NTN-s and f satellite rejecting the UE that is not s and f capable
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/139241
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-04-08
- Filing Date
- 2025-12-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-27
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Figure CN2025139241_27082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NTN -S AND F SATELLITE REJECTING THE UE THAT IS NOT S AND F CAPABLECROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION (S)
[0001] This application claims priority to Indian Patent Application Serial No. 202521014596, entitled "NTN -S&F SATELLITE REJECTING THE UE THAT IS NOT S&F CAPABLE" and filed on February 20, 2025 and Indian Patent Application Serial No. 202521034447, entitled "NTN -S&F SATELLITE REJECTING THE UE THAT IS NOT S&F CAPABLE" and filed on April 8, 2025; both of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.BACKGROUNDField
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques of handling procedure rejections in non-terrestrial network (NTN) satellite systems operating in store and forward mode based on user equipment (UE) capability indications. Background
[0003] The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
[0004] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0005] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided. The apparatus may be a network entity. The network entity operates in a Store and Forward (S&F) mode at a satellite. The S&F mode is characterized by an unavailable feeder link between the satellite and a ground-based network infrastructure. The network entity receives a procedure request message from a User Equipment (UE) . The network entity determines that the UE does not indicate support for an S&F satellite operation based on capability information associated with the UE. The network entity determines that a procedure corresponding to the procedure request message cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode. The network entity transmits a reject message to the UE comprising a cause value other than a predefined S&F-specific cause value. The predefined S&F-specific cause value is defined to indicate that a procedure cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode.
[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network.
[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a base station in communication with a UE in an access network.
[0011] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0012] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed access network.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a non-terrestrial network (NTN) architecture with store and forward (S&F) satellite operation at different orbital locations and the selective rejection procedure for handling UE-initiated requests based on whether the UE is S&F capable.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a method for handling UE-initiated procedure requests when a satellite operates in Store and Forward (S&F) mode without feeder link connectivity.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0016] Several aspects of telecommunications systems will now be presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0017] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.
[0018] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the aforementioned types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0019] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network 100. The wireless communications system (also referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN) ) includes base stations 102, UEs 104, an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160, and another core network 190 (e.g., a 5G Core (5GC) ) . The base stations 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The macrocells include base stations. The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells.
[0020] The base stations 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., SI interface) . The base stations 102 configured for 5G NR (collectively referred to as Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with core network 190 through backhaul links 184. In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform one or more of the following functions: transfer of user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity) , inter cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, radio access network (RAN) sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) , subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM) , paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or core network 190) with each other over backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) . The backhaul links 134 may be wired or wireless.
[0021] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas 110. For example, the small cell 102’ may have a coverage area 110’ that overlaps the coverage area 110 of one or more macro base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base stations 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to 7 MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0022] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL WWAN spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, FlashLinQ, WiMedia, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0023] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi access point (AP) 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the STAs 152 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0024] The small cell 102’ may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell 102’ may employ NR and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the Wi-Fi AP 150. The small cell 102’ , employing NR in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network.
[0025] A base station 102, whether a small cell 102’ or a large cell (e.g., macro base station) , may include an eNB, gNodeB (gNB) , or another type of base station. Some base stations, such as gNB 180 may operate in a traditional sub 6 GHz spectrum, in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies, and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with the UE 104. When the gNB 180 operates in mmW or near mmW frequencies, the gNB 180 may be referred to as an mmW base station. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in the band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band (e.g., 3 GHz -300 GHz) has extremely high path loss and a short range. The mmW base station 180 may utilize beamforming 182 with the UE 104 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range.
[0026] The base station 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 108a. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 180 in one or more receive directions 108b. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the base station 180 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 180 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 180 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 180 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 180 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0027] The EPC 160 may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. The MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. The MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, the MME 162 provides bearer and connection management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to the PDN Gateway 172. The PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to the IP Services 176. The IP Services 176 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services. The BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. The BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. The MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the base stations 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0028] The core network 190 may include a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a location management function (LMF) 198, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. The AMF 192 may be in communication with a Unified Data Management (UDM) 196. The AMF 192 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 190. Generally, the SMF 194 provides QoS flow and session management. All user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through the UPF 195. The UPF 195 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. The UPF 195 is connected to the IP Services 197. The IP Services 197 may include the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a PS Streaming Service, and / or other IP services.
[0029] The base station may also be referred to as a gNB, Node B, evolved Node B (eNB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a transmit reception point (TRP) , or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 provides an access point to the EPC 160 or core network 190 for a UE 104. Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology.
[0030] Although the present disclosure may reference 5G New Radio (NR) , the present disclosure may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) , Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) , or other wireless / radio access technologies.
[0031] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a base station 210 in communication with a UE 250 in an access network. In the DL, IP packets from the EPC 160 may be provided to a controller / processor 275. The controller / processor 275 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 275 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0032] The transmit (TX) processor 216 and the receive (RX) processor 270 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 216 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 274 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 250. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 220 via a separate transmitter 218TX. Each transmitter 218TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0033] At the UE 250, each receiver 254RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 252. Each receiver 254RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 256. The TX processor 268 and the RX processor 256 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 256 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 250. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 250, they may be combined by the RX processor 256 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 256 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 210. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 258. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 210 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 259, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0034] The controller / processor 259 can be associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data. The memory 260 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 259 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the EPC 160. The controller / processor 259 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0035] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 210, the controller / processor 259 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0036] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 258 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 210 may be used by the TX processor 268 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 268 may be provided to different antenna 252 via separate transmitters 254TX. Each transmitter 254TX may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. The UL transmission is processed at the base station 210 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 250. Each receiver 218RX receives a signal through its respective antenna 220. Each receiver 218RX recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 270.
