Progressive Cavity Pump vs Gear Pump: Power Consumption Analysis
APR 2, 20269 MIN READ
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Progressive Cavity vs Gear Pump Technology Background
Progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps represent two distinct positive displacement pumping technologies that have evolved through different engineering philosophies and application requirements. Progressive cavity pumps, also known as helical rotor pumps or Moineau pumps, were first developed in the 1930s by René Moineau. This technology utilizes a helical rotor rotating within a double-helix stator to create sealed cavities that progress from suction to discharge, enabling smooth fluid transfer with minimal pulsation.
Gear pumps, conversely, have a longer historical development dating back to the early 20th century. These pumps employ intermeshing gears to create chambers that transport fluid from inlet to outlet. The technology has undergone significant refinements in gear tooth profiles, clearance optimization, and materials engineering to enhance efficiency and reduce noise levels.
The fundamental operational differences between these technologies directly impact their power consumption characteristics. Progressive cavity pumps achieve fluid displacement through the continuous helical motion of the rotor, creating a steady flow with minimal internal recirculation losses. This mechanism typically results in higher volumetric efficiency, particularly when handling viscous fluids or those containing suspended solids.
Gear pumps operate through the precise meshing of gear teeth, which creates discrete fluid chambers. While this design provides excellent metering accuracy and consistent flow rates, it can generate higher internal friction losses, especially at elevated pressures. The tight clearances required for optimal performance contribute to increased mechanical losses and higher power requirements under certain operating conditions.
Recent technological advancements have focused on optimizing both pump types for energy efficiency. Progressive cavity pump developments include advanced elastomer compounds for stators, precision-machined rotors with optimized pitch ratios, and variable speed drive integration. Gear pump innovations encompass advanced gear tooth geometries, magnetic coupling systems, and improved bearing technologies to reduce friction losses.
The power consumption analysis between these technologies has become increasingly critical as industries prioritize energy efficiency and operational cost reduction. Understanding the comparative energy performance requires examining factors including fluid viscosity, operating pressure, flow rate variations, and system integration requirements. This analysis forms the foundation for informed technology selection decisions across diverse industrial applications.
Gear pumps, conversely, have a longer historical development dating back to the early 20th century. These pumps employ intermeshing gears to create chambers that transport fluid from inlet to outlet. The technology has undergone significant refinements in gear tooth profiles, clearance optimization, and materials engineering to enhance efficiency and reduce noise levels.
The fundamental operational differences between these technologies directly impact their power consumption characteristics. Progressive cavity pumps achieve fluid displacement through the continuous helical motion of the rotor, creating a steady flow with minimal internal recirculation losses. This mechanism typically results in higher volumetric efficiency, particularly when handling viscous fluids or those containing suspended solids.
Gear pumps operate through the precise meshing of gear teeth, which creates discrete fluid chambers. While this design provides excellent metering accuracy and consistent flow rates, it can generate higher internal friction losses, especially at elevated pressures. The tight clearances required for optimal performance contribute to increased mechanical losses and higher power requirements under certain operating conditions.
Recent technological advancements have focused on optimizing both pump types for energy efficiency. Progressive cavity pump developments include advanced elastomer compounds for stators, precision-machined rotors with optimized pitch ratios, and variable speed drive integration. Gear pump innovations encompass advanced gear tooth geometries, magnetic coupling systems, and improved bearing technologies to reduce friction losses.
The power consumption analysis between these technologies has become increasingly critical as industries prioritize energy efficiency and operational cost reduction. Understanding the comparative energy performance requires examining factors including fluid viscosity, operating pressure, flow rate variations, and system integration requirements. This analysis forms the foundation for informed technology selection decisions across diverse industrial applications.
Market Demand for Energy-Efficient Industrial Pumps
The global industrial pump market is experiencing unprecedented demand for energy-efficient solutions, driven by stringent environmental regulations and escalating operational costs. Manufacturing facilities, oil and gas operations, and chemical processing plants are increasingly prioritizing pump systems that deliver optimal performance while minimizing power consumption. This shift represents a fundamental transformation in procurement strategies, where total cost of ownership has become more critical than initial capital expenditure.
