[0136] At least some examples of the disclosure relate to at least one of the following: apparatuses, methods, or computer programs for reducing energy consumption in a network.

[0137] At least some examples of the disclosure relate to at least one of the following: apparatuses, methods, or computer programs for operating an access node in a reflecting mode.

[0138] At least some examples of the disclosure relate to at least one of the following: apparatuses, methods, or computer programs for operating an access node in an operation mode selected from a set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0139] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of signaling between entities. FIG. 2 also illustrates an example of at least one method 200.

[0140] FIG. 2 illustrates methods performed by a system comprising interaction between different system entities. FIG. 2 also illustrates a collection of separate methods performed separately by the different system entities.

[0141] One or more of the features discussed in relation to FIG. 2 can be found in one or more of the other FIGs.

[0142] In the example of FIG. 2, a plurality of apparatuses transmit and / or receive one or more signals and / or messages across and / or via and / or using a network. In examples, any suitable form of communication in any suitable network can be used. For example, at least a portion of the network 100 of FIG. 1 can be used. In the example of FIG. 2, a terminal node 110, a first access node 120A, and a second access node 120B transmit and / or receive one or more signals and / or one or more messages.

[0143] In the example of FIG. 2, the terminal node is a UE 166. In examples, the first access node 120A is a first access node 120A as described herein, for example a first access node 120A as described in relation to FIG. 1.

[0144] In examples, the second access node 120B is a second access node 120B as described herein, for example a second access node 120B as described in relation to FIG. 1.

[0145] In examples, transmissions between entities illustrated in FIG. 2 can proceed via any number of intervening entities, including no intervening entities.

[0146] Although a single terminal node 110 is illustrated in the example of FIG. 2, in examples any suitable number of terminal nodes 110 can be included. Similarly, any suitable number of access nodes 120 can be included.

[0147] As used herein, a description of an apparatus, such as a terminal node 110 or an access node 120, performing an action should also be considered to disclose at least one controller of the apparatus performing at least one of the following: enabling the apparatus to perform the action, causing the apparatus to perform the action, or controlling the apparatus to perform the action. For example, a description of an apparatus transmitting information should also be considered to disclose at least one controller of the apparatus performing at least one of the following: enabling the apparatus to transmit the information, causing the apparatus to transmit the information, or controlling the apparatus to transmit the information.

[0148] As used herein, a description of an apparatus for performing an action should also be considered to disclose an apparatus configured to perform the action.

[0149] In examples, at least part of method 200 can be considered a method of controlling operation mode of an access node 120. In examples, at least part of method 200 can be considered a method of reducing energy consumption in a network.

[0150] In examples, at least part of method 200 can be considered a method of operating an access node in a reflecting mode.

[0151] In examples, at least part of method 200 can be considered a method of operating an access node in an operation mode selected from a set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode

[0152] In the illustrated examples, the location of blocks indicates the entity or entities performing the function(s) / action(s). For example, block 208 is performed by the second access node 120B (transmitting) and the first access node 120A (receiving). For example, block 202 is performed by terminal node 110.

[0153] As used herein, the term ‘block’ is intended to refer to an action or actions indicated in a FIG. For example, the term ‘block’ can refer to the action of transmitting / receiving indicated by reference numeral 208 in FIG. 2, and can also refer to the action of determining indicated by reference numeral 206 and so on.

[0154] At block 202, method 200 comprises determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0155] The active mode, reflecting mode, and inactive mode can be as described herein, for example an active mode, reflecting mode, and inactive mode as described in relation to FIG. 1.

[0156] In examples, block 202 comprises determining based, at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 to change a current operation mode of a second access node 120B. In examples, block 202 comprises determining an operation mode 170 of a second access node 120B to which the second access node 120B is to be changed, the operation mode 170 selected from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0157] In examples, block 202 comprises determining based, at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 to change operation mode of a second access node 120B from a first mode of a set of operation modes to a second, different mode of a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0158] The at least one evaluation criterion 168 can comprise any suitable evaluation criterion 168 or evaluation criteria. For example, the at least one evaluation criterion 168 can comprise any criterion or criteria that can affect operation of the UE 166 in the network.

[0159] In some examples, an evaluation criterion 168 is intended to include a criterion and / or information relating to a criterion.

[0160] In examples, the at least one criterion 168 can comprise any suitable evaluation criterion based, at least in part, on at least one of: status of data traffic at the UE 166, UE status information, or preference information.

[0161] In some examples, the at least one evaluation criterion 168 comprises at least one of the following: preferred network energy saving mode, throughput, energy level of the UE 166, mobility of the UE 166, or priority of data to be transmitted by the UE 166.

[0162] Any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on throughput can be used. For example, any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on throughput relative to quality of service (QoS) requirements can be used.

[0163] For example, a UE 166 can determine that an operation mode switch at the second access node 120B is desirable when current throughput is higher than the QoS requirements. Any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on energy level of the UE 166 can be used. For example, any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on at least one of a current or an expected energy level of the UE 166.

[0164] For example, a UE 166 can determine that an operation mode switch at the second access node 120B is desirable when current / expected energy level of the UE 166, such as, for example, an energy harvesting device, is low.

[0165] Any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on mobility of the UE 166 can be used. For example, any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on past, current, or expected mobility of the UE 166 can be used.

[0166] For example, a stationary UE 166 based, at least in part, on past mobility pattern can determine that an operation mode switch at the second access node 120B is desirable.

[0167] Any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on priority of data to be transmitted by the UE 166 can be used.

[0168] For example, any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on a priority level of data to be transmitted by the UE 166 can be used.

[0169] For example, a UE 166 can determine that an operation mode switch at the second access node 120B is desirable when the UE 166 has low priority data using uplink buffer status report (UL BSR).

[0170] Any suitable criterion or criteria based, at least in part, on preferred network energy saving mode can be used.

[0171] For example, the network can indicate to the UE 166 preference information regarding network energy saving mode that the UE 166 can take into account at block 202. In the example of FIG. 2, at block 202, information is received from the second access node 120B. However, in examples, information can be received from at least one of the first access node 120A or the second access node 120B.

[0172] In examples, at least one of the first and second access nodes 120A, 120B transmits at least one evaluation criterion towards the UE 166 for use at block 202.

[0173] Accordingly, in examples, method 200 comprises, from the point of view of the UE 166, receiving at least one evaluation criterion 168, and determining, based at least in part, on at least one received evaluation criterion 168 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B.