[0037] The controller / processor 275 can be associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data. The memory 276 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 275 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 250. IP packets from the controller / processor 275 may be provided to the EPC 160. The controller / processor 275 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0038] New radio (NR) may refer to radios configured to operate according to a new air interface (e.g., other than Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiple Access (OFDMA) -based air interfaces) or fixed transport layer (e.g., other than Internet Protocol (IP) ) . NR may utilize OFDM with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink and may include support for half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . NR may include Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) service targeting wide bandwidth (e.g. 80 MHz beyond) , millimeter wave (mmW) targeting high carrier frequency (e.g. 60 GHz) , massive MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) service.
[0039] A single component carrier bandwidth of 100 MHz may be supported. In one example, NR resource blocks (RBs) may span 12 sub-carriers with a sub-carrier bandwidth of 60 kHz over a 0.25 ms duration or a bandwidth of 30 kHz over a 0.5 ms duration (similarly, 50MHz BW for 15kHz SCS over a 1 ms duration) . Each radio frame may consist of 10 subframes (10, 20, 40 or 80 NR slots) with a length of 10 ms. Each slot may indicate a link direction (i.e., DL or UL) for data transmission and the link direction for each slot may be dynamically switched. Each slot may include DL / UL data as well as DL / UL control data. UL and DL slots for NR may be as described in more detail below with respect to FIGs. 5 and 6.
[0040] The NR RAN may include a central unit (CU) and distributed units (DUs) . A NR BS (e.g., gNB, 5G Node B, Node B, transmission reception point (TRP) , access point (AP) ) may correspond to one or multiple BSs. NR cells can be configured as access cells (ACells) or data only cells (DCells) . For example, the RAN (e.g., a central unit or distributed unit) can configure the cells. DCells may be cells used for carrier aggregation or dual connectivity and may not be used for initial access, cell selection / reselection, or handover. In some cases DCells may not transmit synchronization signals (SS) in some cases DCells may transmit SS. NR BSs may transmit downlink signals to UEs indicating the cell type. Based on the cell type indication, the UE may communicate with the NR BS. For example, the UE may determine NR BSs to consider for cell selection, access, handover, and / or measurement based on the indicated cell type.
[0041] FIG. 3 illustrates an example logical architecture of a distributed RAN 300, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A 5G access node 306 may include an access node controller (ANC) 302. The ANC may be a central unit (CU) of the distributed RAN. The backhaul interface to the next generation core network (NG-CN) 304 may terminate at the ANC. The backhaul interface to neighboring next generation access nodes (NG-ANs) 310 may terminate at the ANC. The ANC may include one or more TRPs 308 (which may also be referred to as BSs, NR BSs, Node Bs, 5G NBs, APs, or some other term) . As described above, a TRP may be used interchangeably with “cell. ”
[0042] The TRPs 308 may be a distributed unit (DU) . The TRPs may be connected to one ANC (ANC 302) or more than one ANC (not illustrated) . For example, for RAN sharing, radio as a service (RaaS) , and service specific ANC deployments, the TRP may be connected to more than one ANC. A TRP may include one or more antenna ports. The TRPs may be configured to individually (e.g., dynamic selection) or jointly (e.g., joint transmission) serve traffic to a UE.
[0043] The local architecture of the distributed RAN 300 may be used to illustrate fronthaul definition. The architecture may be defined that support fronthauling solutions across different deployment types. For example, the architecture may be based on transmit network capabilities (e.g., bandwidth, latency, and / or jitter) . The architecture may share features and / or components with LTE. According to aspects, the next generation AN (NG-AN) 310 may support dual connectivity with NR. The NG-AN may share a common fronthaul for LTE and NR.
[0044] The architecture may enable cooperation between and among TRPs 308. For example, cooperation may be preset within a TRP and / or across TRPs via the ANC 302. According to aspects, no inter-TRP interface may be needed / present.
[0045] According to aspects, a dynamic configuration of split logical functions may be present within the architecture of the distributed RAN 300. The PDCP, RLC, MAC protocol may be adaptably placed at the ANC or TRP.
[0046] FIG. 4 illustrates an example physical architecture of a distributed RAN 400, according to aspects of the present disclosure. A centralized core network unit (C-CU) 402 may host core network functions. The C-CU may be centrally deployed. C-CU functionality may be offloaded (e.g., to advanced wireless services (AWS) ) , in an effort to handle peak capacity. A centralized RAN unit (C-RU) 404 may host one or more ANC functions. Optionally, the C-RU may host core network functions locally. The C-RU may have distributed deployment. The C-RU may be closer to the network edge. A distributed unit (DU) 406 may host one or more TRPs. The DU may be located at edges of the network with radio frequency (RF) functionality.