Energy efficiency mandates across major industrial regions have created substantial market pressure for advanced pump technologies. The European Union's Energy Efficiency Directive and similar regulations in North America and Asia-Pacific have established mandatory energy auditing requirements for large industrial facilities. These regulatory frameworks specifically target rotating equipment, including pumps, as primary opportunities for energy reduction.
Industrial operators are recognizing that pump systems typically account for significant portions of facility energy consumption. In chemical processing applications, pumping systems can represent substantial operational expenses, making energy-efficient alternatives increasingly attractive. The growing emphasis on sustainability metrics and carbon footprint reduction has further amplified demand for power-optimized pump solutions.
Market dynamics reveal distinct preferences emerging across different industrial sectors. Food and beverage manufacturers prioritize gentle handling capabilities combined with energy efficiency, while oil and gas operations focus on reliability under extreme conditions with minimal power draw. Chemical processing facilities demand precise flow control with optimized energy consumption patterns.
The competitive landscape reflects this demand shift, with pump manufacturers investing heavily in efficiency optimization technologies. Advanced materials, improved hydraulic designs, and intelligent control systems are becoming standard offerings rather than premium features. Variable frequency drives and smart monitoring systems are increasingly integrated into pump packages to maximize operational efficiency.
Economic factors continue driving adoption of energy-efficient pump technologies. Rising electricity costs in key industrial markets have shortened payback periods for efficiency upgrades, making business cases more compelling. Additionally, corporate sustainability commitments and ESG reporting requirements are creating internal demand for energy-optimized equipment across industrial sectors.
Energy efficiency mandates across major industrial regions have created substantial market pressure for advanced pump technologies. The European Union's Energy Efficiency Directive and similar regulations in North America and Asia-Pacific have established mandatory energy auditing requirements for large industrial facilities. These regulatory frameworks specifically target rotating equipment, including pumps, as primary opportunities for energy reduction.
Industrial operators are recognizing that pump systems typically account for significant portions of facility energy consumption. In chemical processing applications, pumping systems can represent substantial operational expenses, making energy-efficient alternatives increasingly attractive. The growing emphasis on sustainability metrics and carbon footprint reduction has further amplified demand for power-optimized pump solutions.
Market dynamics reveal distinct preferences emerging across different industrial sectors. Food and beverage manufacturers prioritize gentle handling capabilities combined with energy efficiency, while oil and gas operations focus on reliability under extreme conditions with minimal power draw. Chemical processing facilities demand precise flow control with optimized energy consumption patterns.
The competitive landscape reflects this demand shift, with pump manufacturers investing heavily in efficiency optimization technologies. Advanced materials, improved hydraulic designs, and intelligent control systems are becoming standard offerings rather than premium features. Variable frequency drives and smart monitoring systems are increasingly integrated into pump packages to maximize operational efficiency.
Economic factors continue driving adoption of energy-efficient pump technologies. Rising electricity costs in key industrial markets have shortened payback periods for efficiency upgrades, making business cases more compelling. Additionally, corporate sustainability commitments and ESG reporting requirements are creating internal demand for energy-optimized equipment across industrial sectors.
Current Power Consumption Challenges in Pump Systems
Modern pump systems face increasingly complex power consumption challenges that significantly impact operational efficiency and economic viability across industrial applications. The growing emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability has intensified scrutiny of pump power consumption patterns, particularly in applications where continuous operation is required. Traditional pump selection methodologies often overlook the nuanced power consumption characteristics that emerge under varying operational conditions, leading to suboptimal system performance and elevated energy costs.
Progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps represent two distinct pumping technologies, each exhibiting unique power consumption profiles that vary significantly based on operational parameters. Progressive cavity pumps typically demonstrate variable power consumption patterns influenced by rotor-stator geometry, fluid viscosity, and differential pressure requirements. The helical design creates multiple sealed cavities that progress along the pump length, resulting in power consumption that scales non-linearly with flow rate and system pressure.
Gear pumps present different power consumption challenges, primarily related to internal leakage, mechanical friction, and volumetric efficiency variations. The intermeshing gear mechanism creates pulsating flow characteristics that can lead to power consumption spikes, particularly at higher pressures or when handling viscous fluids. These pumps often exhibit more predictable power consumption curves but may suffer from efficiency degradation over time due to wear patterns.