[0174] For example, the UE 166 can receive an indication of the preferred network energy saving mode and use this information in determining an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B at block 202.

[0175] In some examples, the UE 166 receives capability information 182 of the second access node 120B. In the example of FIG. 2 the capability information 182 is received from the second access node 120B. However, in examples, the capability information 182 can, additionally or alternatively, be received from the first access node 120A.

[0176] The capability information 182 can comprise any suitable capability information 182 of the second access node 120B. In some examples, the capability information 182 comprises information indicating which operating mode 170 or operating modes 170 that the second access node is configured to operate in. For example, the capability information can comprise information indicating whether the second access node 120B is configurable to operate in the reflecting mode.

[0177] Accordingly, in examples, at block 202 can have knowledge as to whether or not the reflecting mode is available for the second access node 120B and can take this into account when determining an operation mode 170 at block 202. At block 204, method 200 comprises transmitting a request 174 towards at least one of the first access node 120A or the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0178] Consequently, FIG. 2 illustrates a method 200 comprising: determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, or an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 174 towards at least one of a first access node 120A or the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0179] The request 174 can have any suitable form. For example, transmitting the request can comprise transmitting any suitable signal(s) and / or message(s). In some examples, transmitting the request 174 comprises transmitting a hybrid capacity cell HC-CELL, mode switch request.

[0180] In examples, the request 174 is transmitted towards at least one of the first access node 120A and the second access node 120B.

[0181] To which of the first and second access nodes 120A, 120B the request 174 is sent can be based, at least in part, on any suitable factor.

[0182] In some examples, to which of the first and second access nodes 120A, 120B the request 174 is sent at block 204 is based, at least in part, on the connection state of the UE 166 and the access nodes 120A, 120B. For example, when the UE 166 is in connected mode, for example radio resource control (RRC) connected mode, with an access node 120A, 120B, for example the second access node 120B, the request 174 can be transmitted towards the access node 120A, 120B.

[0183] Accordingly, in examples, transmitting a request 174 comprises transmitting a request 174 towards the second access node 120B while the UE 166 is in connected mode with the second access node 120B. In the example of FIG. 2, the UE 166 is in connected mode with the second access node 120B and the request 174 is transmitted towards the second access node 120B. However, additionally or alternatively, the request 174 can be transmitted towards the first access node 120A, as indicated by the dashed arrow in the example of FIG. 2.

[0184] In some examples, to which of the first and second access nodes 120A, 120B the request 174 is sent at block 204 is based, at least in part, on a current / present operation mode 170 of the second access node 120B. For example, if the second access node 120B is in the reflecting mode or inactive mode the second access node 120B is not available for connection by the UE 166 and therefore cannot receive the request 174. In such examples, the UE 166 can transmit the request 174 towards the first access node 120A.

[0185] As FIG. 2 illustrates one or more functions / actions of transmitting, FIG. 2 also illustrates the corresponding receiving and causing / enabling / controlling function(s) / action(s). For example, from the point of view of the second access node 120B, at block 204, method 200 can comprise receiving, from a UE 166, a request 174 indicating an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0186] At block 206, method 200 comprises determining, based at least in part, on the received request indicating an operation mode 170 to change operation mode 170 of the second access node 120B.

[0187] In examples, determining at block 206 can be based, at least in part, on any suitable further information. For example, determining at block 206 can be based on at least one of any suitable status information or any suitable measurement information, for example, of the second access node 120B.

[0188] For example, at block 206 the second access node 120B can determine load information, for example a current load of the second access node 120B, and can perform the determining at block 206 based, at least in part, on the load information. In some examples, upon receiving the request 174 and at low load condition, the second access node 120B can determine to change operation mode 170 of the second access node 120B. In examples, low load condition can be determined in relation to at least one threshold. This will be discussed in greater detail later.

[0189] At block 208, method 200 comprises transmitting a request 175 to switch operation mode of the second access node 120B towards a first access node 120A.

[0190] Consequently, in examples, method 200 comprises, from the point of view of the second access node 120B: receiving, from a UE 166, a request 174 indicating an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B; determining based, at least in part, on the received request 174 indicating an operation mode 170 to change operation mode 170 of the second access node 120B; and transmitting a request 175 to switch operation mode 170 of the second access node 120B towards a first access node 120A.

[0191] The request 175 can have any suitable form. For example, transmitting the request can comprise transmitting any suitable signal(s) and / or message(s). In examples, the request 175 transmitted by the second access node 120B can be different to the request 174 transmitted by the UE 166.

[0192] In some examples, transmitting the request 175 comprises transmitting a mode switch request.

[0193] From the point of view of the first access node 120A, method 200 comprises receiving first information 184.

[0194] The first information 184 can comprise any suitable information. For example, the first information 184 can comprise any suitable information for use in determining an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B at block 210. In examples, the first information 184 is received from at least one of the UE 166 or the second access node 120B.

[0195] For example, the first information 184 can be received from the UE 166 at block 204. Additionally, or alternatively, the first information 184 can be received from the second access node 120B at block 208.

[0196] In examples, (not illustrated in the example of FIG. 2) the second access node 120B transmits at least one of measurement information and status information towards the first access node 120A. The measurement information and / or status information can comprise information of the second access node 120B and / or the UE 166. For example, the first access node 120A can transmit a request, such as a data collection request, towards the second access node 120B and the second access node 120B can respond with at least one data collection response, and, in some examples, at least one data collection update.

[0197] In examples, (not illustrated in the example of FIG. 2) the terminal node 110, which is a UE 166 in the illustrated example, transmits at least one of measurement information and status information towards the first access node 120A. For example, the UE 166 can transmit a measurement report, such as a channel state information (CSI) measurement report, towards the first access node 120A. In examples, the CSI measurement report of the UE 166 can be transmitted towards the second access node 120B and reported to the first access node 120A by the second access node 120B.

[0198] In examples, the first information 184 can comprise the at least one of status information or measurement information received from at least one of the second access node 120B or the UE 166.

[0199] Accordingly, in examples, the received first information 184 comprises at least one of the following: measurement information, status information, or a request to switch operation mode of the second access node 120B. In examples, at least one of the following: the measurement information comprises at least one of a data collection response message, a data collection update message, or a CSI measurement report, or the request to switch operation mode of the second access node 120B comprises a mode switch request, or a hybrid capacity cell (HC- Cell) mode switch request.

[0200] At block 210, method 200 comprises determining, based at least in part, on the received first information 184 an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0201] In examples, determining at block 210 takes into consideration at least one of load, number of active UEs, or UEs CSI reports.