[0047] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating a non-terrestrial network (NTN) architecture with store and forward (S&F) satellite operation at different orbital locations and the selective rejection procedure for handling UE-initiated requests based on whether the UE is S&F capable. In this example, a satellite 504 operates in the S&F mode. A UE 502 is not S&F capable. In NTN deployments, the satellite 504 provides wireless connectivity to the UE 502 through a service link 510, which corresponds to the Uu interface between the UE and the satellite. The satellite 504 maintains connectivity to ground-based infrastructure through a feeder link 512 that connects to an NTN gateway 506. The NTN gateway 506 provides access to core network entities 508, which include essential network functions such as a Mobility Management Entity (MME) for mobility and session management, and a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) for authentication and subscriber data management, as previously described in connection with FIG. 1.
[0048] The Store and Forward satellite operation applies in Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) with satellite access and is designed to support delay-tolerant communication services. These services include Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) applications, Machine Type Communication (MTC) , and Short Message Service (SMS) , which can tolerate extended latencies in data delivery. The S&F operation mode becomes necessary due to the orbital dynamics of satellites, which result in periods where the satellite 504 may be positioned outside the coverage area of ground stations. During these periods, the feeder link 512 between the satellite 504 and the NTN gateway 506 becomes unavailable, preventing real-time communication with the core network entities 508.
[0049] To maintain limited service capabilities during periods of feeder link unavailability, certain network functionality must be deployed on the satellite payload itself. When the satellite 504 is at a location 528, designated as Location L1, the service link 510 between the UE 502 and the satellite 504 remains operational, allowing the UE 502 to transmit requests to the satellite 504. However, at this location, the feeder link 512 is unavailable, isolating the satellite 504 from the ground-based network infrastructure. Without the feeder link 512, the satellite 504 cannot access the MME for authentication procedures, cannot retrieve subscriber information from the HSS, and cannot establish or modify bearers for user data transmission. In this S&F mode, the satellite 504 can receive and store mobile-originated (MO) data and control information from UEs, holding this information until the satellite 504 moves to a location 530, designated as Location L2, where the feeder link 512 becomes available again.
[0050] When both the service link 510 and the feeder link 512 are available at location 530, the satellite 504 can provide all network services without restriction, operating as a transparent relay between the UE 502 and the core network entities 508. Conversely, if the satellite 504 does not support Store and Forward satellite operation and the feeder link 512 is unavailable, the satellite 504 cannot provide any service to any UEs, as it lacks both the capability to store information for delayed processing and the immediate connectivity to complete network procedures.
[0051] The S&F capability is a feature introduced in Release 19 of the 3GPP specifications to address the unique challenges of satellite-based communication networks. UEs that support S&F operation are designed to handle the operational constraints associated with this mode, including extended wait times for procedure completion and the ability to interpret S&F-specific signaling from the network. When a S&F-capable UE initiates a procedure, such as an attach request, it includes UE network capability information 516 within the UE-initiated procedure request 514. This capability information contains various indicators of the UE’s supported features, including a Store and Forward Operation (SFO) bit. When set, this bit signals to the network that the UE 502 supports S&F satellite operation and can properly handle the associated delays and S&F-specific messaging.
[0052] The capability negotiation between the UE 502 and the network is important to proper S&F operation. When the satellite 504 receives a UE-initiated procedure request 514 with the SFO bit set in the UE network capability information 516, and the satellite 504 is operating in S&F mode due to an unavailable feeder link 512, the network has defined mechanisms to handle this situation. The network can send a reject message 518 with a specific S&F-related cause code that the S&F-capable UE understands, potentially including timing information such as an S&F wait timer indicating when the feeder link 512 is expected to become available.
[0053] A significant interoperability problem arises when the UE 502 does not support S&F operation. Such UEs include legacy devices manufactured according to Release 18 or earlier specifications, before the introduction of the S&F feature in Release 19. These pre-Release 19 UEs are inherently not S&F capable, as the S&F functionality did not exist in the specifications under which they were designed. Additionally, some UEs may be designed for applications that cannot tolerate the delays associated with S&F operation and therefore do not implement S&F support even in Release 19 or later. When a non-S&F-capable UE 502 transmits a UE-initiated procedure request 514 to the satellite 504 operating in S&F mode at location 528, the UE network capability information 516 within the request does not include a set SFO bit, or may not include the SFO bit field at all in the case of pre-Release 19 UEs. The absence of S&F capability indication informs the satellite 504 that the UE 502 cannot properly handle S&F-specific signaling and operational procedures.
[0054] The problem scenario typically develops as follows: the UE 502, which is not S&F capable, initially registers with the network when the satellite 504 is at location 530 where both the service link 510 and the feeder link 512 are available. At this time, all network procedures can be completed normally, and the UE 502 successfully attaches to the network. Subsequently, as the satellite 504 moves along its orbital path to location 528, the feeder link 512 becomes unavailable, causing the satellite 504 to enter S&F operation mode. If the registered but non-S&F-capable UE 502 then attempts to initiate a network procedure by sending a UE-initiated procedure request 514, such as a service request to establish a data session, a tracking area update to maintain registration, or any other mobility management or session management procedure, the satellite 504 in a first scheme faces an undefined situation.
