Network device, terminal, and wireless communication method

Abstract

A network device according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives a request for inference execution using a terminal-side model from a terminal using a user plane; a control unit that executes inference on the basis of the request; and a transmission unit that reports the results of the inference.

Description

Network device, terminal, and wireless communication method 【0001】 The present disclosure relates to a network device, a terminal, and a wireless communication method in a next-generation mobile communication system. 【0002】 In a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified for the purpose of achieving a further high data rate, low latency, etc. (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, for the purpose of further increasing the capacity and sophistication of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9), LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified. 【0003】 Successor systems to LTE (for example, also referred to as 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+(plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later, etc.) are also being considered. 【0004】 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0, "Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)", April 2010 【0005】 In a wireless communication system, the use of Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) technology is being considered. For example, use cases using an AI / ML model include CSI feedback, beam management, terminal positioning (positioning), etc. 【0006】For specific use cases utilizing these AI / ML models (CSI feedback, beam management, and terminal positioning mentioned above), further extensions to apply them to RAN are needed. 【0007】 However, the regulations concerning these aspects are not sufficiently clear. Without this clarity, AI / ML technology may not be used properly, potentially impacting communication throughput and quality. 【0008】 Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide network equipment, terminals, and wireless communication methods that can improve communication throughput / quality. 【0009】 A network device according to one aspect of this disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives a request for inference execution using a terminal-side model from a terminal using a user plane, a control unit that performs inference based on the request, and a transmitting unit that reports the result of the inference. 【0010】 According to one aspect of this disclosure, communication throughput / quality can be improved. 【0011】Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of processing using an AI model. Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of an AI model (AI / ML model). Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an overall overview of the inference procedure of this disclosure. Figure 4 is an example of a sequence diagram showing phase #1 of procedure #1 of this disclosure. Figure 5 is an example of a sequence diagram showing phase #2 of procedure #1 of this disclosure. Figure 6 is an example of a sequence diagram showing procedure #2 of this disclosure. Figure 7 is an example of a sequence diagram showing phase #1 of procedure #3 of this disclosure. Figure 8 is an example of a sequence diagram showing phase #2 of procedure #3 of this disclosure. Figure 9 is an example of a sequence diagram showing procedure #4 of this disclosure. Figure 10 is a sequence diagram showing a procedure relating to modification #1 of this disclosure. Figure 11 is a diagram illustrating a flowchart of UE operation relating to modification #2 of this disclosure. Figure 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of the schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. Figure 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. Figure 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 15 shows an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 16 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. 【0012】 (AI Model) Regarding future wireless communication technology, the use of AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered. 【0013】 For example, AI technology is being considered for future wireless communication technologies to improve Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI) feedback (e.g., overhead reduction, improved accuracy, prediction), beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the spatiotemporal domain), and position measurement (e.g., improved position estimation / prediction). 【0014】In this disclosure, AI model information used in AI technology may mean information including at least one of the following: - Input / output information of the AI ​​model, - Pre-processing / post-processing information for the input / output of the AI ​​model, - Parameter information of the AI ​​model, - Training information for the AI ​​model, - Inference information for the AI ​​model, - Performance information regarding the AI ​​model. 【0015】 In this disclosure, the terms "AI model" and "AI / ML model" may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0016】 Here, the input / output information of the above AI model may include information about at least one of the following: • Content of the input / output data (e.g., RSRP, SINR, amplitude / phase information in the channel matrix (or precoding matrix), information about the angle of arrival (AoA), information about the angle of departure (AoD), position information), • Type of input / output data (e.g., immutable value, floating-point number), • Quantization interval (quantization step size) of the input / output data (e.g., 1 dBm for L1-RSRP), • Range of possible input / output data (e.g., [0, 1]). 【0017】 In this disclosure, AoA information may include information on at least one of the azimuth angle of arrival and the zenith angle of arrival (ZoA). Also, AoD information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angle of departure and the zenith angle of departure (ZoD). 【0018】In this disclosure, location information may be location information relating to a UE / NW. Location information may include at least one of the following: information obtained using a positioning system (e.g., satellite positioning system (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), etc.)) (e.g., latitude, longitude, altitude); information of a base station adjacent to (or serving) the UE (e.g., base station / cell identifier (ID), distance between BS and UE, direction / angle of BS(UE) as seen from UE(BS), coordinates of BS(UE) as seen from UE(BS) (e.g., X / Y / Z axis coordinates), etc.); and a specific address of the UE (e.g., Internet Protocol (IP) address). Location information of a UE is not limited to information based on the position of a BS, but may also be information based on a specific point. 【0019】 Location information may include information about its own implementation (for example, the location / position of the antenna, the location / position of the antenna panel, the number of antennas, the number of antenna panels, etc.). 【0020】 Location information may include mobility information. Mobility information may include information indicating the mobility type, information indicating the movement speed of the UE, the acceleration of the UE, and the direction of movement of the UE, or at least one of these. 【0021】 Here, the mobility type may be at least one of the following: fixed location UE, movable / moving UE, no mobility UE, low mobility UE, middle mobility UE, high mobility UE, cell-edge UE, not-cell-edge UE, etc. 【0022】The pre-processing / post-processing information for the input / output of the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: whether or not to apply normalization (e.g., Z-score normalization (standardization), min-max normalization); parameters for normalization (e.g., mean / variance for Z-score normalization, minimum / maximum value for min-max normalization); whether or not to apply a specific numerical transformation method (e.g., one-hot encoding, label encoding, etc.); and selection rules for whether or not to use the data as training data. 【0023】 Figure 1 shows an example of processing using an AI model. For example, Z-score normalization (x) is performed as a preprocessing step for input information x (Original input values). ｎｅｗ Normalized input information x = (x - μ) / σ, where μ is the mean of x and σ is the standard deviation. ｎｅｗ (Normalized input values) can also be input to the AI ​​model, and the output y from the AI ​​model is ｏｕｔ The output values ​​may be post-processed to obtain the final output y (post-processed output values). 【0024】 The parameter information of the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: • Weight information in the AI ​​model (e.g., neuron coefficients (connection coefficients)), • Structure of the AI ​​model, • Type of AI model as a model component (e.g., Residual Network (ResNet), DenseNet, RefineNet, Transformer model, CRBlock, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)), • Function of the AI ​​model as a model component (e.g., decoder, encoder). 【0025】 The weight information in the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: • the bit width (size) of the weight information, • the quantization interval of the weight information, • the range of possible weights, • the weight parameters in the AI ​​model, • the difference from the AI ​​model before the update (if updated), • the weight initialization method (e.g., zero initialization, random initialization (based on normal distribution / uniform distribution / truncated normal distribution), Xavier initialization (for sigmoid function), He initialization (for Rectified Linear Units (ReLU))). 【0026】 Furthermore, the structure of the AI ​​model described above may include information on at least one of the following: • Number of layers, • Layer types (e.g., convolutional layer, activation layer, dense layer, normalization layer, pooling layer, attention layer), • Layer information, • Time-series specific parameters (e.g., bidirectionality, time step), • Parameters for training (e.g., Type of function (L2 regularization, dropout function, etc.), where (e.g., after which layer) to place this function). 【0027】 The above layer information may include information on at least one of the following: • Number of neurons in each layer, • Kernel size, • Stride for pooling / convolutional layers, • Pooling method (MaxPooling, AveragePooling, etc.), • Residual block information, • Number of heads, • Normalization method (batch normalization, instance normalization, layer normalization, etc.), • Activation function (sigmoid, tanh function, ReLU, leaky ReLU information, Maxout, Softmax). 【0028】Figure 2 shows an example of an AI model (AI / ML model). This example shows an AI model that includes Model Component #1, ResNet, Model Component #2, a Transformer Model, a Dense Layer, and a Normalization Layer. Thus, one AI model may be included as a component of another AI model. Note that Figure 2 may also show an AI model where processing proceeds from left to right. 【0029】 The training information for the above AI model may include information on at least one of the following: • Information on the optimization algorithm (e.g., type of optimization (Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)), AdaGrad, Adam, etc.), optimization parameters (learning rate, momentum information, etc.), • Information on the loss function (e.g., information on metrics of the loss function (Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Square Error (MSE), cross-entropy loss, NLLLoss, KL divergence, etc.)), • Parameters to be frozen for training (e.g., layers, weights), • Parameters to be updated (e.g., layers, weights), • Parameters that should be initial parameters for training (to be used as initial parameters) (e.g., layers, weights), • How to train / update the AI ​​model (e.g., (recommended) number of epochs, batch size, number of data to use for training). 【0030】 The inference information for the above AI model may include information regarding decision tree branch pruning, parameter quantization, and other related matters. 【0031】 The performance information relating to the above AI model may include information regarding the expected value of the loss function defined for the AI ​​model. 【0032】AI model information relating to a specific AI model may be predetermined in the standard, or it may be notified to the UE from the Network (NW). An AI model defined in the standard may be called a reference AI model. AI model information relating to a reference AI model may be called reference AI model information. 【0033】 Furthermore, the AI ​​model information in this disclosure may include an index for identifying the AI ​​model (for example, which may be called an AI model index). The AI ​​model information in this disclosure may include an AI model index in addition to / instead of the above-mentioned input / output information of the AI ​​model. The association between the AI ​​model index and the AI ​​model information (for example, input / output information of the AI ​​model) may be predetermined in the standard or notified from the network to the user architecture. 