[0202] In some examples, determining an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B from the set of operation modes comprises determining an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B from the set of operation modes based, at least in part, on at least one of the following: priority of UE data traffic, volume of UE data traffic, load of the coverage access node, predicted network traffic, position information of at least one UE, network energy saving mode prediction, or the number of UEs served by the first access node 120A.

[0203] In examples, high priority UE data traffic can indicate that the active mode for the second access node 120B should be selected, and lower priority UE data traffic can indicate that the reflecting mode, or inactive mode should be selected for the second access node 120B to, for example, save energy.

[0204] In examples, high volume of UE data traffic can indicate that the active mode for the second access node 120B should be selected, and lower volume of UE data traffic can indicate that the reflecting mode, or inactive mode should be selected for the second access node 120B.

[0205] In examples, high load of the first access node 120A can indicate that the active mode for the second access node 120B should be selected, and lower load of the first access node 120A can indicate that the reflecting mode, or inactive mode should be selected for the second access node 120B. Load at the second access node 120B can be treated similarly.

[0206] In some examples, load of the first access node 120A, for example physical resource block (PRB) occupancy, is the main parameter impacting the activation of the second access node 120B.

[0207] When load at the first access node 120A is low, the first access node 120A can, for example, deactivate the active mode at the second access node 120B and, for example, take over the communication with UEs 166 being served by the second access node 120B.

[0208] In examples, the contrary is also true, when the load at the first access node 120A is high the coverage cell can put the second access node 120B in the active mode and offload at least some of the UEs 166 served by the first access node 120A to the second access node 120B.

[0209] In examples, predicted network traffic can be considered predicted load for at least one of the first access node 120A or second access node 120B. The predicted network traffic can be based on at least one of heuristic / classical algorithm(s) or machine learning / artificial intelligence algorithm(s). Predicted load can be treated similarly to load.

[0210] In examples, position information of at least one UE 166 can be used in any suitable way. In examples, a high concentration of UEs 166 in one area can indicate that the active mode or reflecting mode should be selected for the second access node 120B and lower concentration of UEs 166 in one area can indicate that the inactive mode should be selected for the second access node 120B.

[0211] For example, if the rank of UEs 166 in the same area is low (multiple UEs in the same synchronization signal block (SSB)) the causing the second access node 120B to operate in the reflecting mode brings some gains, for example diversity. In some examples the number of UEs per SSB beam is a good candidate to impact whether or not to put the second access node 120B into the reflecting mode. For example, the number of UEs per SSB beam can be a good candidate to impact the threshold the decides whether to switch the second access node 120B from the inactive mode to the reflecting mode. For example, if load is low, but some UEs 166 (possibly close to the second access node 120B) are reporting poor channel quality, the first access node 120A can decide to active the reflecting mode at the second access node 120B to improve channel quality and potentially reduce transmission power at the UE 166 and first access node 120A.

[0212] In examples, network energy saving mode prediction can be made in any suitable way, using any suitable method. In some examples, network energy saving mode prediction can be based, at least in part, on at least one of the following: at least one traffic prediction model, number of connected UEs, position of UEs, and so on.

[0213] In examples, network energy saving mode prediction can be used to control in which operation mode 170 the second access node 120B is operating.

[0214] In examples, a high number of UEs 166 served by the first access node 120A can indicate that the active mode should be selected for the second access node 120B, and a lower number of UEs 166 served by the first access node 120A can indicate that the reflecting or inactive mode should be selected for the second access node 120B.

[0215] In examples, at least one threshold can be determined for any of the information / parameters and / or any combination of the information / parameters considered at block 210 with regard to determining an operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0216] For example, at least one threshold can be determined and a value for a parameter, such as load, or number of UEs served, compared to the at least one threshold to determine which operation mode 170 is indicated by the parameter. In examples, the threshold(s) can be determined in any suitable way. For example, at least one threshold can be specified in at least one technical specification. For example, at least one threshold can be defined by a network operator. For example, at least one threshold can be defined by an algorithm, such as a machine learning / artificial intelligence algorithm.

[0217] By way of example, reference is made to the example of FIG. 10.

[0218] FIG. 10 schematically illustrates use of thresholds 188 in determining a operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0219] In the example of FIG. 10, the second access node 120B is referred to as an HC- Cell, and an activation level of the second access node 120B increases from the bottom to top in the illustrated example.

[0220] In the example of FIG. 10, a first threshold 188A and a second threshold 188B are indicated. In the illustrated example, a value of a parameter, for example load of the first access node 120A, below the second threshold 188B indicates inactive mode for the second access node 120B, which is referred to as shutdown / sleep mode in the illustrated example.

[0221] A value above the second threshold 188B, but below the first threshold 188A, indicates the reflecting mode for the second access node 120B, which is indicated as RIS mode in the illustrated example.

[0222] A value above the first threshold 188A indicates the active mode for the second access node 120B, which is referred to as active transmission mode in the illustrated example.

[0223] In examples, the values can run differently in relation to the thresholds. For example, higher values (above second threshold 188B) of a parameter can indicate inactive mode, middle values of a parameter (between the two thresholds) can indicate reflecting mode, and low values of a parameter (lower than first threshold) can indicate active mode. In examples, any suitable number of thresholds can be used. For example, a single threshold can be used for at least one parameter to differentiate between an indication of active mode and an indication of low power mode (reflecting mode or inactive mode).

[0224] Returning to the example of FIG. 2, in examples determining an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from the set of operation modes comprises determining a present load of the first access node 120A, and comparing the determined present load of the first access node 120A against at least one threshold 188. See for example, Fig. 10.

[0225] An example of load definition in relation to specified thresholds is given in table 1.

[0226] Table 1

[0227] In examples, tables, such as the example of table 1, can be used to define thresholds. For example, table 1 can be used to determine loads representing empty load, low load, light load and so on.

[0228] In examples, the first access node 120A makes the final decision regarding the operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B and therefore the operation mode 170 determined at block 210 can be different to the operation mode indicated in the request 174 and / or the request 175. In examples, it can be determined at block 210 that no change of operation mode 170 at the second access node 120B is needed, and therefore, for example, no further action regarding mode change is presently needed.

[0229] At block 212, method 200 comprises transmitting a request 186 towards the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0230] Consequently, FIG. 2 illustrates a method 200 comprising: receiving first information 184; determining, based at least in part, on the received first information 184 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 186 towards the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0231] The request 186 can have any suitable form. For example, transmitting the request can comprise transmitting any suitable signal(s) and / or message(s). In some examples, transmitting a request towards the second access node 120B comprises transmitting an enhanced cell activation request message.

