A battery cell and capacitor are encapsulated as one package to power dispenser sensors and solenoids without bulky external batteries.
A CNN predicts the next power command's amplitude and duration so hybrid storage can switch between power and capacity media with better control.
Switchable battery sub-packs combine stability-optimized and power-optimized cell chemistries to balance energy density, cycle life, and safety.
An embedded battery or fuel cell balances supercapacitor stack voltage internally, avoiding external circuits, overcharging, and energy loss.
Reconfigurable battery packs replace DC-DC converters, turning low-voltage fuel cell output into continuous high-voltage traction power.