【0034】 (Analysis) The use of Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) technology in wireless communication systems is being considered. 【0035】 For specific use cases utilizing these AI / ML models (CSI feedback, beam management, and terminal positioning mentioned above), further extensions to apply them to RAN are needed. 【0036】 In such AI / ML-based solutions, an air interface can be used to connect the UE to the network. 【0037】 To optimize the performance of the air interface, it is expected that not only base stations but also UEs will utilize AI / ML models. 【0038】 In each of the use cases described above, the UE needs the output of an AI / ML model to make decisions. 【0039】 However, not all UEs can always perform model inference. For example, in the following cases, it is expected that a UE may not be able to perform model inference. 【0040】- The UE does not have sufficient hardware functions / resources to save and execute the model. - The UE does not have sufficient battery / power to execute the model [inference] at the current time. - The UE does not have sufficient resources to execute the model [inference] (for example, in the case where the UE is maximizing the use of the GPU in image processing). 【0041】 Thus, it is necessary to consider a method of providing an AI / ML-based solution when the UE cannot execute model inference by itself. 【0042】 However, various regulations for realizing these are not sufficiently clear. If these are not clear, it may be impossible to realize an AI / ML-based solution and there is a risk of affecting the communication throughput / quality. 【0043】 Therefore, the inventors focused on having other entities execute the inference when the UE cannot execute model inference by itself, and conceived the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. 【0044】 Hereinafter, embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The wireless communication methods according to the respective embodiments may be applied individually or in combination. 【0045】 (Various readings) In the present disclosure, the words enclosed by “( )” in the text may indicate an explanation (for example, a spelling explanation), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. for the immediately preceding words. Also, in the present disclosure, the words enclosed by “[ ]” in the text may be interpreted as the meaning of the entire text including this, or the meaning of the entire text may be interpreted without including this (ignoring it). Note that “( )” and “[ ]” may be used for other purposes / meanings. 【0046】 In the present disclosure, “A / B” and “at least one of A and B” may be read as each other. Also, in the present disclosure, “A / B / C” may mean “at least one of A, B, and C”. 【0047】In this disclosure, terms such as notice, activate, deactivate, indicate (or specify), select, configure, update, and determine may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and capable of operating may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0048】 In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-layer parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control elements (MAC Control Elements (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0049】 In this disclosure, the upper layer signaling may be any or a combination thereof, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, and other messages (e.g., messages from the core network, such as positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages). 【0050】In this disclosure, MAC signaling may include, for example, MAC Control Elements (MAC CEs) and MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Broadcast information may include, for example, Master Information Blocks (MIBs), System Information Blocks (SIBs), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSIs), and Other System Information (OSIs). 【0051】 In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI). 【0052】 In this disclosure, terms such as drop, suspend, cancel, puncture, rate match, postpone, and not send may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0053】 In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be interpreted interchangeably. Furthermore, in this disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0054】 In this disclosure, positioning may be interpreted interchangeably with location determination, location estimation, location prediction, etc. In this disclosure, KPI (Key Performance Indicator) and performance metrics may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, performance metrics calculation, model monitoring, and performance monitoring may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0055】In the following embodiments, the relevant entities are not limited to UEs / gNBs, as they are used to describe AI models relating to communication between UEs / gNBs / other NFs. For example, for communication between other entities (e.g., UE-UE communication), the UEs / gNBs in the embodiments below may be replaced with a first UE, a second UE, a third, and so on. In other words, any UE / gNB in ​​this disclosure may be replaced with any other UE / gNB. Furthermore, NW / base station (BS) / gNB / TRP may be interchangeable with each other. 【0056】 In this disclosure, antenna ports, subbands, angles, and delays may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, NW, base stations, gNB, RAN, and any NF / entity may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0057】 In this disclosure, terms such as encoder, encoding, encoding / encoded, modification / change / control by an encoder, compression, compression / compressed, generating, and generated / generated may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0058】 In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, slot, subslot, symbol, subframe, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0059】 In this disclosure, information elements (IE) and [upper layer] parameters may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, transmission and reporting may be interpreted interchangeably. Path and additional paths may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0060】 This disclosure is applicable to any use case of utilizing the AI ​​model (e.g., CSI feedback, beam management, terminal positioning). 【0061】 In this disclosure, NW / NF may mean functions / devices (which may also be called network functions / devices) that are implemented inside or outside the core network. 【0062】In this disclosure, UE, gNB, RAN, other network functions (NFs), and specific entities (sources) may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0063】 In this disclosure, NF may include, for example, at least one of the following: • Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) (e.g., a function for analyzing network data). • User Equipment (UE) (e.g., a function for user access to network services via a wireless interface). • (Radio) Access Network ((R)AN) (e.g., a function for providing a wireless access network). • Application Function (AF) (e.g., a function for realizing an application server outside the 5G Core Network (5GC)). • Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) (e.g., a function for managing UE registration, location, etc.). • Model Training Function (MTF) (e.g., a function for model training). • Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM) (e.g., a function for providing means for maintenance and operation management). • Network Exposure Function (NEF) (e.g., a function for providing an application interface for 5GC NF services to the outside). • Network Repository Function (NRF) (for example, a function to register services (NF services) for each network function). 【0064】 For example, MTF is an entity that performs model training and may be implemented by NWDAF or other NF / entities (e.g., AF / OAM). 【0065】 For example, the inference entities (NFs) of this disclosure may be realized by the aforementioned / other arbitrary NFs. 【0066】It should be noted that these are merely examples, and it is understood that other non-funding factors are also covered in this disclosure. 【0067】 The NF (e.g., MTF) in this disclosure can be interpreted as any NF as described above. In other words, terms related to 5G / 6G in this disclosure can be interpreted as terms of other technologies / systems. Furthermore, when such interpretations are made, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that, for example, NF can be interpreted as having a similar function (or a device having a similar function) to the 5G / 6G NF. 【0068】 For example, AMF may refer to an entity that processes NAS (Non-Access Stratum) messages to / from a UE. 【0069】 SMF (Session Management Function) can be defined as an entity responsible for session management and policy control. 【0070】 A UPF (User Plane Function) can refer to an entity that processes user plane messages to / from a UE. 【0071】 NRF can refer to the entity responsible for registering and discovering network functions / services within a CN / system. 【0072】 In this disclosure, NF, entity, vendor, server, and client may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0073】 In this disclosure, services, procedures, and steps may be interpreted as interchangeable. 【0074】 In this disclosure, NF service, NF profile, and service operation may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0075】(Wireless Communication Method) Embodiments of this disclosure can be broadly classified as follows: • 0th Embodiment: Overall outline of the inference procedure. • 1st Embodiment: Procedure #1 (Discovery of inference entities). • 2nd Embodiment: Procedure #2 (Request for inference). • 3rd Embodiment: Procedure #3 (Inference setup / Acquisition of inference data). • 4th Embodiment: Procedure #4 (Acquisition of model). • Modifications. 【0076】 The following describes each embodiment based on these. Each embodiment / option may be applied individually or in combination with others. 【0077】 UE / NW (gNB / other NF) may perform model inference and related operations (measurement / prediction / reporting / transmission / reception) by applying the embodiments shown below. 【0078】 The UE / NW (gNB) may receive various settings for inference (including the dataset related to inference). Furthermore, the UE / NW (gNB) may report / transmit (feed back) the corresponding inference results to the NW (other NF). 【0079】 The network (gNB / other network) may send various settings for inference to the user audience (UE / gNB). Furthermore, the network may receive the corresponding inference results (reports) from the user audience (UE / gNB). 【0080】 A UE / NW (gNB / other NF) may control various inference operations (sending and receiving related information) by applying the embodiments of this disclosure and the various provisions described above. Furthermore, a UE / NW (gNB / other NF) may perform information exchange among multiple entities to realize these various operations. 【0081】 Each embodiment of this disclosure clarifies the network-assisted inference procedure using the UE-side model. This makes it possible to achieve appropriate inference (prediction, etc.) in any use case utilizing AI / ML technology. As a result, improvements in communication throughput and quality can be expected. 【0082】 <Embodiment 0> Embodiment 0 relates to an overall outline of the inference procedure. 【0083】 In this disclosure, UE does not have to be an entity that performs model training for the following reasons: 【0084】 - Model training requires significant computing resources, which are typically unavailable to the User Engineer (UE). - Model training requires significant training data, which is typically unavailable to the UE. - When multiple UEs train the same model for the same use case, there is a concern that resources will be wasted unnecessarily. 【0085】 In this disclosure, it may be assumed that entities capable of training the UE-side model exist within the network. 【0086】 The entity collects training data and trains a model (performs model training). Furthermore, the entity stores the model. The trained model may be used for specific purposes (e.g., inference, retraining, etc.). 【0087】 The model may be identified by a standardized ID (e.g., a model ID). This ID allows the model to be recognized by other entities in the system, including the User Entities (UEs). 【0088】 Any entity (any NF) is accessible by other entities in the network. For example, an entity may be registered with an NRF and discovered / selected by other NFs. 【0089】 Based on the above, the reasoning procedure of this disclosure will be explained below. Figure 3 is a diagram showing an overview of the reasoning procedure of this disclosure. 【0090】 This disclosure illustrates a set of steps in which, instead of the UE itself performing model inference, another entity performs model inference at the request of the UE and reports the results (inference results). 【0091】 The inference procedure described herein may also be referred to as network-assisted inference using a UE-side model. 