[0232] In examples, the Xn energy saving function can be used to implement the enhanced cell activation request signal. This function enables decreasing energy consumption by indication of cell activation / deactivation or SSB beam activation / deactivation over the Xn interface.

[0233] In examples, the enhanced cell activation request contains the legacy content of the cell activation request signal plus two bits to specify in what mode the second access node 120B is going to operate. An example is given in table 2. Legacy cell activation request signal Bit 1 | Bit 0 |

[0234] Table 2

[0235] From the point of view of the second access node 120B, block 212 comprises receiving, from a first access node 120A, a request 186 to operate in an operation mode 170, wherein the operation mode 170 is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0236] At block 214, method 200 comprises configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the operation mode 170.

[0237] Consequently, FIG. 2 illustrates a method 200 comprising: receiving, from a first access node 120A, a request 186 to operate in an operation mode 170, wherein the operation mode 170 is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the operation mode 170.

[0238] In examples, block 214 comprises configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the operation mode 170 indicated in the request 186 received from the first access node 120A.

[0239] In examples, block 214 comprises operating in the operation mode 170 indicated in the request 186 received from the first access node 120A. In examples, block 214 comprises changing operation mode of the second access node 120B to the operation mode 170 indicated in the request 186 received from the first access node 120A.

[0240] In some examples, configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node 120B to reflect received signals 176 in at least one controllable direction 178.

[0241] In some examples, configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node 120B to receive phase control information 180 from the first access node 120A and configuring at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received phase control information 180. See, for example, block 218.

[0242] In some examples, configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node 120B to operate as at least one of the following: at least one reconfigurable intelligent surface, at least one intelligent reflecting surface, at least one large intelligent surface, an array of reconfigurable reflecting antenna elements, or at least one dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA).

[0243] In examples, the second access node 120B is configurable to operate in any of the active mode, the reflecting mode, and the inactive mode.

[0244] In some examples, the second access node 120B is in the reflecting mode.

[0245] At block 216, method 200 comprises transmitting a response 194 towards the first access node 120A.

[0246] The response 194 can have any suitable form. For example, transmitting the response 194 can comprise transmitting any suitable signal(s) and / or message(s). In some examples, transmitting a response 194 towards the first access node 120A comprises transmitting cell activation response message. In examples, the purpose of the response 194 is to indicate to the first access node 120A the requested operation mode / configuration was fulfilled.

[0247] At block 218, method 200 comprises transmitting, while the second access node 120B is in the reflecting mode, phase control information 180 towards the second access node 120B to configure at least one reflecting surface at the second access node 120B.

[0248] From the point of view of the second access node 120B, block 218 comprises receiving, while in the reflecting mode, phase control information 180 from the first access node 120A.

[0249] In examples, the second access node 120B configures at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received phase control information 180. For example, the second access node 120B can configure a direction of reflection for signals received from the first access node 120A based, at least in part, on the received phase control information 180.

[0250] Consequently, in examples, from the point of view of the second access node 120B method 200 comprises: receiving, while in the reflecting mode, phase control information 180 from the first access node 120A, and configuring at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received phase control information 180.

[0251] The phase control information 180 can comprise any suitable information. For example, the phase control information 180 can comprise any suitable information to configure at least one reflecting surface at the second access node 120B.

[0252] In some examples, the phase control information 180 comprises an indication of a selected configuration of a number of configurations, for example a number of predetermined configurations. In some examples, the phase control information 180 comprises instructions on how to tune at least one element of a reflecting surface, such as a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), of the second access node 120B.

[0253] In some examples, the phase control information 180 comprises a set of instructions on how to tune the reflecting properties of the second access node 120B to improve the UE - first access node 120A link quality.

[0254] In examples, the second access node 120B can transmit a response towards the first access node 120A to confirm that the requested configuration was fulfilled.

[0255] In examples, the phase control information and response are procedures of Xn application protocol (XnAP). In examples, the purpose of the phase control information procedure is to provide phase control information to the second access node 120B operating as in the reflecting mode, for example operating as an RIS.

[0256] By way of example, reference is made to the example of FIG. 6.

[0257] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates configuration of a reflecting surface 181. In the illustrates example, the reflecting surface 181 comprises a reflecting intelligent surface (RIS).

[0258] In examples, the phase control information 180 is utilized to set the RIS reflection properties, such as the phase of the signals (for example, by tuning a controllable load connected to an antenna element).

[0259] In some examples, for simplicity, the RIS can be configured with a number of predefined configurations (codebook based). The pre-defined configurations can, for example, refer to multiple beams in different directions as shown in the example of Fig. 6.

[0260] Returning to the example of FIG. 2, in examples specialized hardware is provided at the second access node 120B. By way of example, reference is made to the example of FIG. 11. FIG. 11 schematically illustrates an example of specialized hardware at a second access node 120.

[0261] In the example of FIG. 11 , depending on the operation mode a controller can switch between active mode and reflecting, for example passive RIS, mode.

[0262] In examples, when the second access node 120B is operating in reflecting mode, most of the hardware can be turned off. The second access node 120B can be in deep sleep state and only phase control circuitry must be kept on as shown in the example of FIG. 11.

[0263] However, the RF chain (171) and baseband unit (169) are turned on when operating in active mode. More specifically, when transmitting data toward the UEs the second switch changes to the TX position, and, when the second access node 120B is actively receiving data from UEs, the first switch changes to the RX position.

[0264] In examples, at least one of active RIS and reflectarrays can be used.

[0265] Examples of the disclosure provide for power saving. By way of example, reference is made to the example of FIG. 12.

[0266] FIG. 12 illustrates a plot of number of elements of an RIS on the x-axis and power consumption of the kth wireless link on the y-axis.

[0267] Two lines are shown, a first line 1200 representing a second access node 120B operating in active mode and a second 1202 representing second access node 120B operating as RIS.

[0268] In the illustrated example, second access node 120B operating as RIS was computed using: And second access node 120B operating in active mode, micro sleep state (no transition time), was computed using:

[0269] Where:

[0270] 30 W.

[0271] It can be seen in the example of FIG. 12 that examples of the disclosure provide energy savings compared to legacy behavior.

[0272] Examples of the disclosure are advantageous and provide technical benefits.

[0273] For example, examples of the disclosure provide a reflecting state at a second access node and provide network energy saving while still improving radio propagation conditions between UE(s) and a first access node.