[0055] In the first scheme, the satellite 504 cannot complete the requested procedure because it lacks access to the core network entities 508 via the unavailable feeder link 512. Essential network functions such as authentication vector retrieval from the HSS, authorization checks, session context retrieval from the MME, and access to packet data networks all require communication with the ground-based core network entities 508, which is impossible at location 528. The satellite 504 must reject the procedure request and send a reject message 518 to the UE 502. However, the existing specifications define S&F-specific rejection mechanisms only for S&F-capable UEs. There is no standardized mechanism for the satellite 504 to inform a non-S&F-capable UE 502 that the procedure cannot be completed due to S&F mode operation.
[0056] If the satellite 504 were to send an S&F-specific rejection to the non-S&F-capable UE 502, the UE 502 would not understand or properly process this signaling, as it was not designed with awareness of S&F operations. The UE 502 might interpret the unknown cause code as a generic error, potentially leading to repeated procedure attempts that create unnecessary signaling overhead, rapid battery drain on the UE 502, and congestion on the service link 510. Alternatively, the UE 502 might enter an error state or initiate inappropriate recovery procedures. Furthermore, sending S&F-specific information elements to a UE that has not indicated S&F support violates the principle of capability-based feature negotiation, where network-specific features should only be signaled to UEs that have indicated the capability to support those features.
[0057] The core technical challenge is the absence of a standardized method for the satellite 504, when operating in S&F mode at location 528 without the feeder link 512, to reject procedure requests from non-S&F-capable UEs in a manner that these UEs can properly interpret and handle. The satellite 504 must communicate the procedure failure to the UE 502 using signaling mechanisms that are within the comprehension of pre-Release 19 UEs and other non-S&F-capable devices. Without such a mechanism, non-S&F-capable UEs experience service disruptions, cannot properly manage their connection states, and may exhibit unpredictable behavior when attempting to access network services through satellites operating in S&F mode. This interoperability gap affects the deployment of NTN systems that must support both S&F-capable and legacy UEs in the same network.
[0058] Referring to FIG. 5, a second scheme addresses the interoperability problem by defining specific network behavior for rejecting procedure requests from non-S&F-capable UEs when the satellite 504 operates in S&F mode at location 528 without feeder link 512 connectivity. The solution operates entirely on the network side within the satellite 504, requiring no modifications to existing non-S&F-capable UEs 502, thereby maintaining backward compatibility with legacy devices manufactured according to pre-Release 19 specifications.
[0059] The problem scenario develops when the UE 502, which is not S&F capable, initially registers with the network when the satellite 504 is at location 530 where both the service link 510 and the feeder link 512 are available. At this time, all network procedures can be completed normally through access to the core network entities 508, and the UE 502 successfully attaches to the network. Subsequently, as the satellite 504 moves along its orbital path to location 528, the feeder link 512 becomes unavailable, causing the satellite 504 to enter S&F operation mode. When the registered but non-S&F-capable UE 502 then attempts to initiate a network procedure by sending a UE-initiated procedure request 514, such as an attach request, a service request to establish a data session, or a tracking area update to maintain registration, the satellite 504 cannot complete the requested procedure because it lacks access to the core network entities 508 via the unavailable feeder link 512.
[0060] When the satellite 504, operating in S&F mode at location 528 due to the unavailable feeder link 512, receives the UE-initiated procedure request 514 from the UE 502, the satellite 504 first examines the UE network capability information 516 contained within the request. The satellite 504 specifically checks for the presence and state of the Store and Forward Operation (SFO) bit within the UE network capability information 516. If a UE supports S&F satellite operation, it sets this SFO bit to indicate S&F support to the network. Conversely, if the SFO bit is not set, or if the SFO bit field is absent entirely as would be the case for pre-Release 19 UEs that predate the introduction of the S&F feature, the satellite 504 determines that the UE 502 is not S&F capable. This determination indicates that the UE 502 cannot properly interpret or process S&F-specific signaling, including S&F-specific cause codes and information elements.
[0061] Upon determining that the UE 502 is not S&F capable and recognizing that the requested procedure cannot be completed due to the unavailability of the feeder link 512, the satellite 504 must reject the UE-initiated procedure request 514. The satellite 504 generates and transmits a reject message 518 to the UE 502 with a particularly selected reject cause code. The satellite 504 does not send any S&F-specific cause codes or information elements to the non-S&F-capable UE 502, particularly avoiding cause code 83, which is defined as "Procedure cannot be completed due to unavailable feeder link while MME is operating in S&F mode" and is reserved exclusively for communication with S&F-capable UEs.
[0062] The satellite 504 implements one of two approaches for selecting the reject cause code in the reject message 518. In the first approach, the satellite 504 treats the UE-initiated procedure request 514 from the non-S&F-capable UE 502 as a protocol error, based on the principle that from the perspective of the non-S&F-capable UE 502, the network’s inability to complete the procedure due to S&F mode operation represents an unexpected protocol-level failure. For example, the satellite 504 may select a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol cause code from the range of cause codes 95 through 101, which are designated for protocol error conditions. For example, the satellite 504 may use cause code 101, which corresponds to "Protocol error, unspecified. " The non-S&F-capable UE 502, upon receiving the reject message 518 with this protocol error cause code, processes the rejection according to its existing protocol error handling procedures defined in the NAS protocol specifications.