【0092】As shown in Figure 3, the inference procedure of this disclosure may include the following steps: • Step #1 (Discovery / Exploration / Selection of Inference Execution Entities). • Step #2 (Request for Inference Results). • Step #3 (Acquisition of Inference Data). • Step #4 (Acquisition of Model). • Step #5 (Initiation of Model / Execution of Model Inference). • Step #6 (Reporting of Inference Results). 【0093】 In step #1, an entity (e.g., a UE) may perform discovery / search and select procedures for other entities on which it can perform inference. 【0094】 In this case, the UE, that is, an entity that cannot perform inference on its own, may be called an inference requesting entity, inference requester, etc. The entities that are discovered / explored / selected may also be called inferring entities, inference execution entities, inference performers, etc. 【0095】 In step #2, the inference request entity may send inference requests to the discovery / exploration / selected inference entities. These requests may include requests to perform inference, requests to report / provide inference results, etc. 【0096】 In step #3, the inference entity may obtain the information necessary to perform the inference [from the network (e.g., the UE)]. This information may also be called inference data, inference-related information, etc. This information may also be included in the request in step #2. 【0097】 In step #4, the inference entity may obtain a model for use in inference [from the network (e.g., the UE)]. Information about the model may be obtained in step #2 or step #3. 【0098】 In step #5, the inference entity may launch the corresponding model and use that model to perform inference. 【0099】In step #6, the inference entity may generate information about the inference result for reporting. The inference entity may provide / report / transmit the inference result to a specific entity. 【0100】 The specific entity in question may be called an inference consumer. An inference consumer is an entity that can utilize the inference results and may be the inference request entity (e.g., UE) described above. In other words, the inference consumer and the inference request entity (inference requester) may be the same entity or different entities. 【0101】 According to this embodiment, a series of steps / procedures related to network-supported inference using the UE-side model become clear. 【0102】 <First Embodiment> The first embodiment relates to procedure #1 (discovery of inferred entities). 【0103】 Procedure #1 related to the discovery / exploration of inference entities may include phases #1 and #2 described later. Phase #1 may include processes / steps related to the registration of NFs. Phase #2 may include processes / steps related to the discovery / exploration of inference entities. 【0104】 <<Registration Procedure>> The registration procedure may refer to the procedure for registering the service operations that the inference NF supports (applies to / wants to perform). Figure 4 is an example sequence diagram showing Phase #1 of Procedure #1 (i.e., the registration procedure) of Procedure #1 of this disclosure. 【0105】 In Phase #1 of Procedure #1, the Inference Entity (NF) registers an NF profile (NF service / service operation) with the NRF. 【0106】 Existing procedures / services may be applied to the registration procedure and service operation. 【0107】For example, an inference entity (NF) may use an existing NRF service operation (Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister) to request that the corresponding capability be registered in the NF profile. 【0108】 Specifically, first, as shown in Phase #1 of Figure 4, the inference entity sends profile information (Nnrf_NFManagement_NFRegister) regarding the registration request to the NRF (Step #1). The profile information may also be called the NF profile, service operation, etc. 【0109】 The NRF receives the profile information and stores / retains the received profile information (step #2). 【0110】 Furthermore, the NRF sends / replies to the inference entity with a response to the receipt of the profile information (step #3). For example, the NRF may include in the response information on whether the corresponding service operation can be performed (or registered) (whether it was successful). 【0111】 <<Capability Information of Inference Entity>> In the profile information described above, new parameters indicating the capability of the inference entity may be introduced. That is, the profile information may include the following parameters (which may also be called capability information, model information supported for inference, etc.). Model information supported for inference means a list of model information supported by the inference entity and may include at least one of the following information [list]. 【0112】 (Model ID [list]) A model ID may consist of a model parameter ID and a model structure ID. Each model is identified by a unique ID. If multiple versions (updates / training history, etc.) exist for a given model, information about those versions may also be included in the model ID as information for identifying the model. 【0113】(Model training data information) Model training data information is information about the data used to train the model, and may include date, location, sample size, statistics of the data distribution, etc. 【0114】 (Model performance information) Model performance information refers to information about the model's performance, and may include, for example, the accuracy of inference. 【0115】 (List of supported UE types) This list may include a list of UE types supported by the model (which may also be simply called UE information). This is because different UE types are expected to have different input data provided for training / inference of the model. 【0116】 (List of Serving Areas) This list may include a list of serving areas for the UE / model. This is because the characteristics of the model are expected to differ depending on the serving area (for example, between urban and rural areas). In other words, the model may be customized for a specific area (depending on the area). 【0117】 (List of service time periods) This list may include a list of serving time periods for the UE / model. This is because different serving time periods are expected to have different network / channel characteristics. In other words, the model may be customized (depending on the time period) for specific time periods (e.g., only during nighttime hours). 【0118】 (Inference Performance Information) Inference performance may include a list of information regarding inference performance, latency, and throughput. This information may include, for example, the following: • Expected inference time and mean / variance of inference latency for each supported model. • Guaranteed maximum inference time for each supported model. 【0119】 <<Discovery Procedure>> The discovery procedure may refer to the procedure for discovering an inferred entity (NF). Figure 5 is an example of a sequence diagram showing phase #2 of procedure #1 of this disclosure. 【0120】 In phase #2 of procedure #1, the inference request entity (e.g., UE) may discover and select the inference entity. Alternatively, the AMF may use an existing procedure / service [operation] to discover the inference entity on behalf of the UE (perform the discovery of the inference entity). 【0121】 A new NAS message may be introduced for the UE to request the AMF to discover an inference entity. This new NAS message may be a message that triggers the AMF to discover the inference entity. 【0122】 The message may include criteria for selecting inference entities as information regarding the discovery of inference entities. These criteria may represent a subset of the capabilities of inference entities that have desired / preferred values ​​(e.g., a specific model ID, a specific time / location, etc.). 【0123】 As shown in Figure 5, the UE may first use a new NAS message (NAS request message) to send parameters related to the discovery request (information about the discovery of inference entities) to the AMF (Step #1). 【0124】 As mentioned above, new NAS messages may include information / parameters regarding the selection criteria for inference entities. 【0125】 The AMF processes the request and extracts the selection criteria for the inference entities. These selection criteria may be used as input parameters for an NF discovery request to the NRF (Nnrf_NFDiscovery request). That is, the AMF may send input parameters containing the selection criteria for the inference entities to the NRF (step #2). 【0126】 The NRF may discover / select appropriate inference entities based on the selection criteria (Step #3). Specifically, the NRF discovers a list of inference entities whose NF profile (see Phase #1) matches the provided selection criteria. 【0127】The NRF may send / return to the AMF a list of the inference entities it has found as a response to the input parameters (step #4). A Service Based Architecture (SBA) message may be used as this response message. That is, the SBA message may include a list of the inference entities it has found. 【0128】 The AMF may encapsulate the list of inference entities in the response message (SBA message) received from the NRF and send / return it to the UE as a response to the NAS message (NAS response message) (step #5). That is, the response may include a list of discovered inference entities. 【0129】 The procedure described above illustrates, but is not limited to, the transmission of an inference entity discovery request from the UE to the NRF via the AMF. The UE may also transmit an inference entity discovery request directly to the NRF. 【0130】 Similarly, the procedure described above illustrates, but is not limited to, the transmission of a list of inferred entities discovered by the NRF (response to discovery requests) to the UE via the AMF. The NRF may also directly transmit / return a list of discovered inferred entities (response to discovery requests) to the UE. 【0131】 According to this embodiment, a series of steps related to the discovery of inferred entities become clear. 【0132】 <Second Embodiment> The second embodiment relates to procedure #2 (request for inference). 【0133】 This disclosure describes the procedure for making an inference request using the user plane (UP). 【0134】 <<Inference Request Procedure>> The inference request procedure may mean the procedure for an inference requesting entity (e.g., UE) to request an inference [execution] from an inference entity. Figure 6 is an example of a sequence diagram showing procedure #2 of this disclosure. 【0135】Step #2 demonstrates an example where a UE uses user plane signaling to request inference from an inference entity (NF). 【0136】 For example, a UE may request a dedicated Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session for inference. In such a request, the target Data Network Name (DNN) may mean the ID / IP of the inference entity. 【0137】 Based on the request, the SMF may configure the UPF. The UPF creates / establishes a UP tunnel to the inference entity. The UE sends an inference request to the UPF via a PDU session. The UPF uses the created / established UP tunnel to send the inference request to the inference entity. 【0138】 The inference request may include certain content as information regarding the execution of the inference. This specified content will be described later. 【0139】 In this disclosure, the procedure for establishing a PDU session may follow existing specifications. Therefore, related procedures (e.g., the interrelationship between UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and PCF (Policy Control Function)) may be omitted as appropriate. PCF may refer to a function that controls policies. 【0140】 As shown in Figure 6, the UE may first send a request to the AMF to establish a PDU session using a NAS message (NAS request message) (Step #1). This message may include information about the DNN indicating the ID / IP of the inference entity. For example, in this message, the target DNN of the PDU session may be set to the ID / IP of a previously discovered inference entity. 【0141】The AMF may use messages relating to existing PDU sessions (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext or Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext) to request the SMF to create / update the UE context (step #2). That is, the AMF may send a message to the SMF containing a request for creating / updating the UE context (e.g., information about the DNN indicating the ID / IP of the inference entity). 【0142】 In step #2, the AMF may determine the DNN selection mode. This mode may indicate that an explicitly subscribed DNN (i.e., the ID / IP of the inference entity) is provided in the UE's PDU session establishment request. 【0143】 After successfully authenticating / authorizing the request from the UE and [considering the policies provided by the PCF], the SMF may select an appropriate UPF and establish / modify an N4 session with that UPF (Step #3). 【0144】 In this request, SMF may instruct UPF to do the following two things: • Create a UP tunnel (IP tunnel) to the inference entity. • Install a Forwarding Action Rule (FAR) to forward packets from the UE to the inference entity via the UP tunnel. 