[0274] For example, examples of the disclosure provide for network energy saving while improving radio propagation conditions.

[0275] For example, examples of the disclosure provide for keeping a second access node, such as a capacity access node, in a low power / sleep state for longer.

[0276] For example, examples of the disclosure reduce or mitigate UE throughput loss, with minimal network power consumption, when a second access node, such as a capacity access node, is in a low power or sleep state

[0277] For example, examples of the disclosure provide for UE energy saving due to lower transmit power as a result of improved link quality provided by the reflecting mode.

[0278] FIG. 7 illustrates and example of a method 700. Method 700 can be performed by any suitable apparatus comprising any suitable means for performing method 700, for example an apparatus as described in relation to FIG. 15A and / or 15B.

[0279] In examples, method 700 can be performed by a terminal node 110, such as a UE 166, or by at least one control device configured to control the functioning thereof.

[0280] At block 702, method 700 comprises determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, or an inactive mode.

[0281] At block 704, method 700 comprises transmitting a request 174 towards at least one of a first access node 120A or the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0282] Consequently, FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 comprising: determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, or an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 174 towards at least one of a first access node 120A or the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0283] FIG. 8 illustrates and example of a method 800.

[0284] Method 800 can be performed by any suitable apparatus comprising any suitable means for performing method 800, for example an apparatus as described in relation to FIG. 15A and / or 15B.

[0285] In examples, method 800 can be performed by an access node 120, such as a first access node 120A, or by at least one control device configured to control the functioning thereof. At block 802, method 800 comprises receiving first information 184.

[0286] At block 804, method 800 comprises determining, based at least in part, on the received first information 184 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode.

[0287] At block 806, method 800 comprises transmitting a request 186 towards the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0288] Consequently, FIG. 8 illustrates a method 800 comprising: receiving first information 184; determining, based at least in part, on the received first information 184 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 186 towards the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0289] FIG. 9 illustrates and example of a method 900.

[0290] Method 900 can be performed by any suitable apparatus comprising any suitable means for performing method 900, for example an apparatus as described in relation to FIG. 15A and / or 15B.

[0291] In examples, method 900 can be performed by an access node 120, such as a second access node 120B, or by at least one control device configured to control the functioning thereof.

[0292] At block 902, method 900 comprises receiving, from a first access node 120A, a request 186 to operate in an operation mode 170, wherein the operation mode 170 is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode. At block 904, method 900 comprises configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the operation mode 170.

[0293] Consequently, FIG. 9 illustrates a method 900 comprising: receiving, from a first access node 120A, a request 186 to operate in an operation mode 170, wherein the operation mode 170 is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the operation mode 170.

[0294] Examples of the disclosure provide a new operation mode for capacity cells. The concept of hybrid capacity cell (HC-Cell) described herein, extends the legacy concept of capacity cells to distinct operational modes:

[0295] • Conventional capacity cell mode: at high to medium loads

[0296] • Passive RIS mode: at light to low loads

[0297] • Sleep mode: at low to no load

[0298] In examples, in the high-load scenarios, the HC-Cell would operate as a conventional capacity cell. In contrast, for light- / low- load scenarios, the hybrid cell could operate in two modes: 1) sleep mode, when the radio propagation conditions between the coverage cell and UEs are good, and 2) in ‘passive’ RIS mode when the radio propagation conditions between the coverage cell and UEs are poor.

[0299] In later case, in examples, the HC-cell would work reflecting the signals in desired directions and changing their phase to improve radio conditions towards UEs. This would improve power consumption by turning-off all active component of HC-Cell and reducing transmit power at the UE and the coverage cell, and thus, improve the overall network energy savings. See, for example, FIG. 5C.

[0300] Examples of the disclosure provide a new operation mode for capacity cells, whereby cell operate as ‘passive’ RIS and improve the radio propagation conditions between the capacity cell and UEs in low- / light-load scenarios. In examples, this operation mode requires new / modified antenna arrays to be able to transmit and reflect the signals using the same hardware.

[0301] To summarize, in examples, in high-load scenarios, the HC-Cell works in legacy active mode as a capacity cell, for example, offloading the UE from the coverage cell. On the other hand, when the load condition is low the HC-Cell could operate in passive mode, working as a RIS and reflecting the signals in desired directions to improve channel quality.

[0302] In examples, the provided HC-cell solution consists of three operational modes: active, RIS, and sleep. In the active mode, the HC-Cell operates as a standard capacity cell off-loading the coverage cell when the load is high, see, for example, FIG. 5A. When HC-Cell is turned off, all the operations are handled by the coverage cell, see, for example, FIG. 5B. In RIS operation mode (FIG. 5C), the HC-Cell assists the coverage cell improving the channel conditions. In this mode, the coverage cell sends data to the UEs through the direct (downlink) path and through the RIS path. The reverse link is also true, UEs send signals to the coverage cell through direct uplink and RIS paths.

[0303] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of signaling between entities. FIG. 13 also illustrates a method 1300. FIG. 13 is similar to the example of FIG. 2, and can therefore illustrate multiple methods performed by individual actors.

[0304] In the example of FIG. 13, the UE 166 is agnostic of the distinct operation modes of the HC-Cell. The coverage cell decides to switch HC-Cell modes based on its own information and data collected at the HC-Cell (when it is operating in active transmission / reception mode). A detailed signaling flow chart for enhanced deactivation of HC-Cell is presented in FIG. 13.

[0305] Block(s) represented by 1 . At a decreasing load condition, the coverage cell may trigger a data collection reporting to the HC-Cell to decide whether to keep it active or change the operation mode for NES (that is, operate HC-Cell on RIS mode or put it on deep sleep). Block(s) represented by 2. If the coverage cell decides on any change in the operation mode of the HC-Cell (decision policy described herein), it sends an Enhanced Cell Activation Request that contains the legacy content of signal + two bits to specify in what mode the HC-Cell is going to operate, as shown in Table 2.

[0306] Block(s) represented by 3. When the (passive) RIS or deep sleep modes are enabled, the UEs served by the HC-Cell need to be offloaded to the coverage cell. If the coverage cell decides to enable RIS mode, the HC-Cell starts reflecting the signals to improve the radio channel quality. Otherwise, if a smooth transition is not needed, the HC-cell can directly go from active to deep sleep mode. After mode switch, the HC-Cell sends a Cell Activation Response to the coverage cell to indicate whether the mode change was successful.

