Intumescent expansion in outer CMC layers redistributes fibers, lowers surface modulus, and improves FOD resistance without weakening EBC adhesion.
A convex hub line and mixed long-short blades raise blade count while preserving throat area, support stiffness, and adiabatic efficiency.
Concentrically nested rotors use boundary-layer flow and fluid bearings to extract low-grade heat energy with lower loss and structural load.
Hydrophobic and thermal barrier coatings help turbine hot gas path parts resist steam-driven corrosion and icing while supporting waste heat recovery.
Angled ply drop lines near the blade tip improve bird and hail impact resistance, enabling thinner composite fan blades.
Transverse ply drop orientation strengthens composite fan blades against bird and hail impacts while preserving low weight and aerodynamic shape.
A composite wrap over spar-core ply edges improves lamination, impact resistance, and strength while keeping turbine airfoils lightweight.