【0145】 In the instruction, the SMF may send to the UPF information including UE information and information indicating that the target of the UP tunnel is an inference entity [its ID / IP]. 【0146】 Based on the instructions received from the SMF, the UPF may create a UP tunnel to the inference entity and install the appropriate FAR (Step #4). 【0147】 UPF may report / notify SMF that the necessary configurations have been completed (Step #5). 【0148】The SMF may, in response to a request [regarding the creation / update of the UE context], report / send the result of the request (i.e., that the necessary configuration has been completed) to the AMF (Step #6). 【0149】 The AMF may send a response to the UE regarding the NAS message (step #7). In this response, the AMF may notify that the PDU session has been established and is available. 【0150】 The UE may send an inference request to the UPF via the established PDU session (step #8A). The inference request may be included in a user plane packet. 【0151】 UPF may process the request and extract data (inference request) according to the installed FAR. Furthermore, UPF may send the inference request to the inference entity via the UP tunnel (step #8B). 【0152】 An inference entity may prepare / start a model (step #9). Specifically, an inference entity may prepare / start a model based on an inference request it has received. 【0153】 Furthermore, the inference entity may use the model (the input data included in the inference request) to perform inference and obtain the inference result (step #9). 【0154】 The inference entity may send / return the inference result to the UPMF as a response to the input data (inference request) (step #10A). The UPMF may send / transfer the inference result to the UE via the PDU session (step #10B). 【0155】 Furthermore, step #9 of procedure #2 in the second embodiment may correspond to step #5 (model startup / model inference execution) in the first embodiment. Also, steps #10A and #10B of procedure #2 in the second embodiment may correspond to step #6 (reporting inference results) in the first embodiment. In other words, procedure #2 shown in Figure 6 may include steps #2, #5, and #6 in the first embodiment. 【0156】<<Content of the inference request (information about inference execution)>> The following can be exemplified as the predetermined content described above. An inference request (new NAS message) may include at least one of the following pieces of information [list]. 【0157】 (List of Model IDs) The Model ID may indicate the ID of the model used for inference. The Model ID may consist of a Model Parameter ID and a Model Structure ID. Each model is identified by a unique ID. 【0158】 (Model Version) The model version may indicate the version of a particular model. If multiple versions (update / training history, etc.) exist for a particular model, information regarding those versions may also be included in the specified content as information for identifying the model. This information may be optional. 【0159】 (Input data) Input data may refer to the input data necessary for performing inference. 【0160】 (Inference Type) The inference type may indicate the type of inference (e.g., classification, regression). If the model supports different types of inference, this parameter (inference type) may specify the desired / preferred type. This information may be optional. 【0161】 (Confidence threshold) The confidence threshold may indicate the confidence level of the model. For example, if the UE requires a specific level of confidence for a model, this parameter (confidence threshold) may specify the corresponding level of confidence for the model. This information may be optional. 【0162】 (Batch size) The batch size may indicate the size of multiple input data. If multiple input data can be used as a batch for inference, this parameter (batch size) may specify the size of the input data. 【0163】When multiple input data are used, the inference result for each input, or the mean / median / maximum / minimum of the inference results for multiple input data, may be requested (or requested by the UE) as feedback to the inference consumer (e.g., UE). This information may be optional. 【0164】 According to this embodiment, the series of steps related to the inference request become clear. 【0165】 <Third Embodiment> The third embodiment relates to procedure #3 (inference settings / acquisition of inference data). 【0166】 In the third embodiment, the procedure for setting up inference and acquiring inference data using the control plane (CP) / user plane (UP) will be described. 【0167】 In this disclosure, the inference settings, inference data, and information regarding the execution of inference may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0168】 <<Procedure for obtaining information about inference execution>> The procedure for obtaining information about inference execution may refer to the procedure for an inference entity to obtain information about inference execution. 【0169】 If a UE requires multiple (many) inferences [results] using the same model, requesting / sending the same information about the model for each inference / request is undesirable from a communication overhead standpoint. 【0170】 Therefore, information regarding inference execution can be divided into the following two parts: • Inference settings. • Inference data. 【0171】 The inference settings may include at least one of the following pieces of information. Unless otherwise specified, the description / definition of each piece of information may mean the same thing as the information described above. • UE ID (an ID for identifying a UE). • Model ID. • Model version (optional). • Inference type (optional). • Confidence threshold (optional). • Batch size (optional). 【0172】 Inference data may refer to the input data for the model used to perform inference. 【0173】 Of the two parts described above, the inference settings may be transmitted only once, for example, using the control plane. The inference data may be transmitted for each request / inference using the user plane. 【0174】 More specifically, the inference settings may be transmitted using the control plane (Phase #1), and the inference data may be transmitted using the user plane (Phase #2). Or, the reverse may also be true. 【0175】 Alternatively, both the inference settings and the inference data may be transmitted using the same plane (control plane or user plane). 【0176】 In this disclosure, inference settings and inference data are transmitted using different planes (control plane / user plane). More specifically, by using the user plane to transmit inference data, it is possible to reduce control plane signaling in the core network. 【0177】 In this disclosure, the terms "control plane" and "user plane" may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0178】 In this disclosure, the two parts of information relating to inference execution (inference settings / inference data) may be obtained within the same procedure, or they may be obtained by separate (different) procedures. 【0179】 <<Procedure for obtaining inference settings (Phase #1)>> The UE may send the desired / preferred inference settings to the inference entity via the control plane (i.e., AMF). The inference entity may configure the model and make it starter based on the request from the UE. 【0180】 Furthermore, the inference entity may send / return a correlation ID to the UE via the control plane as a response to the request. This correlation ID may be used by the UE for further inference. 【0181】Step #3 shows an example of how a UE uses control plane signaling to request an inference entity (NF) to retrieve inference settings. For example, control plane signaling may be used between the UE and the AMF, and between the AMF and the inference entity for this request. 【0182】 More specifically, a new NAS message may be introduced in communication between the UE and the AMF. The new NAS message may be introduced for the UE to request inference settings from the inference entity. The new NAS message may mean a message for the inference entity to obtain inference settings. 【0183】 The message may include the aforementioned content (inference settings) as information regarding the execution of inference. 【0184】 Figure 7 is an example sequence diagram showing Phase 1 of Procedure 3 of this Disclosure. As shown in Figure 7, the UE may first send information regarding inference execution (inference settings) to the AMF using a new NAS message (NAS request message) (Step 1). The message may contain information regarding inference settings for setting up inference entities. 【0185】 The AMF processes the request (NAS message) and extracts the inference configuration. A new SBA message (service operation) may be introduced in the communication between the AMF and the inference entity. More specifically, the AMF may use the new SBA message (call a new SBA service operation) to send the inference configuration to the inference entity (step #2). 【0186】 The inference entity may retrieve the model (step #3). For example, the inference entity may use the provided (received) inference configuration to retrieve the model from the training entity [if necessary]. 【0187】 Furthermore, the inference entity may configure a model based on the inference settings and make the model ready to start (step #3). 【0188】Furthermore, the inference entity may use the model (the input data included in the inference request) to perform inference and obtain the inference result (step #3). 【0189】 The inference entity may send / return to the AMF the result of applying the inference settings in response to the request for inference settings (step #4). The new SBA message described above may be used as the response message. The response message may include a correlation ID which can be used for further inference as a result. 【0190】 The correlation ID may be used as an identifier to identify the configured model. In other words, the correlation ID may be used as a reference ID for a model within an inference entity that is configured / prepared based on the inference configuration and is ready to run to provide the results of the configuration. 【0191】 The AMF may use the response message (SBA message) received from the inference entity to send / return the configuration result, including the correlation ID, to the UE as a response to the NAS message (NAS response message) (step #5). That is, the response may include the correlation ID. 【0192】 In this disclosure, the correlation ID and the inference setting may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable. 【0193】 The procedure described above illustrates, but is not limited to, the transmission of inference configuration requests from the UE to the inference entity via the AMF. The UE may also send inference configuration requests directly to the inference entity. 【0194】 Similarly, the procedure described above illustrates an example where the inference entity sends the configuration results to the UE via the AMF, but is not limited to this. The inference entity may also send / return the configuration results directly to the UE. 【0195】 <<Procedure for acquiring inference data (Phase #2)>> The UE may use the correlation ID provided by the inference entity in Phase #1 to provide the necessary input data (i.e., inference data) to the inference entity. 【0196】 For example, some steps in Phase #2 (the steps related to establishing the PDU session) may be subject to the same processing as in Procedure #2 described above. 【0197】 Figure 8 is an example sequence diagram showing phase #2 of procedure #3 of this disclosure. As shown in Figure 8, the UE may first send a request to the AMF to establish a PDU session using a NAS message (NAS request message) (step #1). The message may contain information about a DNN indicating the ID / IP of an inference entity. For example, in the message, the target DNN of the PDU session may be set to the ID / IP of a previously discovered inference entity. 【0198】 The AMF may use messages relating to existing PDU sessions (e.g., Nsmf_PDUSession_CreateSMContext or Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext) to request the SMF to create / update the UE context (step #2). That is, the AMF may send a message to the SMF containing a request for creating / updating the UE context (e.g., information about the DNN indicating the ID / IP of the inference entity). 【0199】 In step #2, the AMF may determine the DNN selection mode. This mode may indicate that an explicitly subscribed DNN (i.e., the ID / IP of the inference entity) is provided in the UE's PDU session establishment request. 【0200】 After successfully authenticating / authorizing the request from the UE and [considering the policies provided by the PCF], the SMF may select an appropriate UPF and establish / modify an N4 session with that UPF (Step #3). 【0201】In this request, SMF may instruct UPF to do the following two things: • Create a UP tunnel (IP tunnel) to the inference entity. • Install a Forwarding Action Rule (FAR) to forward packets from the UE to the inference entity via the UP tunnel. 【0202】 In the instruction, the SMF may send to the UPF information including UE information and information indicating that the target of the UP tunnel is an inference entity [its ID / IP]. 