System-level power consumption challenges extend beyond individual pump characteristics to encompass control system inefficiencies, variable frequency drive losses, and thermal management requirements. Many installations lack comprehensive power monitoring capabilities, making it difficult to identify consumption anomalies or optimize operational parameters. The interaction between pump characteristics and system dynamics often creates unexpected power consumption patterns that deviate from manufacturer specifications.
Fluid property variations present additional complexity in power consumption analysis, as changes in viscosity, temperature, and density directly influence pump efficiency and power requirements. Progressive cavity pumps typically maintain more stable efficiency across varying fluid conditions, while gear pumps may experience significant power consumption variations when handling fluids outside their optimal operating range.
The challenge of accurate power consumption prediction is compounded by the lack of standardized testing protocols that reflect real-world operating conditions. Laboratory testing often fails to capture the dynamic loading conditions, thermal effects, and system interactions that influence actual power consumption in industrial applications.
Progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps represent two distinct pumping technologies, each exhibiting unique power consumption profiles that vary significantly based on operational parameters. Progressive cavity pumps typically demonstrate variable power consumption patterns influenced by rotor-stator geometry, fluid viscosity, and differential pressure requirements. The helical design creates multiple sealed cavities that progress along the pump length, resulting in power consumption that scales non-linearly with flow rate and system pressure.
Gear pumps present different power consumption challenges, primarily related to internal leakage, mechanical friction, and volumetric efficiency variations. The intermeshing gear mechanism creates pulsating flow characteristics that can lead to power consumption spikes, particularly at higher pressures or when handling viscous fluids. These pumps often exhibit more predictable power consumption curves but may suffer from efficiency degradation over time due to wear patterns.
System-level power consumption challenges extend beyond individual pump characteristics to encompass control system inefficiencies, variable frequency drive losses, and thermal management requirements. Many installations lack comprehensive power monitoring capabilities, making it difficult to identify consumption anomalies or optimize operational parameters. The interaction between pump characteristics and system dynamics often creates unexpected power consumption patterns that deviate from manufacturer specifications.
Fluid property variations present additional complexity in power consumption analysis, as changes in viscosity, temperature, and density directly influence pump efficiency and power requirements. Progressive cavity pumps typically maintain more stable efficiency across varying fluid conditions, while gear pumps may experience significant power consumption variations when handling fluids outside their optimal operating range.
The challenge of accurate power consumption prediction is compounded by the lack of standardized testing protocols that reflect real-world operating conditions. Laboratory testing often fails to capture the dynamic loading conditions, thermal effects, and system interactions that influence actual power consumption in industrial applications.
Existing Power Optimization Solutions for Pump Systems
01 Progressive cavity pump design optimization for reduced power consumption
Progressive cavity pumps can be optimized through improved rotor and stator configurations to reduce friction losses and enhance volumetric efficiency. Design modifications include optimized geometry, material selection for reduced wear, and enhanced sealing mechanisms. These improvements result in lower torque requirements and reduced power consumption during operation while maintaining or improving pumping performance.- Progressive cavity pump design optimization for reduced power consumption: Progressive cavity pumps can be designed with optimized rotor and stator configurations to minimize friction losses and improve volumetric efficiency. Design modifications include enhanced sealing mechanisms, improved material selection for reduced wear, and optimized geometric parameters of the helical rotor-stator assembly. These improvements result in lower torque requirements and reduced power consumption during operation while maintaining or improving pumping performance.
- Variable speed drive systems for pump power optimization: Implementation of variable frequency drives and intelligent control systems allows pumps to operate at optimal speeds based on actual demand conditions. These systems continuously monitor flow requirements and adjust motor speed accordingly, preventing energy waste from operating at fixed speeds during varying load conditions. Advanced control algorithms can predict demand patterns and adjust pump operation proactively to minimize overall power consumption.
- Gear pump efficiency improvements through precision manufacturing: Gear pumps achieve reduced power consumption through precision manufacturing techniques that minimize internal clearances and improve gear tooth profiles. Enhanced manufacturing processes result in better meshing characteristics, reduced internal leakage, and lower friction losses. Material selection and surface treatments further contribute to efficiency gains by reducing wear and maintaining tight tolerances over extended operating periods.