[0307] Block(s) represented by 4. When the HC-Cell is in RIS mode, the coverage cell computes the phase control shift coefficients for RIS and sends them to the HC-Cell via RIS Node Configuration signal.

[0308] Block(s) represented by 5. After receiving the RIS node configuration request from the coverage cell, the HC-Cell adjust the properties of the reflecting surface and sends back to the coverage cell a RIS Node Configuration Response indicating that the requested configuration was applied.

[0309] Block(s) represented by 6. If the load conditions are still low and the coverage cell does not see the need for link assistance through RIS mode, the coverage cell can decide if the HC-Cell stays on RIS mode or enter on deep sleep mode.

[0310] Block(s) represented by 7. If the coverage cell decides to put the HC-Cell in deep sleep mode, it sends an Enhanced Cell Activation Request. After switching to deep sleep mode, the HC-Cell sends a Cell Activation Response signal to indicate whether the mode change was successful.

[0311] Additionally, or alternatively, the UE could request to the serving cell a HC-Cell specific operation mode. In the end, the final decision on the operation mode of the HC-Cell would still be up to the coverage cell. However, this feature would allow the UE to request distinct HC-Cell modes, based on its own criteria. See, for example, FIG. 14.

[0312] FIG. 14 illustrates an example of signaling between entities. FIG. 14 also illustrates a method 1400. FIG. 14 is similar to the example of FIG. 2, and can therefore illustrate multiple methods performed by individual actors.

[0313] A detailed signaling flow chart for UE assisted enhanced deactivation of HC-Cell is presented in Fig. 9.

[0314] Block(s) represented by 1. When the UE connects to the serving cell there is some cell capability exchange (such that the UE knows whether the cell can operate as a HC-Cell).

[0315] Block(s) represented by 2. Based on the evaluation criteria chosen by the UE, the UE may evaluate the need for distinct mode and send an HC-Cell Mode Switch Request signal to the HC-Cell to indicate a desired operational mode for the HC-Cell. a. For instance, the UE could trigger HC-cell mode switch request considering the following, and the evaluation criteria at UE which could be: i. Current throughput is higher than the QoS requirements. ii. If the device is an energy harvesting device, it could trigger mode switch request when the current / expected energy level of the device is low. iii. Stationary UE based on past mobility pattern with low priority data using UL BSR.

[0316] Block(s) represented by 3. Upon receiving an HC-Cell Mode Switch Request signal and at low load condition, the HC-Cell may decide to change the operation mode for NES (that is, go to deep sleep or RIS mode).

[0317] Block(s) represented by 4. Next, the HC-Cell sends a Mode Switch Request signal to the coverage cell, requesting to switch to RIS mode. Block(s) represented by 5. The coverage cell will evaluate the current load and traffic prediction to make the final decision on whether to (and to which mode) change the operational mode of the HC-Cell.

[0318] Block(s) represented by 6. If the coverage cell decides on changing the operation mode of the HC-Cell, it sends an Enhanced Cell Activation Request to the HC-Cell.

[0319] Block(s) represented by 7. When the (passive) RIS or deep sleep modes are enabled, the UEs served by the HC-Cell need to be offloaded to the coverage cell. If the coverage cell decides to enable RIS mode, the HC-Cell starts reflecting the signals to improve the radio channel quality. Otherwise, if a smooth transition is not needed, the HC-cell can directly go from active to deep sleep mode. After mode switch, the HC-Cell sends a Cell Activation Response to the coverage cell to indicate whether the mode change was successful.

[0320] Block(s) represented by 8. When the HC-Cell is in RIS mode, the coverage cell computes the phase control shift coefficients for RIS and sends them to the HC-Cell via RIS Node Configuration signal.

[0321] Block(s) represented by 9. After receiving the RIS Node Configuration request from the coverage cell, the HC-Cell adjust the properties of the reflecting surface and sends back to the coverage cell a RIS Node Configuration Response indicating that the requested configuration was applied.

[0322] Block(s) represented by 10. Based on the evaluation criteria chosen by the UE, the UE may evaluate the need for distinct mode for the HC-Cell and send an HC-Cell Mode Switch Request signal to the coverage cell to indicate a desired operational mode for the HC-Cell.

[0323] Block(s) represented by11. Upon receiving an HC-Cell Mode Switch Request from the UE, if the load conditions are still low and the coverage cell does not see the need for link assistance through RIS mode, the coverage cell can decide to put the HC-Cell on deep sleep mode for NES. Block(s) represented by 12. Next, the coverage cell sends an Enhanced Cell Activation Request. After switching to deep sleep mode, the HC-Cell sends a Cell Activation Response signal to indicate whether the mode change was successful.

[0324] FIG. 15A illustrates an example of a block diagram of an apparatus 130. The apparatus 130 may be a controller of an apparatus or device such as a terminal node 110, for example a UE 166, or an access node 120. The apparatus 130 may be considered a controller or controller device.

[0325] Implementation of a controller 130 may be as controller circuitry. The controller 130 may be implemented in hardware alone, have certain aspects in software including firmware alone or can be a combination of hardware and software (including firmware).

[0326] As illustrated in Fig 15A the controller 130 may be implemented using instructions that enable hardware functionality, for example, by using executable instructions 136 in a general-purpose or special-purpose processor 132 that may be stored on a machine-readable storage medium (disk, memory etc.) to be executed by such a processor 132.

[0327] The processor 132 is configured to read from and write to the memory 134. The processor 132 may also comprise an output interface via which data and / or commands are output by the processor 132 and an input interface via which data and / or commands are input to the processor 132.

[0328] The memory 134 stores instructions, program, or code 136 that controls the operation of the apparatus 130 when loaded into the processor 132. The computer program instructions, program or code 136, provide the logic and routines that enables the apparatus 130 to perform the methods illustrated in the accompanying FIGs. The processor 132 by reading the memory 134 is configured to load and execute the instructions, program, or code 136.

[0329] The apparatus 130 comprises: at least one processor 132; and at least one memory 134 storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 132, cause the apparatus at least to: determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, or an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 174 towards at least one of a first access node 120A or the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0330] The apparatus 130 comprises: at least one processor 132; and at least one memory 134 storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 132, cause the apparatus at least to: receiving first information 184; determining, based at least in part, on the received first information 184 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 186 towards the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0331] The apparatus 130 comprises: at least one processor 132; and at least one memory 134 storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 132, cause the apparatus at least to: receiving, from a first access node 120A, a request 186 to operate in an operation mode 170, wherein the operation mode 170 is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the operation mode 170.