【0203】 Based on the instructions received from the SMF, the UPF may create a UP tunnel to the inference entity and install the appropriate FAR (Step #4). 【0204】 UPF may report / notify SMF that the necessary configurations have been completed (Step #5). 【0205】 The SMF may, in response to a request [regarding the creation / update of the UE context], report / send the result of the request (i.e., that the necessary configuration has been completed) to the AMF (Step #6). 【0206】 The AMF may send a response to the UE regarding the NAS message (step #7). In this response, the AMF may notify that the PDU session has been established and is available. 【0207】 The UE may send the inference data (input data for inference) and the configured model's correlation ID to the UPF via the established PDU session (step #8A). The inference data and correlation ID may be included in the user plane packet. 【0208】 UPF may process the inference data and correlation IDs according to the installed / configured FAR and extract the data (inference data and correlation IDs). Furthermore, UPF may transmit the inference data and correlation IDs to the inference entity via the UP tunnel (step #8B). 【0209】The inference entity may use the provided input data to prepare / start a model (step #9). Furthermore, the inference entity may use the model (input data) to perform inference and obtain the inference result (step #9). 【0210】 The inference entity may send / return the inference result to the UPMF (step #10A). The UPMF may send / transfer the inference result to the UE via the PDU session (step #10B). 【0211】 Note that step #9 of phase #2 may correspond to step #5 (model startup / model inference execution) in the first embodiment. Also, steps #10A and #10B of phase #2 may correspond to step #6 (reporting inference results) in the first embodiment. In other words, phase #2 of procedure #3 shown in Figure 8 may include steps #2, #5, and #6 in the first embodiment. 【0212】 According to this embodiment, the series of steps related to inference settings and acquisition of inference data become clear. 【0213】 <Fourth Embodiment> The fourth embodiment relates to procedure #4 (model acquisition). 【0214】 <<Model Acquisition Procedure>> The model acquisition procedure may refer to the procedure for an inference entity to acquire a model. Figure 9 is an example of a sequence diagram showing an example of procedure #4 of this disclosure. 【0215】 In step 4, the inference entity may obtain a model from the model training entity (e.g., MTF) if at least one of the following conditions is met: • The inference entity does not possess a model (i.e., no model already exists for the inference entity). • The model is not recently trained (i.e., it is not an updated model, or the model is outdated). • The model does not meet the confidence threshold required by the UE. 【0216】 The inference entity may provide a model ID to the model training entity in order to obtain the model. 【0217】For example, as shown in Figure 9, the inference entity may request a model identified by an ID (i.e., a model ID) from the training entity (step #1). More specifically, the inference entity may include a model ID to identify the model in the request message for obtaining the model. 【0218】 The model training entity may retrain (or update) the model as needed (Step #2). 【0219】 The training entity may send / return to the inference entity a response message to a request that includes the model, model information (information related to the model), etc. 【0220】 The information that may be included in the response message may be at least one of the following items [list]. Unless otherwise specified, the descriptions / definitions of each item below may mean the same thing as the information described above. • Model ID (may include the model version). • Model training data information. • Model performance information (accuracy, etc.). • List of supported UE types (may include UE information). • List of serving areas. • List of service hours. • Information regarding inference performance. 【0221】 According to this embodiment, the series of steps involved in acquiring the model become clear. 【0222】 <Variation> <<Variation #1>> If the UE requires Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for inference (e.g., real-time inference), the UE may require a specific QoS flow for inference in the UP solution. 【0223】 Figure 10 is a sequence diagram showing the procedure according to Modification #1 of the present disclosure. Figure 10 differs from Figure 8 in that a new step #8 is added between steps #7 and #8 described above. For this reason, the explanation of the parts common to Figure 8 is omitted. Steps #9 to #11 in Figure 10 correspond to steps #8 to #10 in Figure 8. 【0224】As shown in Figure 10, the UE may, if necessary, request a QoS flow with specific QoS requirements for the inference (step #8). Specifically, in step #8, the UE may initiate a modification / update of the PDU session to request a dedicated QoS flow for subsequent inference requests. Step #8 may be carried out according to existing specifications / procedures. 【0225】 <<Modification #2>> The embodiments described above show examples in which the UE itself does not perform inference but delegates all inference operations to other entities, but are not limited to these. The UE may perform a portion of the inference to the extent that it is capable of doing so, and delegate the remaining portion of the inference that the UE cannot perform to other entities (by delegating it to other entities). 【0226】 Figure 11 is a flowchart showing the operation of a UE according to Modification #2 of the present disclosure. For example, as shown in Figure 11, the UE may first determine whether it can perform all of the inferences itself (Step #1). 【0227】 If the UE can determine that it can perform all inferences on its own (Step #1: YES), the UE may perform inference operations (and related operations / procedures) in accordance with existing specifications. 【0228】 On the other hand, if the UE can determine that it cannot perform all inferences (Step #1: NO), the UE may perform either of the following actions: Step #3A or #3B. 【0229】 (Step #3A) If the UE cannot perform all parts of the inference itself, but can perform at least a portion of the inference within the limits of its resources / processing capacity, the UE may perform the portion of the inference within that limit and delegate the remaining parts (the parts that the UE cannot perform) to other entities. 【0230】The UE may perform network-assisted inference procedures in accordance with the 0th to 4th embodiments described above. For example, when the UE requests / demands other entities to perform inference, it may send information about inferences that the UE can perform itself (information about processing capacity / resources, etc.) and information about inferences that the UE cannot perform itself (information about the request for the desired inference result, etc.) to the network / network. 【0231】 Furthermore, the inference steps performed by the UE itself and the inference steps performed by other entities (inference entities) may be executed separately (in parallel). 【0232】 (Step #3B) If the UE cannot perform all parts of the inference itself (or even part of the inference itself), the UE may perform the NW-assisted inference procedure according to the 0th to 4th embodiments described above. That is, the UE may delegate all of the inference to another entity. 【0233】 <<Other>> In the embodiments described above, an inference procedure using the UE-side model has been explained, but the invention is not limited thereto. This disclosure is also applicable, for example, to an inference procedure using the NW-side model. In this case, the NW may request the UE to perform the inference. Alternatively, the NW may perform part of the inference, and the UE may perform / be responsible for other parts of the inference. That is, in this disclosure, the UE-side model and the NW-side model may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable. 【0234】 In this disclosure, if the inference procedure is not performed frequently (i.e., inference is performed only occasionally), a control plane may be applied. On the other hand, if the inference procedure can be performed frequently, a user plane may be applied. 【0235】 As explained above, this disclosure makes it possible to provide an AI / ML-based solution even when the UE cannot perform inference using the model, by having another entity perform the inference. 【0236】<Supplement> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the embodiments described above, notification of any information from the Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS)) to the UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS at the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof. 【0237】 If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader. 【0238】 If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI. 【0239】 Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by instructions from the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by instructions from the UE or gNB). 【0240】 In the embodiments described above, the UE may receive information from the NW as at least one of the following QCL rules: • QCL type A. • QCL type B. • QCL type C. • QCL type D. 【0241】 In the embodiments described above, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following RSs: • SSB; • CSI-RS with / without repetition; • TRS; • DMRS for PDCCH / PDSCH. 【0242】 In the embodiments described above, information from the network may be set / instructed by the following methods: - Common to multiple UEs, or individual to a UE. - Cell-specific, or common to multiple cells. - Per UE / Per CC / Per BWP / Per band / Per cell / Per cell group (CG). 【0243】 <<Notification of Information from UE>> Notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the embodiments described above (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), specific signals / channels (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof. 【0244】 If the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader. 【0245】 If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH. 【0246】 Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by instructions from the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by instructions from the UE or gNB). 【0247】<<Regarding the application of each embodiment>> In a UE / BS (NW / gNB / LMF / NG-RAN), specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above may be applied (or used) if any or more of the following conditions are met: - A higher-layer parameter indicating the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is set; - The specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on the relevant higher-layer parameter; - The specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is designated / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; - A specific UE capability indicating (or related to) the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is reported or supported; - The application of the specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on specific conditions. 【0248】 The above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may include at least one of the following: • Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumment / information; • Supporting any AI / ML-based (using AI / ML models) use case; • Supporting network-assisted inference; • Supporting any NF. 【0249】 Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that applies across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), a capability per frequency (e.g., one or a combination thereof, such as cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), a capability per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), a capability per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or a capability per feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC). 【0250】Furthermore, the specific UE capabilities described above may be capabilities that apply across all duplexing schemes (common to all duplexing schemes regardless of the duplexing scheme), or they may be capabilities specific to each duplexing scheme (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)). 【0251】 If the above conditions are not met, UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases. 