[0063] In the second approach, the satellite 504 selects any reject cause code other than the S&F-specific cause code 83 and other S&F-related cause codes. The satellite 504 may select from a wide range of alternative cause codes defined in the 3GPP TS 24.301 specification, such as cause code 3 ( "Illegal UE" ) , cause code 6 ( "Illegal ME" ) , cause code 8 ( "EPS services and non-EPS services not allowed" ) , or other appropriate cause codes based on operator policy and implementation. By avoiding S&F-specific cause codes, the satellite 504 communicates the procedure failure using cause codes that fall within the understanding of non-S&F-capable UEs, including legacy pre-Release 19 devices. The UE 502 processes the known cause code according to its pre-defined behavior for that specific cause, without entering an undefined state or attempting repeated transmissions that would result from receiving an unknown S&F-specific cause.
[0064] This approach in the second scheme contrasts with the handling of S&F-capable UEs in the first scheme. When the satellite 504 receives a UE-initiated procedure request 514 from a UE that has set the SFO bit in the UE network capability information 516, indicating S&F capability, and the satellite 504 is operating in S&F mode at location 528, the satellite 504 applies different rejection procedures. For S&F-capable UEs, the satellite 504 sends the reject message 518 with cause code 83, explicitly informing the S&F-capable UE of the S&F mode operation and feeder link unavailability. The satellite 504 may additionally include S&F-specific information elements in the reject message 518, such as an S&F wait timer that indicates the expected duration until the feeder link 512 becomes available when the satellite 504 moves to location 530. The S&F-capable UE, understanding these S&F-specific signals, can appropriately manage its operation by storing mobile-originated data, waiting for the indicated duration, or taking other S&F-aware actions.
[0065] The principle underlying the solution maintains the capability-based feature negotiation framework of the 3GPP specifications, where network-specific features are only signaled to UEs that have explicitly indicated capability to support those features. By restricting the reject message 518 to cause codes that non-S&F-capable UEs can interpret, the solution provides graceful degradation of service for non-S&F-capable UEs when the satellite 504 enters S&F mode, eliminates potential for repeated unsuccessful procedure attempts by UEs that do not understand S&F-specific rejections, and enables network operators to deploy Release 19 NTN systems with S&F capability while maintaining full interoperability with the existing population of legacy UEs deployed in the field.
[0066] As described above, the network may implement specific protocol rules when processing attach procedures from the UE 502 to address interoperability between store and forward capable and non-capable devices. The satellite 504, when operating in store and forward mode at location 528 due to the unavailable feeder link 512, applies different rejection procedures based on the capability indication provided by the UE 502 in the UE-initiated procedure request 514.
[0067] When the satellite 504 receives an attach request or other UE-initiated procedure request 514 from the UE 502, the satellite 504 examines the UE network capability information 516 contained within the request message to determine whether the UE 502 has indicated support for store and forward satellite operation. The indication of store and forward support takes the form of a capability bit or flag, specifically the Store and Forward Operation (SFO) bit, within the UE network capability information 516. When the UE 502 supports store and forward satellite operation, it sets this SFO bit in the UE network capability information 516 transmitted within the UE-initiated procedure request 514. The presence of this set capability indication informs the satellite 504 that the UE 502 understands store and forward operation mode, can properly interpret store and forward specific signaling messages, and can appropriately handle the operational constraints associated with periods of feeder link unavailability.
[0068] For situations where the UE 502 indicates support for store and forward satellite operation in the attach request message or other UE-initiated procedure request 514, and the satellite 504 determines that it is operating in store and forward mode due to the unavailable feeder link 512, and the satellite 504 must reject the attach request because the requested procedure cannot proceed without the feeder link 512 to the core network entities 508, the satellite 504 applies a first rejection protocol. Under this first rejection protocol, the satellite 504 generates the reject message 518 with a specific store and forward related cause value. This cause value, designated as cause code 83 in mobility management protocols, explicitly indicates that the procedure cannot be completed due to unavailable feeder link while the network entity is operating in store and forward mode. The satellite 504 may optionally include additional store and forward satellite operation parameters within the reject message 518, such as information elements specifying a store and forward wait time duration that indicates how long the UE 502 should wait before the feeder link 512 is expected to become available, a store and forward monitoring list identifying alternative satellites or network access points, or both types of parameters.
[0069] The network implements a different rejection protocol for the case where the UE 502 does not indicate support for store and forward satellite operation. The definition of a UE 502 being not store and forward capable directly corresponds to the UE 502 not indicating store and forward satellite operation support in the UE network capability information 516. When the UE 502 does not set the SFO bit, or when the SFO bit field is absent entirely from the UE network capability information 516, this absence signals to the satellite 504 that the UE 502 is not store and forward capable. This situation occurs with legacy devices manufactured according to specifications that predate the introduction of store and forward satellite operation features, such as devices conforming to Release 18 or earlier specifications, where the store and forward feature was not yet defined. Additionally, some devices may be designed for applications that cannot tolerate the delays inherent in store and forward operation and therefore do not implement store and forward support even in later specification releases.