[0332] As illustrated in Fig 15A, the instructions, program, or code 136 may arrive at the apparatus 130 via any suitable delivery mechanism 162. The delivery mechanism 162 may be, for example, a machine readable medium, a computer-readable medium, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, a computer program product, a memory device, a record medium such as a Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD- ROM) or a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or a solid-state memory, an article of manufacture that comprises or tangibly embodies the computer program 136. The delivery mechanism may be a signal configured to reliably transfer the computer program 136. The apparatus 130 may propagate or transmit the computer program 136 as a computer data signal.

[0333] The term “non-transitory” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM).

[0334] Computer program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following or for performing at least the following: determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion 168 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, or an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 174 towards at least one of a first access node 120A or the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B.

[0335] Computer program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following or for performing at least the following: receiving first information 184; determining, based at least in part, on the received first information 184 an operation mode 170 for a second access node 120B from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request 186 towards the second access node 120B indicating the determined operation mode 170 for the second access node 120B. Computer program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following or for performing at least the following: receiving, from a first access node 120A, a request 186 to operate in an operation mode 170, wherein the operation mode 170 is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and configuring the second access node 120B to operate in the operation mode 170.

[0336] The computer program instructions may be comprised in a computer program, a non- transitory computer readable medium, a computer program product, a machine readable medium. In some but not necessarily all examples, the computer program instructions may be distributed over more than one computer program.

[0337] Although the memory 134 is illustrated as a single component / circuitry it may be implemented as one or more separate components / circuitry some or all of which may be integrated / removable and / or may provide permanent / semi-permanent / dynamic / cached storage.

[0338] In examples the memory 134 comprises a random-access memory 158 and a read only memory 160. In examples the computer program 136 can be stored in the read only memory 158. See, for example, Fig. 15B.

[0339] Although the processor 132 is illustrated as a single component / circuitry it may be implemented as one or more separate components / circuitry some or all of which may be integrated / removable. The processor 132 may be a single core or multi-core processor.

[0340] References to ‘computer-readable storage medium’, ‘computer program product’, ‘tangibly embodied computer program’ etc. or a ‘controller’, ‘computer’, ‘processor’ etc. should be understood to encompass not only computers having different architectures such as single / multi- processor architectures and sequential (Von Neumann) / parallel architectures but also specialized circuits such as field- programmable gate arrays (FPGA), application specific circuits (ASIC), signal processing devices and other processing circuitry. References to computer program, instructions, code etc. should be understood to encompass software for a programmable processor or firmware such as, for example, the programmable content of a hardware device whether instructions for a processor, or configuration settings for a fixed-function device, gate array or programmable logic device etc.

[0341] As used in this application, the term ‘circuitry’ may refer to one or more or all the following:

[0342] (a) hardware-only circuitry implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and

[0343] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable): i. a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and ii. any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory or memories that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions and

[0344] (c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (for example, firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

[0345] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the claim element, a baseband integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

[0346] The blocks illustrated in the accompanying Figs may represent steps in a method and / or sections of code in the computer program 136. The illustration of a particular order to the blocks does not necessarily imply that there is a required or preferred order for the blocks and the order and arrangement of the block may be varied. Furthermore, it may be possible for some blocks to be omitted. Where a structural feature has been described, it may be replaced by means for performing one or more of the functions of the structural feature whether that function or those functions are explicitly or implicitly described.

[0347] In examples, an apparatus can comprise means for performing one or more methods, or at least part of one or more methods, as disclosed herein.

[0348] In examples, an apparatus can be configured to perform one or more methods, or at least a part of one or more methods, as disclosed herein.

[0349] The above-described examples find application as enabling components of: automotive systems; telecommunication systems; electronic systems including consumer electronic products; distributed computing systems; media systems for generating or rendering media content including audio, visual and audio visual content and mixed, mediated, virtual and / or augmented reality; personal systems including personal health systems or personal fitness systems; navigation systems; user interfaces also known as human machine interfaces; networks including cellular, non-cellular, and optical networks; ad-hoc networks; the internet; the internet of things; virtualized networks; and related software and services.

[0350] The apparatus can be provided in an electronic device, for example, a mobile terminal, according to an example of the present disclosure. It should be understood, however, that a mobile terminal is merely illustrative of an electronic device that would benefit from examples of implementations of the present disclosure and, therefore, should not be taken to limit the scope of the present disclosure to the same. While in certain implementation examples, the apparatus can be provided in a mobile terminal, other types of electronic devices, such as, but not limited to: mobile communication devices, hand portable electronic devices, wearable computing devices, portable digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, mobile computers, desktop computers, televisions, gaming devices, laptop computers, cameras, video recorders, GPS devices and other types of electronic systems, can readily employ examples of the present disclosure. Furthermore, devices can readily employ examples of the present disclosure regardless of their intent to provide mobility. The term ‘comprise’ is used in this document with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning. That is any reference to X comprising Y indicates that X may comprise only one Y or may comprise more than one Y. If it is intended to use ‘comprise’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context by referring to ‘comprising only one...’ or by using ‘consisting.’

[0351] In this description, the wording ‘connect’, ‘couple’ and ‘communication’ and their derivatives mean operationally connected / coupled / in communication. It should be appreciated that any number or combination of intervening components can exist (including no intervening components), i.e. , to provide direct or indirect connection / coupling / communication. Any such intervening components can include hardware and / or software components.

[0352] As used herein, the term "determine / determining" (and grammatical variants thereof) can include, not least: calculating, computing, processing, deriving, measuring, investigating, identifying, looking up (for example, looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, "determining" can include receiving (for example, receiving information), accessing (for example, accessing data in a memory), obtaining and the like. Also, " determine / determining" can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.

[0353] In this description, reference has been made to various examples. The description of features or functions in relation to an example indicates that those features or functions are present in that example. The use of the term ‘example’ or ‘for example’ or ‘can’ or ‘may’ in the text denotes, whether explicitly stated or not, that such features or functions are present in at least the described example, whether described as an example or not, and that they can be, but are not necessarily, present in some of or all other examples. Thus ‘example’, ‘for example’, ‘can’, or ‘may’ refers to a particular instance in a class of examples. A property of the instance can be a property of only that instance or a property of the class or a property of a sub-class of the class that includes some but not all the instances in the class. It is therefore implicitly disclosed that a feature described with reference to one example but not with reference to another example, can where possible be used in that other example as part of a working combination but does not necessarily have to be used in that other example. As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0354] Although examples have been described in the preceding paragraphs with reference to various examples, it should be appreciated that modifications to the examples given can be made without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0355] Features described in the preceding description may be used in combinations other than the combinations explicitly described above.