【0252】 (Note) The following inventions are added with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Note 1] A network device having: a receiving unit that receives a request to perform inference using a terminal-side model from a terminal using the user plane; a control unit that performs inference based on the request; and a transmitting unit that reports the result of the inference. [Note 2] The network device according to Note 1, wherein the receiving unit receives at least one of the following: information indicating the capability of an entity to perform inference, and information regarding the selection criteria for the entity. [Note 3] The network device according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein the request to perform inference includes at least one of the following: a model ID, a model version, input data, an inference type, a confidence threshold, and a batch size, and the receiving unit receives inference settings using the control plane and receives inference data using the user plane. [Note 4] The network device according to any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the transmitting unit transmits a request message including a model ID for acquiring a model, and the receiving unit receives at least one of the following as a response message to the request message: a model ID, a model version, model training data information, model performance information, a list of supported terminal types, a list of serving areas, and a list of service time zones. 【0253】 (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure, or a combination thereof. 【0254】Figure 12 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply called system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), etc., as specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). 【0255】 Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), and the like. 【0256】 In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN. 【0257】 The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity where both MN and SN are NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))). 【0258】The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) located within the macrocell C1 that form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. User terminals 20 may be located within at least one cell. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc., of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the configuration shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when base stations 11 and 12 are not distinguished, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10. 【0259】 The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called a supercell, for example) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called subcells, for example). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell whose physical range fluctuates quasi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system. 【0260】 The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of Carrier Aggregation (CA) using multiple Component Carriers (CC) and Dual Connectivity (DC). 【0261】Each CC may be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). A macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and a small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz. Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be in a frequency band higher than FR2. 【0262】 Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate in each CC using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD). 【0263】 Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which is the upstream station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is the relay station, may be called an IAB node. 【0264】 Base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include at least one of the following: Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc. 【0265】The core network 30 may include network functions (NF) such as User Plane Function (UPF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), Data Network (DN), Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may occur via the DN. 【0266】 The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc. 【0267】 In the wireless communication system 1, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless access scheme may be used. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-OFDM), etc., may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL). 【0268】The wireless access method may also be called a waveform. In wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (for example, other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL wireless access methods. 【0269】 In the wireless communication system 1, a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Broadcast Channel (PBCH), or a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may be used as the downlink channel, which is shared by each user terminal 20. 【0270】 Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink channel may include a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), or the like, all of which are shared by each user terminal 20. 【0271】 User data, higher-layer control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and higher-layer control information may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) may be transmitted via PBCH. 【0272】 Lower-layer control information may be transmitted by PDCCH. The lower-layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH. 【0273】Furthermore, the DCI that schedules PDSCH may be called DL assignment, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH may be called UL grant, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH may be read as DL data, and PUSCH may be read as UL data. 【0274】 PDCCH detection may utilize a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. A search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A single CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. A UE may monitor CORESETs associated with a given search space based on the search space configuration. 【0275】 A single search space may correspond to one or more PDCCH candidates corresponding to aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. In this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," and "CORESET configuration" may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0276】 PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery acknowledgment information (for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with the cell. 【0277】In this disclosure, downlinks, uplinks, etc., may be expressed without the prefix "link." Also, the prefix "physical" may be omitted from the names of various channels. 【0278】 In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc., may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, the DL-RS may include a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. 【0279】 The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS / PBCH block, SS Block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be called reference signals. 【0280】 Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) may include a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. The DMRS may also be called a user-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal). 【0281】(Base Station) Figure 13 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of the control unit 110, the transmitting / receiving unit 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided. 【0282】 In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted. 【0283】 The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure. 【0284】 The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 120, transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of wireless resources, etc. 【0285】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure. 【0286】The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122 and a measuring unit 123. 【0287】 The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna. 【0288】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also receive the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc. 【0289】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam. 【0290】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform processing on data and control information acquired from the control unit 110, for example, at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted. 【0291】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal. 【0292】The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 130. 【0293】 On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130. 【0294】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (receiving processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc. 【0295】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110. 【0296】The transmission path interface 140 may send and receive signals (backhaul signaling) with devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20. 【0297】 In this disclosure, the transmitting and receiving units of the base station 10 may consist of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140. 【0298】 The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a Radio Unit (RU), a Distributed Unit (DU), and a Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level physical layer functions (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions. 【0299】 In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In this disclosure, base station 10 may be interpreted as RU / DU / CU. 【0300】 Furthermore, in this disclosure, the base station 10 may be interpreted as any network device having the functions of any of the above-described NFs. The configuration of the base station 10 (for example, the control unit 110 and the transmitting / receiving unit 120) may similarly be the configuration of a network device. 【0301】 The control unit 110 may perform at least a part of the processing of the control unit as described above. 【0302】 The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may perform at least a part of the processing of the transmitting / receiving unit as described above. 【0303】 (User Terminal) Figure 14 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be provided. 【0304】 In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted. 【0305】 The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure. 【0306】 The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 220. 【0307】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure. 【0308】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222 and a measuring unit 223. 【0309】 The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna. 【0310】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc. 【0311】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam. 【0312】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc., on data and control information acquired from the control unit 210 to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted. 【0313】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal. 【0314】 Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the transform precoding settings. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process to transmit a channel (for example, PUSCH) using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform if transform precoding is enabled for that channel, or it may not perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process if transform precoding is not enabled for that channel. 【0315】The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. 【0316】 On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. 【0317】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (receiving processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc. 【0318】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measuring unit 223) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measuring unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc., based on the received signal. The measuring unit 223 may also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210. 【0319】The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources may be, for example, Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources may be at least one of the following: NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be called CSI-Interference Management (IM), and may be interpreted interchangeably with Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0320】 In this disclosure, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 may be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 220 and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. 【0321】 The control unit 210 may perform at least a part of the processing of the control unit as described above. 【0322】 The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may perform at least a part of the processing of the transmitting / receiving unit described above. For example, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 may transmit a request to perform inference using the terminal-side model using the control plane. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the result of inference performed by another entity based on the request. 【0323】(Hardware Configuration) The block diagram used in the description of the above embodiment shows functional units. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or it may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wired or wireless connections). A functional block may also be realized by combining the above one device or the above multiple devices with software. 【0324】 Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, derivation, investigation, exploration, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating (mapping), and assigning. For example, a functional block (configuration part) that enables transmission may be called a transmitting unit or transmitter. In all cases, as mentioned above, the method of implementation is not particularly limited. 