- Hybrid pump systems combining multiple pump technologies: Hybrid pumping systems integrate progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps in configurations that leverage the strengths of each technology for specific operating conditions. These systems can automatically switch between pump types or operate them in parallel based on flow requirements, viscosity changes, and pressure demands. The intelligent selection and coordination of pump types results in optimized power consumption across varying operational scenarios.
- Lubrication and cooling systems for power efficiency enhancement: Advanced lubrication and cooling systems reduce power consumption by minimizing friction and maintaining optimal operating temperatures in both progressive cavity and gear pumps. These systems include improved lubricant delivery mechanisms, enhanced cooling circuits, and temperature monitoring systems that prevent efficiency losses due to thermal expansion or inadequate lubrication. Proper thermal management ensures consistent performance and reduces the power required to overcome friction-related losses.
02 Gear pump efficiency enhancement through advanced gear profiles
Gear pumps can achieve reduced power consumption through the implementation of advanced gear tooth profiles and precision manufacturing techniques. Optimized gear geometries minimize internal leakage, reduce hydraulic losses, and decrease mechanical friction between meshing components. These design improvements lead to higher volumetric efficiency and lower energy requirements for fluid displacement operations.Expand Specific Solutions03 Variable speed drive systems for pump power optimization
Integration of variable speed drive systems and intelligent control mechanisms enables pumps to operate at optimal speeds based on actual demand conditions. These systems adjust motor speed and pump output dynamically, eliminating energy waste from throttling or bypass operations. Power consumption is significantly reduced by matching pump performance to real-time system requirements through automated control strategies.Expand Specific Solutions04 Hybrid pump systems combining multiple pump technologies
Hybrid pumping systems that combine different pump types or utilize multiple pumps in coordinated configurations can optimize overall power consumption. These systems leverage the efficiency advantages of each pump type for specific operating conditions, automatically switching or load-sharing between units. The approach minimizes energy usage across varying flow rates and pressure requirements while maintaining system reliability.Expand Specific Solutions05 Advanced materials and coatings for friction reduction
Application of specialized materials and surface coatings in pump components reduces friction and wear, leading to decreased power consumption. These materials include advanced polymers, ceramic composites, and specialized metallic alloys with low friction coefficients. Surface treatments and coatings further enhance durability and reduce energy losses from mechanical contact, extending component life while improving energy efficiency.Expand Specific Solutions
Key Players in Industrial Pump Manufacturing Industry
The progressive cavity pump versus gear pump power consumption analysis represents a mature industrial technology sector experiencing steady growth driven by energy efficiency demands across automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications. The market demonstrates significant scale with established players like Robert Bosch GmbH, Parker-Hannifin Corp., and Toyota Industries Corp. leading automotive applications, while Hamilton Sundstrand Corp. and Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. dominate aerospace segments. Technology maturity varies by application, with companies like Casappa SpA, SKS Hydraulic Technology, and Roper Pump Co. advancing specialized pump technologies. Academic institutions including Chongqing University and Henan University contribute fundamental research, while industrial giants such as ZF Automotive Germany GmbH and Aisin AW Co. focus on transmission-integrated solutions, indicating a competitive landscape balancing established technologies with emerging efficiency optimization innovations.
Robert Bosch GmbH
Technical Solution: Bosch has developed advanced gear pump technologies with optimized hydraulic efficiency reaching up to 92% volumetric efficiency. Their gear pumps feature precision-machined components and advanced sealing systems that minimize internal leakage and reduce power consumption by approximately 15-20% compared to conventional designs. The company's progressive cavity pump solutions incorporate variable speed drive systems and intelligent control algorithms that automatically adjust pumping parameters based on fluid viscosity and flow requirements, resulting in energy savings of up to 30% in variable load applications.
Strengths: High precision manufacturing, advanced control systems, proven reliability in automotive applications. Weaknesses: Higher initial cost, complex maintenance requirements for advanced control systems.
Parker-Hannifin Corp.