[0070] When the satellite 504 receives the UE-initiated procedure request 514 from a UE 502 that does not indicate store and forward satellite operation support, and the satellite 504 operates in store and forward mode at location 528 with the unavailable feeder link 512 preventing completion of the requested procedure, the satellite 504 must reject the request using a second rejection protocol. Under this second rejection protocol, the network entity, which may be an MME function deployed on the satellite 504 payload, shall set the mobility management cause value in the reject message 518 to a value other than the store and forward specific cause value of 83. This requirement to use a cause value other than 83 for non-store-and-forward-capable UEs represents a mandatory network behavior that prevents the transmission of store and forward specific signaling to devices that cannot properly interpret such signaling.
[0071] The satellite 504 implements one of two approaches for selecting the appropriate non-store-and-forward cause value in the reject message 518. In the first approach, the satellite 504 considers the UE-initiated procedure request 514 from the non-store-and-forward-capable UE 502 as a protocol error. This characterization reflects that from the perspective of the non-store-and-forward-capable UE 502, the network’s inability to complete the procedure due to store and forward mode operation represents an unexpected protocol-level failure that the UE 502 cannot attribute to store and forward operations. The satellite 504 may select a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol error cause value from the range designated for protocol error conditions, such as cause values 95 through 101. A commonly selected value is cause 101, which corresponds to "Protocol error, unspecified" and provides a generic indication that the procedure failed due to protocol-level issues without specifying store and forward related details that the UE 502 would not understand.
[0072] In the second approach, the satellite 504 selects any suitable cause value from the range of defined mobility management cause values, excluding the store and forward specific cause value 83 and any other cause values specifically related to store and forward operations. The satellite 504 may select from alternative cause values such as cause value 3 indicating "Illegal UE" , cause value 6 indicating "Illegal ME" , or cause value 8 indicating "EPS services and non-EPS services not allowed" , based on operator policy and implementation considerations. The selected cause value must be one that the non-store-and-forward-capable UE 502 can recognize and process according to pre-defined protocol behaviors, preventing the UE 502 from encountering undefined signaling or entering error states due to receiving unknown cause values.
[0073] The distinction between these two rejection protocols based on the presence or absence of the store and forward support indication forms the core mechanism enabling the satellite 504 to maintain interoperability with both store and forward capable devices and legacy devices within the same network deployment. By examining the UE network capability information 516 within each received UE-initiated procedure request 514, the satellite 504 dynamically determines the appropriate rejection protocol to apply for each individual UE 502. Store and forward capable devices receive store and forward specific signaling with cause value 83 and optional store and forward parameters that enable optimal operation during periods of feeder link unavailability, while non-store-and-forward-capable devices receive conventional cause values other than 83 that these devices can properly interpret without requiring updates to their protocol implementation.
[0074] The mapping between the indication of store and forward satellite operation support and the network’s rejection behavior operates deterministically. When the UE 502 does not indicate store and forward satellite operation support in the UE network capability information 516, the network classifies the UE 502 as not store and forward capable and applies the mandatory rule of setting the mobility management cause to a value other than 83. Conversely, when the UE 502 indicates store and forward satellite operation support, the network may use cause value 83 and include store and forward specific parameters. This capability-based differentiation prevents protocol errors, eliminates repeated unsuccessful procedure attempts, and avoids unpredictable device behavior that would result from sending store and forward specific cause values to non-store-and-forward-capable UEs.
[0075] The protocol framework establishes network behavior that the satellite 504 implements based on objective capability information provided by the UE 502 in the UE network capability information 516. The framework enables network operators to deploy satellites with store and forward capability while maintaining full backward compatibility with the installed base of legacy devices that do not support store and forward operations. Neither store and forward capable nor non-capable devices experience protocol failures or unpredictable behavior when accessing the network through satellites operating in store and forward mode, as each device type receives rejection signaling appropriate to its declared capabilities.
[0076] FIG. 6 is a flow chart 600 of a method for handling UE-initiated procedure requests when a satellite operates in Store and Forward (S&F) mode without feeder link connectivity. The method may be performed by a network entity of a wireless communication system. For example, the network entity may be the satellite 504 as shown in FIG. 5, which operates at location 528 where the service link 510 to the UE 502 is available but the feeder link 512 to the NTN gateway 506 and core network entities 508 is unavailable.
[0077] In operation 602, the network entity operates in an S&F mode at a satellite. The S&F mode is characterized by an unavailable feeder link between the satellite and a ground-based network infrastructure. For example, when the satellite 504 is at location 528 as illustrated in FIG. 5, the feeder link 512 between the satellite 504 and the NTN gateway 506 is unavailable, preventing the satellite 504 from accessing the core network entities 508, while the service link 510 between the satellite 504 and the UE 502 remains operational.
[0078] In operation 604, the network entity receives, from a UE, a procedure request message. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the satellite 504 receives the UE-initiated procedure request 514 from the UE 502 over the service link 510. In certain implementations, the procedure request message is one of an attach request message, a service request message, a tracking area update request message, or an extended service request message.
[0079] In operation 606, the network entity determines, based on capability information associated with the UE, that the UE does not indicate support for an S&F satellite operation. To determine that the UE does not indicate support for the S&F satellite operation, the network entity examines UE network capability information included in the procedure request message. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the satellite 504 examines the UE network capability information 516 contained within the UE-initiated procedure request 514. The network entity further determines that a Store and Forward Operation (SFO) bit is not set or is absent in the UE network capability information. When the SFO bit is not set or the SFO bit field is absent entirely, as would be the case for pre-Release 19 UEs that predate the introduction of the S&F feature, the satellite 504 determines that the UE 502 is not S&F capable and cannot properly interpret or process S&F-specific signaling.
