By measuring optical density in a container instead of probing the channel, the device estimates flow velocity in narrow microchannels.
A dense microelectrode layout uses segmented groups to align observation samples precisely while measuring cell potential signals across a wider area.
Replace contaminated electrode substrates instead of cleaning them to maintain accurate biological cell or tissue resistance measurements.
Conformal lipid bilayers limit fouling and clogging in constricted microchannels, enabling high-throughput biomolecule delivery.