Technical Solution: Parker-Hannifin offers comprehensive pump solutions with detailed power consumption analysis capabilities. Their gear pumps utilize advanced materials and coatings that reduce friction losses by up to 25%, while their progressive cavity pumps feature helical rotor designs optimized for specific fluid types. The company's power analysis tools demonstrate that their gear pumps typically consume 10-15% less energy in high-pressure applications, while progressive cavity pumps show superior efficiency in high-viscosity fluid handling with 20-35% lower power requirements compared to centrifugal alternatives.
Strengths: Extensive product portfolio, strong engineering support, comprehensive power analysis tools. Weaknesses: Limited customization options for specialized applications, higher maintenance costs for complex systems.
Core Innovations in Pump Energy Efficiency Technologies
External gear pump
PatentWO2009078480A1
Innovation
- A gear pump design featuring a pair of side plates and gears with a high-pressure chamber and an iSIE chamber, where a seal lug interposes between the side plate and gear, and a labyrinth structure is formed to reduce the sliding and increase the pressing force per unit area, using a deformed O-ring to prevent high-pressure fluid from acting on the side plate's outer surface, and optionally incorporating a labyrinth structure and counterbore to enhance sealing and reduce power consumption.
Progressive cavity pump
PatentInactiveUS4773834A
Innovation
- A progressive cavity pump design featuring a rotor with a constant circular cross-section and a stator with a two-start helical thread, utilizing an interference fit between resilient and rigid members with inwardly curved sides to enhance pressure differential capabilities, allowing for higher output pressures without lengthening the pump.
Energy Efficiency Standards and Regulations for Pumps
Energy efficiency standards and regulations for pumps have evolved significantly over the past decade, driven by global initiatives to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. The European Union's ErP Directive 2009/125/EC established minimum efficiency requirements for water pumps, while the United States implemented the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) 2007, which mandates efficiency standards for commercial and industrial pumps. These regulations directly impact the comparative analysis between progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps, as both technologies must comply with increasingly stringent efficiency thresholds.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed comprehensive testing standards, particularly IEC 60034-30-1 for motor efficiency classifications and IEC 60034-2-1 for testing methods. These standards provide the framework for measuring and comparing power consumption between different pump technologies. Progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps are evaluated using the Minimum Efficiency Index (MEI) methodology, which considers both hydraulic and motor efficiency across various operating points.
Regional variations in regulatory approaches create complexity for manufacturers and end-users. The European market emphasizes lifecycle energy consumption through the Ecodesign Directive, requiring detailed energy labeling and performance documentation. China's GB 19762 standard focuses on energy efficiency grades for centrifugal pumps but increasingly influences positive displacement pump regulations. Australia's Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) program and Canada's Natural Resources Canada regulations further diversify compliance requirements.
Compliance verification procedures mandate rigorous testing protocols that significantly impact power consumption analysis methodologies. Manufacturers must demonstrate efficiency performance through accredited laboratory testing, with specific attention to part-load operation characteristics. Progressive cavity pumps typically exhibit different efficiency curves compared to gear pumps, particularly under variable flow conditions, making regulatory compliance assessment more nuanced.
Future regulatory trends indicate stricter efficiency requirements and expanded scope coverage. The European Commission's working plan includes provisions for positive displacement pumps, potentially affecting both progressive cavity and gear pump markets. Emerging regulations increasingly consider system-level efficiency rather than component-level performance, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive power consumption analysis that accounts for real-world operating conditions and control system integration.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has developed comprehensive testing standards, particularly IEC 60034-30-1 for motor efficiency classifications and IEC 60034-2-1 for testing methods. These standards provide the framework for measuring and comparing power consumption between different pump technologies. Progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps are evaluated using the Minimum Efficiency Index (MEI) methodology, which considers both hydraulic and motor efficiency across various operating points.
Regional variations in regulatory approaches create complexity for manufacturers and end-users. The European market emphasizes lifecycle energy consumption through the Ecodesign Directive, requiring detailed energy labeling and performance documentation. China's GB 19762 standard focuses on energy efficiency grades for centrifugal pumps but increasingly influences positive displacement pump regulations. Australia's Equipment Energy Efficiency (E3) program and Canada's Natural Resources Canada regulations further diversify compliance requirements.
Compliance verification procedures mandate rigorous testing protocols that significantly impact power consumption analysis methodologies. Manufacturers must demonstrate efficiency performance through accredited laboratory testing, with specific attention to part-load operation characteristics. Progressive cavity pumps typically exhibit different efficiency curves compared to gear pumps, particularly under variable flow conditions, making regulatory compliance assessment more nuanced.