[0080] In operation 608, the network entity determines that a procedure corresponding to the procedure request message cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode. The procedure cannot be completed because the satellite 504 lacks access to the core network entities 508 via the unavailable feeder link 512, preventing essential network functions such as authentication, authorization, session context retrieval, and access to packet data networks.
[0081] In operation 610, the network entity transmits, to the UE, a reject message comprising a cause value other than a predefined S&F-specific cause value. The predefined S&F-specific cause value is defined to indicate that a procedure cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the satellite 504 generates and transmits the reject message 518 to the UE 502. In certain implementations, the predefined S&F-specific cause value is cause value #83, which is defined as "Procedure cannot be completed due to unavailable feeder link while MME is operating in S&F mode" and is reserved exclusively for communication with S&F-capable UEs.
[0082] In certain implementations, the cause value included in the reject message is a cause value indicating a protocol error. The satellite 504 treats the UE-initiated procedure request 514 from the non-S&F-capable UE 502 as a protocol error, based on the principle that from the perspective of the non-S&F-capable UE 502, the network’s inability to complete the procedure due to S&F mode operation represents an unexpected protocol-level failure. In certain implementations, the cause value indicating the protocol error is a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol cause value in a range of 95 to 101. For example, the satellite 504 may use cause code 101, which corresponds to "Protocol error, unspecified. "
[0083] In certain implementations, the reject message transmitted to the UE does not include S&F-specific information elements. By avoiding S&F-specific information elements, the satellite 504 ensures that the non-S&F-capable UE 502 receives only signaling that falls within its comprehension, preventing protocol errors and unpredictable behavior. In certain implementations, the S&F-specific information elements comprise at least one of an S&F wait timer or an S&F monitoring list. For S&F-capable UEs, the satellite 504 may include such S&F-specific information elements in the reject message 518, but these are omitted when rejecting procedure requests from non-S&F-capable UEs.
[0084] In certain implementations, the network entity comprises a Mobility Management Entity (MME) function deployed on a payload of the satellite. To support S&F satellite operation, some network functionality, including the MME function, needs to be deployed on the satellite 504 payload as described in FIG. 5.
[0085] In certain implementations, the wireless communication system comprises an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) with satellite access, and the reject message comprises a NAS mobility management reject message. The Store and Forward satellite operation applies in E-UTRAN with satellite access and is suitable for delay-tolerant communication services such as CIoT, MTC, and SMS.
[0086] In certain implementations, the network entity selects the cause value based on at least one of an operator-configured policy, a UE subscription class, or a type of the procedure request message. The satellite 504 may select from a wide range of alternative cause codes defined in the 3GPP TS 24.301 specification based on these factors, such as cause code 3 ( "Illegal UE" ) , cause code 6 ( "Illegal ME" ) , or cause code 8 ( "EPS services and non-EPS services not allowed" ) , while ensuring that any selected cause code is other than the S&F-specific cause code 83.
[0087] The satellite 504 illustrated in FIG. 5, which functions as the network entity performing the method of FIG. 6, comprises hardware components similar to those of the base station 210 described in FIG. 2. The satellite 504 includes a controller / processor 275 that implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality, including RRC layer functionality for connection control and measurement configuration, PDCP layer functionality for security operations, RLC layer functionality for data unit transfer and error correction, and MAC layer functionality for channel mapping and scheduling. The controller / processor 275 is associated with a memory 276 that stores program codes and data for implementing the S&F operation mode detection, UE capability determination based on the UE network capability information 516, and the selective rejection logic that determines whether to send the reject message 518 with a protocol error cause value (e.g., cause #101) or another non-S&F-specific cause value based on the absence of the SFO bit indication. The satellite 504 further includes a transmit (TX) processor 216 and transmitters 218TX coupled to antennas 220 for transmitting the reject message 518 to the UE 502 over the service link 510, as well as a receive (RX) processor 270 and receivers 218RX for receiving the UE-initiated procedure request 514 containing the UE network capability information 516. When the satellite 504 operates at location 528 in S&F mode due to the unavailable feeder link 512, the controller / processor 275 implements the MME function deployed on the satellite payload to process the received procedure requests and generate appropriate rejection signaling based on UE capability.
[0088] The core network entities 508 accessible through the NTN gateway 506 when the satellite 504 is at location 530 with an available feeder link 512 include the MME 162 and HSS 174 described in connection with the EPC 160 in FIG. 1. The MME 162 comprises processing circuitry and memory for performing mobility management functions, bearer and connection management, and authentication procedures that require access via the feeder link 512. The HSS 174 includes database storage and processing components for maintaining subscriber information and authentication vectors. When the feeder link 512 becomes unavailable at location 528, the satellite 504 cannot access these core network entities 508 for completing procedures such as authentication, authorization, session context retrieval, and access to packet data networks, necessitating the rejection procedures described in FIG. 6 for handling requests from non-S&F-capable UEs 502.