【0325】 For example, a base station, user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that processes the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 15 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, communication device 1004, input device 1005, output device 1006, bus 1007, etc. 【0326】In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit are interchangeable. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may include one or more of the devices shown in the figure, or it may be configured without some of the devices. 【0327】 For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown in the diagram, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, the processing may be performed by one processor, or it may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or by other means. Note that the processor 1001 may be implemented using one or more chips. 【0328】 Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, which allows the processor 1001 to perform calculations and control communication via the communication device 1004, or control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003. 【0329】 The processor 1001 controls the entire computer, for example, by running an operating system. The processor 1001 may be composed of a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic units, registers, etc. For example, at least a part of the control unit 110 (210) and the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) described above may be implemented by the processor 1001. 【0330】Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes accordingly. The program used is one that causes the computer to execute at least a part of the operations described in the above embodiment. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and other functional blocks may be implemented similarly. 【0331】 The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, or main memory. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for carrying out a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. 【0332】 The storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a Compact Disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a Digital Use Disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. The storage 1003 may also be called an auxiliary storage device. 【0333】The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting / receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network card, communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include, for example, a high-frequency switch, duplexer, filter, frequency synthesizer, etc., in order to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting / receiving antenna 130 (230), etc., may be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented with physically or logically separated transmitting unit 120a (220a) and receiving unit 120b (220b). 【0334】 The input device 1005 is an input device that accepts input from an external source (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). The output device 1006 is an output device that outputs to an external source (e.g., a display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). The input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be configured as an integrated unit (e.g., a touch panel). 【0335】 Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or different buses may be configured for each device. 【0336】Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of each functional block may be implemented using such hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these hardware components. 【0337】 Furthermore, devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be implemented using the functional block / hardware configuration described above. 【0338】 (Variations) Terms used in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol and signal (signal or signaling) may be used interchangeably. Also, a signal may be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS and may be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applicable standard. Also, a component carrier (CC) may be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc. 【0339】 A wireless frame may consist of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) constituting a wireless frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may consist of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology. 【0340】Here, the neurology may be communication parameters applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The neurology may be, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, specific filtering processes performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processes performed by the transceiver in the time domain. 【0341】 A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). Alternatively, a slot may be a time unit based on neurology. 【0342】 A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Minislots may also be called subslots. Minislots may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using minislots may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B. 【0343】 Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols all represent units of time when transmitting a signal. Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols may each be referred to by different names. Furthermore, the units of time such as frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols in this disclosure may be interpreted as interchangeable. 【0344】For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, and one slot or one mini-slot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe in existing LTE (1 ms), a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, mini-slot, etc., instead of a subframe. 【0345】 Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, the base station schedules each user terminal to allocate wireless resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this. 【0346】 TTI may be a transmission time unit for channel-encoded data packets (transport blocks), code blocks, code words, etc., or it may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., number of symbols) in which the transport block, code block, code word, etc. are mapped may be shorter than the TTI. 【0347】 Furthermore, if one slot or one mini-slot is referred to as a TTI, then one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more mini-slots) may constitute the minimum time unit for scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (number of mini-slots) that constitute this minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled. 【0348】A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, mini slot, sub slot, slot, etc. 【0349】 Furthermore, long TTIs (e.g., normal TTIs, subframes, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a time length exceeding 1 ms, and short TTIs (e.g., shortened TTIs, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a TTI length less than that of a long TTI but 1 ms or more. 【0350】 A Resource Block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and in the frequency domain, it may contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be the same regardless of the neurology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be determined based on the neurology. 【0351】 Furthermore, an RB may contain one or more symbols in the time domain and may have the length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc., may each consist of one or more resource blocks. 【0352】 One or more RBs may also be called Physical RBs (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc. 【0353】Furthermore, a resource block may consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area comprising one subcarrier and one symbol. 【0354】 A Bandwidth Part (BWP), also known as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) for a given neurology in a given carrier. These common RBs may be identified by an index of the RBs relative to a common reference point of the carrier. The PRBs may be defined and numbered within a given BWP. 【0355】 A BWP may include UL BWP (BWP for UL) and DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured within a single carrier for a UE. 【0356】 At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE does not need to assume that it will transmit or receive a predetermined signal / channel outside of the active BWP. In this disclosure, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" may be read as "BWP". 【0357】 The structures of wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a wireless frame, the number of slots per subframe or wireless frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, and the number of symbols, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length within the TTI can be varied in various ways. 【0358】Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or corresponding other information. For example, wireless resources may be indicated by a predetermined index. 【0359】 The names used for parameters and other elements in this disclosure are not restrictive in any way. Furthermore, mathematical formulas and other elements using these parameters may differ from those expressly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name, and therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not restrictive in any way. 【0360】 The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of the various different techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof. 【0361】 Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output from upper layers to lower layers and from lower layers to upper layers, or to at least one of the two. Information, signals, etc., may also be input and output via multiple network nodes. 【0362】 Input and output information and signals may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information and signals may be overwritten, updated, or appended to. Output information and signals may be deleted. Input information and signals may be transmitted to other devices. 【0363】Any information described in this disclosure (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) may be communicated from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE) that indicates / specifies (or relates to) the value of such any information, even if not specifically stated in the embodiments described above. 【0364】 Information notification is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be carried out by other means. For example, information notification in this disclosure may be carried out by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof. 【0365】 Physical layer signaling may also be called Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. RRC signaling may also be called RRC messages, for example, RRC Connection Setup messages, RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages, etc. MAC signaling may also be communicated using, for example, MAC Control Elements (CEs). 【0366】 Furthermore, notification of the specified information (for example, notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may also be made implicitly (for example, by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information). 【0367】 The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a boolean value represented as true or false, or by a numerical comparison (for example, a comparison with a predetermined value). 【0368】 Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, and so on, whether they are called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or by any other name. 【0369】 Furthermore, software, instructions, information, etc., may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included in the definition of a transmission medium. 【0370】 The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably. “Network” may also mean the equipment included in the network (e.g., base stations). 【0371】In this disclosure, terms such as “precoding,” “precoder,” “weight (precoding weight),” “quasi-co-location (QCL),” “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state),” “spatial relation,” “spatial domain filter,” “transmit power,” “phase rotation,” “antenna port,” “layer,” “number of layers,” “rank,” “resource,” “resource set,” “beam,” “beam width,” “beam angle,” “antenna,” “antenna element,” “panel,” “UE panel,” “transmitting entity,” and “receiving entity” may be used interchangeably. 【0372】 In this disclosure, "antenna port" may be interpreted interchangeably with "antenna port for any signal / channel" (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, "resource" may be interpreted interchangeably with "resource for any signal / channel" (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). Resources may include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, a spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmit filter and a spatial domain receive filter. 【0373】 The above group may include, for example, at least one of the following: a spatial relationship group, a code division multiplexing (CDM) group, a reference signal (RS) group, a control resource set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, or a panel group. 