Future regulatory trends indicate stricter efficiency requirements and expanded scope coverage. The European Commission's working plan includes provisions for positive displacement pumps, potentially affecting both progressive cavity and gear pump markets. Emerging regulations increasingly consider system-level efficiency rather than component-level performance, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive power consumption analysis that accounts for real-world operating conditions and control system integration.
Lifecycle Cost Analysis Framework for Pump Selection
A comprehensive lifecycle cost analysis framework is essential for making informed decisions between progressive cavity pumps and gear pumps, particularly when power consumption represents a significant operational expense. This framework extends beyond initial capital expenditure to encompass total cost of ownership over the equipment's operational lifespan, providing a holistic view of economic performance.
The framework begins with capital cost assessment, including equipment procurement, installation, commissioning, and associated infrastructure modifications. Progressive cavity pumps typically require specialized stators and rotors, while gear pumps demand precision-machined components, each presenting distinct initial investment profiles. Installation complexity varies significantly between pump types, affecting labor costs and system integration requirements.
Operational cost analysis forms the framework's core component, with energy consumption serving as the primary variable cost driver. This analysis must account for pump efficiency curves across varying flow rates and pressures, considering real-world operating conditions rather than nominal specifications. Progressive cavity pumps demonstrate relatively stable efficiency across flow ranges, while gear pumps may exhibit efficiency variations under different viscosity conditions.
Maintenance cost modeling incorporates both scheduled and unscheduled maintenance activities. The framework should quantify component replacement frequencies, labor requirements, and spare parts inventory costs. Progressive cavity pumps typically require stator replacement at predictable intervals, while gear pumps may experience bearing and seal wear patterns that vary with application conditions.
Downtime cost evaluation represents a critical framework element, particularly in continuous process applications. This assessment includes production losses, emergency repair costs, and potential quality impacts during pump failures. The framework must consider mean time between failures, repair duration, and availability of replacement components for each pump technology.
Risk assessment integration addresses operational uncertainties, including fluid property variations, process condition changes, and component degradation patterns. Monte Carlo simulation techniques can model cost variability over the equipment lifecycle, providing confidence intervals for economic projections.
The framework concludes with sensitivity analysis, identifying key cost drivers and their impact on total lifecycle economics. This analysis enables decision-makers to understand which factors most significantly influence pump selection economics, supporting robust investment decisions under varying operational scenarios.
The framework begins with capital cost assessment, including equipment procurement, installation, commissioning, and associated infrastructure modifications. Progressive cavity pumps typically require specialized stators and rotors, while gear pumps demand precision-machined components, each presenting distinct initial investment profiles. Installation complexity varies significantly between pump types, affecting labor costs and system integration requirements.
Operational cost analysis forms the framework's core component, with energy consumption serving as the primary variable cost driver. This analysis must account for pump efficiency curves across varying flow rates and pressures, considering real-world operating conditions rather than nominal specifications. Progressive cavity pumps demonstrate relatively stable efficiency across flow ranges, while gear pumps may exhibit efficiency variations under different viscosity conditions.
Maintenance cost modeling incorporates both scheduled and unscheduled maintenance activities. The framework should quantify component replacement frequencies, labor requirements, and spare parts inventory costs. Progressive cavity pumps typically require stator replacement at predictable intervals, while gear pumps may experience bearing and seal wear patterns that vary with application conditions.
Downtime cost evaluation represents a critical framework element, particularly in continuous process applications. This assessment includes production losses, emergency repair costs, and potential quality impacts during pump failures. The framework must consider mean time between failures, repair duration, and availability of replacement components for each pump technology.
Risk assessment integration addresses operational uncertainties, including fluid property variations, process condition changes, and component degradation patterns. Monte Carlo simulation techniques can model cost variability over the equipment lifecycle, providing confidence intervals for economic projections.
The framework concludes with sensitivity analysis, identifying key cost drivers and their impact on total lifecycle economics. This analysis enables decision-makers to understand which factors most significantly influence pump selection economics, supporting robust investment decisions under varying operational scenarios.
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