[0356] Although functions have been described with reference to certain features, those functions may be performable by other features whether described or not.

[0357] The description of a feature, such as an apparatus or a component of an apparatus, configured to perform a function, or for performing a function, should additionally be considered to also disclose a method of performing that function. For example, description of an apparatus configured to perform one or more actions, or for performing one or more actions, should additionally be considered to disclose a method of performing those one or more actions with or without the apparatus.

[0358] Although features have been described with reference to certain examples, those features may also be present in other examples whether described or not.

[0359] The term ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ is used in this document with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning. That is any reference to X comprising a / an / the Y indicates that X may comprise only one Y or may comprise more than one Y unless the context clearly indicates the contrary. If it is intended to use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context. In some circumstances the use of ‘at least one’ or ‘one or more’ may be used to emphasis an inclusive meaning but the absence of these terms should not be taken to infer any exclusive meaning. The presence of a feature (or combination of features) in a claim is a reference to that feature or (combination of features) itself and to features that achieve substantially the same technical effect (equivalent features). The equivalent features include, for example, features that are variants and achieve substantially the same result in substantially the same way. The equivalent features include, for example, features that perform substantially the same function, in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result.

[0360] In this description, reference has been made to various examples using adjectives or adjectival phrases to describe characteristics of the examples. Such a description of a characteristic in relation to an example indicates that the characteristic is present in some examples exactly as described and is present in other examples substantially as described.

[0361] The above description describes some examples of the present disclosure however those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of possible alternative structures and method features which offer equivalent functionality to the specific examples of such structures and features described herein above and which for the sake of brevity and clarity have been omitted from the above description. Nonetheless, the above description should be read as implicitly including reference to such alternative structures and method features which provide equivalent functionality unless such alternative structures or method features are explicitly excluded in the above description of the examples of the present disclosure.

[0362] Whilst endeavoring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features believed to be of importance the Applicant may seek protection via the claims in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and / or shown in the drawings whether or not emphasis has been placed thereon. l / we claim:

Claims

57CLAIMS1. A user equipment, UE, comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE at least to perform: determining, based at least in part, on at least one evaluation criterion an operation mode for a second access node from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request towards at least one of a first access node or the second access node indicating the determined operation mode for the second access node.

2. A UE as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least one evaluation criterion comprises at least one of the following: preferred network energy saving mode; throughput; energy level of the UE; mobility of the UE; or priority of data to be transmitted by the UE.

3. A UE as claimed in claim 1 or 2, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE at least to perform: receiving at least one evaluation criterion; and determining, based at least in part, on at least one received evaluation criterion an operation mode for a second access node.

4. A UE as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein transmitting a request comprises transmitting a hybrid capacity cell, HC-Cell, mode switch request.

5. A UE as claimed in any preceding claim, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the UE at least to perform:58 receiving capability information of the second access node, wherein determining a desired operation mode for the second access node comprises determining, based at least in part, on the received capability information an operation mode for the second access node from the set of operation modes.

6. A UE as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein transmitting a request comprises transmitting a request towards the second access node while the UE is in connected mode with the second access node.

7. A first access node comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the access node at least to perform: receiving first information; determining, based at least in part, on the received first information an operation mode for a second access node from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and transmitting a request towards the second access node indicating the determined operation mode for the second access node.

8. A first access node as claimed in claim 7, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first access node at least to perform: transmitting, while the second access node is in the reflecting mode, phase control information towards the second access node to configure at least one reflecting surface at the second access node.

9. A first access node as claimed in claim 7 or 8, wherein the received first information comprises at least one of the following: measurement information; status information; or a request to switch operation mode of the second access node.5910. A first access node as claimed in claim 9, wherein at least one of the following: the measurement information comprises at least one of a data collection response message, a data collection update message, or a channel state information measurement report; or the request to switch operation mode of the second access node comprises a mode switch request message, or a hybrid capacity cell, HC-Cell, mode switch request.

11. A first access node as claimed in any of claims 7 to 10, wherein determining an operation mode for a second access node from the set of operation modes comprises determining an operation mode for a second access node from the set of operation modes based, at least in part, on at least one of the following: priority of user equipment, UE, data traffic; volume of user equipment, UE, data traffic; load of the first access node; predicted network traffic; position information of at least one user equipment; network energy saving mode prediction; or the number of UEs served by the first access node.

12. A first access node as claimed in any of claims 7 to 11 , wherein determining an operation mode for a second access node from the set of operation modes comprises determining a present load of the first access node, and comparing the determined present load of the first access node against at least one threshold.

13. A first access node as claimed in any of claims 7 to 12, wherein transmitting a request towards the second access node comprises transmitting an enhanced cell activation request message.

14. A second access node comprising: at least one processor; and60 at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second access node at least to perform: receiving, from a first access node, a request to operate in an operation mode, wherein the operation mode is determined from a set of operation modes, the set of operation modes comprising: an active mode, a reflecting mode, and an inactive mode; and configuring the second access node to operate in the operation mode.

15. A second access node as claimed in claim 14, wherein configuring the second access node to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node to reflect received signals in at least one controllable direction.

16. A second access node as claimed in claim 14 or 15, wherein configuring the second access node to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node to receive phase control information from the first access node and configuring at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on received phase control information.

17. A second access node as claimed in claim 14, 15, or 16, wherein configuring the second access node to operate in the reflecting mode comprises configuring the second access node to operate as at least one of the following: at least one reconfigurable intelligent surface; at least one intelligent reflecting surface; at least one large intelligent surface; an array of reconfigurable reflecting antenna elements; or at least one dynamic metasurface antenna (DMA).

18. A second access node as claimed in any of claims 14 to 17, wherein the second access node is configurable to operate in any of the active mode, the reflecting mode, and the inactive mode.

19. A second access node as claimed in any of claims 14 to 18, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second access node at least to perform:receiving, while in the reflecting mode, phase control information from the first access node; and configuring at least one reflecting surface based, at least in part, on the received phase control information.

20. A second access node as claimed in any of claims 14 to 19, the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second access node at least to perform: receiving, from a user equipment, a request indicating an operation mode for the second access node; determining based, at least in part, on the received request indicating an operation mode to change operation mode of the second access node; and transmitting a request to switch operation mode of the second access node towards a first access node.

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