[0089] The UE 502 illustrated in FIG. 5 and referenced in the method of FIG. 6 may comprise hardware components similar to those of the UE 250 described in FIG. 2. The UE 502 includes a controller / processor 259 that implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality, including RRC layer functionality for system information acquisition and RRC connection management, PDCP layer functionality for header compression / decompression and security operations, RLC layer functionality for upper layer PDU transfer and error correction, and MAC layer functionality for channel mapping and multiplexing. The controller / processor 259 is associated with a memory 260 that stores program codes and data, including the UE network capability information 516 that is transmitted within the UE-initiated procedure request 514 to indicate the UE’s supported features. For non-S&F-capable UEs, the UE network capability information 516 does not include a set SFO bit, or the SFO bit field may be absent entirely in the case of pre-Release 19 UEs. The UE 502 further includes a transmit (TX) processor 268 and transmitters 254TX coupled to antennas 252 for transmitting the UE-initiated procedure request 514 to the satellite 504 over the service link 510, as well as a receive (RX) processor 256 and receivers 254RX for receiving the reject message 518 from the satellite 504. When the controller / processor 259 receives the reject message 518 containing a cause value other than the predefined S&F-specific cause value #83, such as a protocol error cause value in the range of 95 to 101 or another non-S&F-specific cause value, the controller / processor 259 processes the rejection according to pre-defined protocol behaviors for the received cause value without encountering undefined signaling states.
[0090] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0091] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
Claims
1.A method performed by a network entity of a wireless communication system, the method comprising:operating in a Store and Forward (S&F) mode at a satellite, wherein the S&F mode is characterized by an unavailable feeder link between the satellite and a ground-based network infrastructure;receiving, from a User Equipment (UE) , a procedure request message;determining, based on capability information associated with the UE, that the UE does not indicate support for an S&F satellite operation;determining that a procedure corresponding to the procedure request message cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode; andtransmitting, to the UE, a reject message comprising a cause value other than a predefined S&F-specific cause value, wherein the predefined S&F-specific cause value is defined to indicate that a procedure cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the predefined S&F-specific cause value is cause value #83.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the determining that the UE does not indicate support for the S&F satellite operation comprises:examining UE network capability information included in the procedure request message; anddetermining that a Store and Forward Operation (SFO) bit is not set or is absent in the UE network capability information.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the cause value included in the reject message is a cause value indicating a protocol error.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the cause value indicating the protocol error is a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol cause value in a range of 95 to 101.6.The method of claim 1, wherein the reject message transmitted to the UE does not include S&F-specific information elements.7.The method of claim 6, wherein the S&F-specific information elements comprise at least one of an S&F wait timer or an S&F monitoring list.8.The method of claim 1, wherein the network entity comprises a Mobility Management Entity (MME) function deployed on a payload of the satellite.9.The method of claim 1, wherein the procedure request message is one of an attach request message, a service request message, a tracking area update request message, or an extended service request message.10.The method of claim 1, wherein the wireless communication system comprises an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) with satellite access, and wherein the reject message comprises a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) mobility management reject message.11.The method of claim 1, further comprising selecting the cause value based on at least one of an operator-configured policy, a UE subscription class, or a type of the procedure request message.12.An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus being a network entity of a wireless communication system, comprising:a memory; andat least one processor coupled to the memory and configured to:operate in a Store and Forward (S&F) mode at a satellite, wherein the S&F mode is characterized by an unavailable feeder link between the satellite and a ground-based network infrastructure;receive, from a User Equipment (UE) , a procedure request message;determine, based on capability information associated with the UE, that the UE does not indicate support for an S&F satellite operation;determine that a procedure corresponding to the procedure request message cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode; andtransmit, to the UE, a reject message comprising a cause value other than a predefined S&F-specific cause value, wherein the predefined S&F-specific cause value is defined to indicate that a procedure cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the predefined S&F-specific cause value is cause value #83.14.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein to determine that the UE does not indicate support for the S&F satellite operation, the at least one processor is further configured to:examine UE network capability information included in the procedure request message; anddetermine that a Store and Forward Operation (SFO) bit is not set or is absent in the UE network capability information.15.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the cause value included in the reject message is a cause value indicating a protocol error.16.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the cause value indicating the protocol error is a Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocol cause value in a range of 95 to 101.17.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the reject message transmitted to the UE does not include S&F-specific information elements.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the S&F-specific information elements comprise at least one of an S&F wait timer or an S&F monitoring list.19.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the network entity comprises a Mobility Management Entity (MME) function deployed on a payload of the satellite.20.A computer-readable medium storing computer executable code for a network entity of a wireless communication system, comprising code to:operate in a Store and Forward (S&F) mode at a satellite, wherein the S&F mode is characterized by an unavailable feeder link between the satellite and a ground-based network infrastructure;receive, from a User Equipment (UE) , a procedure request message;determine, based on capability information associated with the UE, that the UE does not indicate support for an S&F satellite operation;determine that a procedure corresponding to the procedure request message cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode; andtransmit, to the UE, a reject message comprising a cause value other than a predefined S&F-specific cause value, wherein the predefined S&F-specific cause value is defined to indicate that a procedure cannot be completed due to the network entity operating in the S&F mode.