【0374】 Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), and RS may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0375】 Furthermore, in this disclosure, TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0376】 Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0377】 In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0378】 Furthermore, the spatial relationship information Identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive as "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)," "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. 【0379】In this disclosure, terms such as “Base Station (BS),” “wireless base station,” “fixed station,” “NodeB,” “eNB (eNodeB),” “gNB (gNodeB),” “access point,” “Transmission Point (TP),” “Reception Point (RP),” “Transmission / Reception Point (TRP),” “panel,” “cell,” “sector,” “cell group,” “carrier,” and “component carrier” may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell. 【0380】 A base station may house one or more (e.g., three) cells. If a base station houses multiple cells, the entire coverage area of ​​the base station may be divided into several smaller areas, each of which may also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms “cell” or “sector” refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and / or base station subsystems that provide communication services in that coverage. 【0381】 In this disclosure, the transmission of information by a base station to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to perform a control / operation based on said information. 【0382】 In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably. 【0383】A mobile station may also be called a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other appropriate term. 【0384】 At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc. 【0385】 The term "mobile object" refers to any movable object, regardless of its speed, and naturally includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of such mobile objects include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and items carried on them. Furthermore, such mobile objects may be autonomously driven objects operating based on operational commands. 【0386】 The mobile entity may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane), an unmanned mobile entity (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor. 【0387】Figure 16 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a rotation speed sensor 51, a pneumatic pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60. 【0388】 The drive unit 41 consists of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or an engine-motor hybrid. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user. 【0389】 The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and communication ports (e.g., input / output (IO) ports) 63. Signals from various sensors 50-58 installed in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU). 【0390】 Signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 for sensing motor current, rotational speed signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by rotational speed sensor 51, air pressure signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals acquired by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals acquired by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal depression amount signals acquired by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal depression amount signals acquired by brake pedal sensor 56, operation signals of shift lever 45 acquired by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals acquired by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. 【0391】The information service unit 59 consists of various devices for providing (outputting) various types of information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, including a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via a communication module 60 or the like to provide various types of information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40. 【0392】 The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that perform output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED lamp, touch panel, etc.). 【0393】 The driver assistance system unit 64 consists of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents or reduce the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driver assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions. 【0394】The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle 40. 【0395】 The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it can send and receive various types of information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Alternatively, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20). 【0396】 The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on said signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., may also be called input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include the information based on the above input. 【0397】 The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit, which outputs information (for example, it outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60). 【0398】 Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, various sensors 50-58, etc., which are provided in the vehicle 40. 【0399】 Furthermore, the term "base station" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "user terminal." For example, the various aspects / embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Also, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be interpreted as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., may be interpreted as sidelink channel. 【0400】 Similarly, the term "user terminal" in this disclosure may be replaced with "base station." In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the same functions as the user terminal 20 described above. 【0401】 In this disclosure, operations performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (for example, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or a combination thereof. 【0402】Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used individually, in combination, or switched between as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged in order, provided they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements using exemplary order and are not limited to the specific order presented. 【0403】 Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure is Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (where x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM®), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, systems utilizing Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth®, or other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based thereon may also be applied. Furthermore, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G). 【0404】In this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based solely on" and "based at least on." 【0405】 Any reference to elements using the designations “first,” “second,” etc., as used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient way to distinguish between two or more elements. Accordingly, the references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in any way. 【0406】 The term “determining” as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may be considered to mean judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, or inquiring (e.g., searching in tables, databases, or other data structures), ascertaining, etc. 【0407】 Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered as "judging (deciding)" things like receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory). 【0408】Furthermore, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of some action. In this disclosure, “judgment (decision)” may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable with the actions described above. 【0409】 Furthermore, in this disclosure, “determine / determining” may be interpreted as “assume / assuming,” “expect / expecting,” or “consider / considering.” In addition, in this disclosure, “not expecting to do…” may be interpreted as “expecting not to do….” 【0410】 In this disclosure, "expect" may be rephrased as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." may be expressed as a that clause, an infinitive, etc.) may be rephrased as "be expected ..." or "do (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Similarly, "does not expect ..." may be rephrased as "be not expected ..." or "do not (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be rephrased as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station). 【0411】The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may mean the maximum transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power. 【0412】 As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are “connected” or “coupled” with each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” may be replaced with “access.” 【0413】 In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they can be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., and, in some non-exclusive and non-exclusive examples, electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency domain, microwave domain, and optical (both visible and invisible) domain. 【0414】 In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combine" may be interpreted similarly to "different." 【0415】 Where the terms “include,” “including,” and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, as is the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “or” as used in this disclosure is not intended to mean exclusive OR. 【0416】In this disclosure, if articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the fact that the noun following these articles is plural. 【0417】 In this disclosure, "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than or equal to," "more than," and "equal to" may be interpreted interchangeably. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, by adding "i-th" (where i is any integer) to the expression (for example, "highest" may be interpreted interchangeably with "i-th highest"). 【0418】 In this disclosure, "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," and "associated with" may be interpreted as being interchangeable. 【0419】In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during / while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as) / on A", "B after A", "B since A", and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Furthermore, A, B, etc., may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or regular sentences depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). Additionally, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted as "before / after the time offset when A occurs". The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols / slots) may be predetermined or determined by the UE based on notified information. 【0420】 In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any unit of time (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. 【0421】 Although the invention described herein has been explained in detail above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention described herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The descriptions herein are illustrative and not intended to be restrictive in any way to the invention described herein.

Claims

1. A network device comprising: a receiving unit that receives a request from a terminal to perform inference using a terminal-side model using the user plane; a control unit that performs inference based on the request; and a transmitting unit that reports the result of the inference.

2. The network device according to claim 1, wherein the receiving unit receives at least one of information indicating the ability of an entity to perform inference and information regarding the selection criteria for the entity.

3. The network device according to claim 1, wherein the request for inference execution includes at least one piece of information: model ID, model version, input data, inference type, confidence threshold, and batch size, and the receiving unit receives inference settings using the control plane and receives inference data using the user plane.

4. The network device according to claim 1, wherein the transmitting unit transmits a request message including a model ID for acquiring a model, and the receiving unit receives at least one of the following as a response message to the request message: a model ID, a model version, model training data information, model performance information, a list of supported terminal types, a list of serving areas, and a list of service time zones.

5. A terminal having a transmitting unit that transmits a request to perform inference using a terminal-side model using a control plane, and a receiving unit that receives the result of inference performed by another entity based on the request.

6. A wireless communication method for a network device, comprising the steps of: receiving a request from a terminal to perform inference using a terminal-side model using a control plane; performing inference based on the request; and reporting the result of the inference.

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